Article(id=1195687995832578421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195707415279747621, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)03-0200-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763003833015, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1707321600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763008463078, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=1763003833015, onlineFirstDateStr=2025-11-13, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763003833015, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763003833015, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195707415279747621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='3', pageStart='193', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763008462972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763009150406, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195710298666611616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195707415279747621, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195710298670805921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195707415279747621, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=200, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195687996436558204, articleId=1195687995832578421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Progresses and Challenges in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a chronic, systemic, and abnormal inflammatory immune response. It is characterized by the involvement of synovium and multiple organs and the destruction of joints and articular cartilage. In the past 30 years, some promising new compounds and antibodies have been developed to treat RA. The introduction of RA therapeutic drugs and the development of precision medicine have also given rise to several problems related to patients' access to new treatments, choice of the best regimen, cost-effectiveness, prognosis monitoring and efficacy monitoring, especially in terms of low drug response rate, drug resistance and adverse side effects. People attach great importance to the best combination of drugs for the treatment of RA, especially in patients with severe symptoms or early progression. New treatments and mechanisms are needed to solve these problems, and accurate guidelines for drug selection and drug recombination are established. According to the clinical trial database of the National Library of Medicine, this study summarizes the exciting new drugs, and discusses the trends and challenges in the development of RA drugs, which provides a meaningful reference for the accurate treatment and future research direction of RA.

, correspAuthors=HE Dongyi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=JIANG Ping, CHANG Cen, XU Linshuai, SHI Yiming, HE Dongyi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195688308136260450, articleId=1195687995832578421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=类风湿关节炎治疗的进展与挑战, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种慢性、全身性、异常的炎性免疫反应。其特点是累及滑膜和多器官,并造成关节和关节软骨破坏。在过去的30年里,一些有希望的新化合物和抗体已经被开发出来用于治疗RA。而RA 治疗药物的引入和精准医学的发展也引发了与患者获得新疗法、最佳方案选择、成本效益、预后监测和疗效监测相关的几个问题,特别是在药物反应率低、耐药性和不良副作用方面。人们非常重视治疗RA的最佳药物组合,特别是在症状严重或早期进展的患者中。解决这些问题需要新的治疗方法和新的机制,并为药物选择、药物重组建立准确的指南。笔者根据美国国家医学图书馆的临床试验数据库,综述了有前景的新药,并讨论了RA药物开发的趋势和治疗中的挑战,为RA的精准治疗和未来的研究方向提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=何东仪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*何东仪,男,博士,博士生导师 研究方向:风湿免疫学 Tel:(021)62809946
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姜平,男,博士研究生 研究方向:风湿免疫学

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姜平,男,博士研究生 研究方向:风湿免疫学

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姜平,男,博士研究生 研究方向:风湿免疫学

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一些免疫细胞和细胞因子参与RA的发病机制:①Th1细胞为CD4+细胞,由初始T细胞分化而来,主要合成IL-2、IFN-γ、IL-1、TNF-α和GM-CSF,并通过诱导巨噬细胞、NK 细胞、B 细胞和 CD8+T 细胞的活化来促进细胞介导的炎症;②B细胞通过自身反应变成抗原呈递细胞,从而激活T细胞。活化的 T 细胞激活巨噬细胞以产生促炎细胞因子,导致关节炎症和破坏。此外,B细胞本身也能产生TNF-α、IL-6和淋巴毒素,并诱导浆细胞产生类风湿因子(RF);③Janus激酶是一种非受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶。有4个家族成员,分别是JAK1、JAK2、TYK2和JAK3。JAK抑制剂可以选择性地抑制JAK激酶并阻断JAK/STAT通路,从而参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡和免疫调节等许多重要的生物学过程。

, figureFileSmall=/oTbLPYfpRFQD8aP9JzOvQ==, figureFileBig=RaqXucerlljYMOT8IpjPlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197101411902206185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195687995832578421, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 试验药物 靶点 试验登记号
2023 Imvotamab CD20/CD3 NCT06087406
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2023 F8IL10 IL-10 NCT05622175
2022 西洛他唑(cilostazol) PDEs NCT05671497
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2022 Hemay007 TNF-α NCT05247216
2022 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT05246293
2022 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT05238896
2021 Advixa TNF-α NCT05172817
2021 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04928066
2021 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04927000
2021 JNJ-67484703 HuIgG1κ NCT04985812
2021 ABBV-154 TNF NCT04888585
2021 尼卡利单抗(nipocalimab) FcRn NCT04991753
2021 地高辛(digoxin)/UDCA Unknow NCT04834557
2021 大麻二酚(cannabidiol) CB1/CB2 NCT04911127
2021 BX-U001 Tregs NCT04971980
2021 螺内酯(spironolactone) Androgen Receptor NCT05092984
2021 Combination of baricitinib and adalimumab JAK1/2 and TNF-α NCT04870203
2021 瑞巴派特(rebamipide) IL-17/IL-1β NCT05166304
2021 TLL-018 JAK1/TYK2 NCT05133297
2021 阿达木单抗(adalimumab) TNF-α NCT05090124
2021 乌帕替尼(upadacitinib) JAK1 NCT05153200
2021 乌帕替尼(upadacitinib) JAK1 NCT05121298
2021 BC-U001 Unknown NCT04971980
2021 帕罗西汀(paroxetine) GRK2 NCT04757571
2021 Allogeneic adult umbilical cord Unknow NCT05003934
2021 非戈替尼(filgotinib) JAK1 NCT04985435
2021 非戈替尼(filgotinib) JAK1 NCT05090410
2021 维生素D(vitamin D2) Unknown NCT04909931
2021 Luo-fu-shan plaster Unknown NCT04884880
2021 托珠单抗(tocilizumab)和萨瑞鲁单抗(sarilumab) IL-6 NCT04842981
2020 奥洛珠单抗(olokizumab) IL-6 NCT04246762
2020 SM03 CD22 NCT04312815
2020 Otilimab GM-CSF NCT04333147
2020 L-精氨酸(L-arginine) Unknown NCT04535427
2020 MabionCD20 CD20 NCT04680962
2020 SHR0302 JAK1 NCT04333771
2020 BCD-089 IL-6R NCT04227366
2020 TJ003234 GM-CSF NCT04457856
2020 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04311567
2020 萨瑞鲁单抗(sarilumab) IL-6 NCT04350216
2020 赛妥珠单抗(certolizumab pegol) TNF-α NCT04569890
2019 ABX464 CBC NCT03813199
2019 HUC-MSC suspension Unknown NCT03828344
2019 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT04086745
2019 ABX464 CBC NCT04049448
2019 吉瑞利单抗(gerilimzumab) IL-6 NCT04179513
2019 VIB4920 CD40L NCT04163991
2019 KN019 CD28 NCT04038970
2019 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT04120831
2019 Autologous adipose derived stem cells Unknown NCT04170426
2018 Allogeneic umbilical cord blood Unknown NCT03618784
2018 伊利尤单抗(ianalumab) B cell NCT03574545
2018 Rupatadine and montelukast PAF/H1 and Cysltr1 NCT03770923
2018 阿尼鲁单抗(anifrolumab) IFN-1 NCT03435601
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03619876
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03669367
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03733067
2018 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT03755466
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03652961
2017 泰它西普(telitacicept) BlyS/APRIL NCT03016013
2017 hMSC Unknown NCT03186417
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与类风湿关节炎(RA)相关的新临床试验信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 试验药物 靶点 试验登记号
2023 Imvotamab CD20/CD3 NCT06087406
2023 R-2487 Unknow NCT05961592
2023 硼替佐米(bortezomib) Ⅰ-κB NCT05805891
2023 短链脂肪酸(SCFAs) Unknow NCT05718583
2023 IMB-101 OX40/OX40L NCT06181786
2023 SAR441566 TNFR1 NCT06073093
2023 艾拉莫德(iguratimod) COX-2 NCT05803135
2023 TQH3821 IRAK4 NCT05849727
2023 Natrunix Unknow NCT05363891
2023 LY3871801 RIPK1 NCT05848258
2023 Rosnilimab PD-1 NCT06041269
2023 F8IL10 IL-10 NCT05622175
2022 西洛他唑(cilostazol) PDEs NCT05671497
2022 KPL-404 CD40 NCT05198310
2022 防己碱(tetrandrine) Chinese Medicine NCT05245448
2022 Hemay007 TNF-α NCT05247216
2022 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT05246293
2022 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT05238896
2021 Advixa TNF-α NCT05172817
2021 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04928066
2021 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04927000
2021 JNJ-67484703 HuIgG1κ NCT04985812
2021 ABBV-154 TNF NCT04888585
2021 尼卡利单抗(nipocalimab) FcRn NCT04991753
2021 地高辛(digoxin)/UDCA Unknow NCT04834557
2021 大麻二酚(cannabidiol) CB1/CB2 NCT04911127
2021 BX-U001 Tregs NCT04971980
2021 螺内酯(spironolactone) Androgen Receptor NCT05092984
2021 Combination of baricitinib and adalimumab JAK1/2 and TNF-α NCT04870203
2021 瑞巴派特(rebamipide) IL-17/IL-1β NCT05166304
2021 TLL-018 JAK1/TYK2 NCT05133297
2021 阿达木单抗(adalimumab) TNF-α NCT05090124
2021 乌帕替尼(upadacitinib) JAK1 NCT05153200
2021 乌帕替尼(upadacitinib) JAK1 NCT05121298
2021 BC-U001 Unknown NCT04971980
2021 帕罗西汀(paroxetine) GRK2 NCT04757571
2021 Allogeneic adult umbilical cord Unknow NCT05003934
2021 非戈替尼(filgotinib) JAK1 NCT04985435
2021 非戈替尼(filgotinib) JAK1 NCT05090410
2021 维生素D(vitamin D2) Unknown NCT04909931
2021 Luo-fu-shan plaster Unknown NCT04884880
2021 托珠单抗(tocilizumab)和萨瑞鲁单抗(sarilumab) IL-6 NCT04842981
2020 奥洛珠单抗(olokizumab) IL-6 NCT04246762
2020 SM03 CD22 NCT04312815
2020 Otilimab GM-CSF NCT04333147
2020 L-精氨酸(L-arginine) Unknown NCT04535427
2020 MabionCD20 CD20 NCT04680962
2020 SHR0302 JAK1 NCT04333771
2020 BCD-089 IL-6R NCT04227366
2020 TJ003234 GM-CSF NCT04457856
2020 托法替尼(tofacitinib) JAK1/3 NCT04311567
2020 萨瑞鲁单抗(sarilumab) IL-6 NCT04350216
2020 赛妥珠单抗(certolizumab pegol) TNF-α NCT04569890
2019 ABX464 CBC NCT03813199
2019 HUC-MSC suspension Unknown NCT03828344
2019 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT04086745
2019 ABX464 CBC NCT04049448
2019 吉瑞利单抗(gerilimzumab) IL-6 NCT04179513
2019 VIB4920 CD40L NCT04163991
2019 KN019 CD28 NCT04038970
2019 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT04120831
2019 Autologous adipose derived stem cells Unknown NCT04170426
2018 Allogeneic umbilical cord blood Unknown NCT03618784
2018 伊利尤单抗(ianalumab) B cell NCT03574545
2018 Rupatadine and montelukast PAF/H1 and Cysltr1 NCT03770923
2018 阿尼鲁单抗(anifrolumab) IFN-1 NCT03435601
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03619876
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03669367
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03733067
2018 巴瑞替尼(baricitinib) JAK1/2 NCT03755466
2018 阿巴西普(abatacept) T cell NCT03652961
2017 泰它西普(telitacicept) BlyS/APRIL NCT03016013
2017 hMSC Unknown NCT03186417
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类风湿关节炎治疗的进展与挑战
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姜平 1, 2 , 常岑 2, 3 , 许林帅 2 , 时一鸣 1, 2 , 何东仪 1, 2, 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(3): 200-209
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(3): 200-209
类风湿关节炎治疗的进展与挑战
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姜平1, 2, 常岑2, 3, 许林帅2, 时一鸣1, 2, 何东仪1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海中医药大学附属光华医院, 上海 200052
  • 2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203
  • 3 上海市光华中西医结合医院关节炎研究所, 上海 200052
  • 姜平,男,博士研究生 研究方向:风湿免疫学

通讯作者:

*何东仪,男,博士,博士生导师 研究方向:风湿免疫学 Tel:(021)62809946
Progresses and Challenges in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
JIANG Ping1, 2, CHANG Cen2, 3, XU Linshuai2, SHI Yiming1, 2, HE Dongyi1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200052, China
  • 2 Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3 Arthritis Research Institute of Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 200052, China
出版时间: 2024-02-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002
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类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种慢性、全身性、异常的炎性免疫反应。其特点是累及滑膜和多器官,并造成关节和关节软骨破坏。在过去的30年里,一些有希望的新化合物和抗体已经被开发出来用于治疗RA。而RA 治疗药物的引入和精准医学的发展也引发了与患者获得新疗法、最佳方案选择、成本效益、预后监测和疗效监测相关的几个问题,特别是在药物反应率低、耐药性和不良副作用方面。人们非常重视治疗RA的最佳药物组合,特别是在症状严重或早期进展的患者中。解决这些问题需要新的治疗方法和新的机制,并为药物选择、药物重组建立准确的指南。笔者根据美国国家医学图书馆的临床试验数据库,综述了有前景的新药,并讨论了RA药物开发的趋势和治疗中的挑战,为RA的精准治疗和未来的研究方向提供了参考。

类风湿关节炎  /  精准医学  /  新疗法  /  药物开发

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a chronic, systemic, and abnormal inflammatory immune response. It is characterized by the involvement of synovium and multiple organs and the destruction of joints and articular cartilage. In the past 30 years, some promising new compounds and antibodies have been developed to treat RA. The introduction of RA therapeutic drugs and the development of precision medicine have also given rise to several problems related to patients' access to new treatments, choice of the best regimen, cost-effectiveness, prognosis monitoring and efficacy monitoring, especially in terms of low drug response rate, drug resistance and adverse side effects. People attach great importance to the best combination of drugs for the treatment of RA, especially in patients with severe symptoms or early progression. New treatments and mechanisms are needed to solve these problems, and accurate guidelines for drug selection and drug recombination are established. According to the clinical trial database of the National Library of Medicine, this study summarizes the exciting new drugs, and discusses the trends and challenges in the development of RA drugs, which provides a meaningful reference for the accurate treatment and future research direction of RA.

rheumatoid arthritis  /  precision medicine  /  new therapy  /  drug development
姜平, 常岑, 许林帅, 时一鸣, 何东仪. 类风湿关节炎治疗的进展与挑战. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (3) : 200 -209 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002
JIANG Ping, CHANG Cen, XU Linshuai, SHI Yiming, HE Dongyi. Progresses and Challenges in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (3) : 200 -209 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002
靶向治疗(treat-to-target,T2T)策略是类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)治疗的一般原则[1]。RA患者的治疗目标是控制炎症,同时保留关节结构和功能[2],防止结构损伤,恢复正常人体功能,以最大限度地提高生活质量[3]。因此,在疾病的早期阶段需要适当的诊断和治疗。目前,糖皮质激素、抗炎药和改善疾病的抗风湿药(disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,DMARDs)用于临床治疗。DMARDs 包括常规合成DMARDs(conventional synthetic DMARDs,csDMARDs)、靶向合成DMARDs(targeted synthetic DMARDs,tsDMARDs)和生物DMARDs(biological DMARDs,bDMARDs)。这些药物已被证明可有效改善RA患者的病情[4]。通过维持缓解,这些药物也被证明可以长期防止关节破坏和身体功能障碍的进展。随着诊疗技术的进步,小分子靶向药物使基于RA病理机制治疗成为可能。同时,分子靶向治疗策略也应用于多种自身免疫性疾病[5]。RA的现有治疗药物和治疗方法不断有创新,引入了新的治疗方法,临床药物试验正在进行中。通过查询数据库,可以发现已经发表了一些与RA治疗主题相关的评论。这些综述总结了RA的最新治疗药物和方法,以期为RA的临床治疗提供更多、更新的治疗方案。但这些综述主要是对已进入临床或刚刚获批申请的新药或治疗方法的总结。本研究使用专业的临床试验网站来查找和总结已注册和正在进行的治疗RA的药物,检索了ClinicalTrials.gov(https://clinicaltrials.gov/)网站自2017年至2023年的临床试验,以“Rheumatoid Arthritis” “Recruiting and not yet recruiting studies”和“Clinical Trial”为关键词。最终,共发现355项RA临床试验研究,其中大部分仍处于临床试验阶段,尚未进入临床应用阶段,或已获批使用的药物正在进行相关疗效、安全性或联合治疗方面的试验。通过对这些研究的总结,可以大致预测哪些药物在目前或未来会有广阔的应用前景。并且可以推断RA治疗领域的药物研发方向。此外,研究结果还表明,全球RA治疗存在明显的区域不平衡,主要集中在美国和欧盟等经济发达地区。欠发达国家对RA患者的治疗可能仍处于落后水平。一方面,造成这种研究分布不平衡的原因可能是由于医疗水平和科研水平的不同。另一方面,这些地区也可能是RA的高发地区,客观上促进了RA的医学研究。此外,新药疗法还包括免疫细胞调节药物、细胞因子抑制剂和干细胞疗法(表1)。笔者总结了近7年用于治疗RA的新药物和新方法,为RA提供更多的治疗策略。
尽管以甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)为代表的csDMARDS在目前的RA临床治疗指南中被推荐为RA治疗的标准[1],但bDMARD或tsDMARDS的组合对于csDMARDS无法控制的患者也很重要。在精准医学的背景下,生物制剂和靶向药物将是未来治疗的趋势和RA治疗的又一巨大进展。bDMARDS和tsDMARDS是近年来研究的热点,并逐渐成为临床和市场上的主要角色。bDMARDS主要针对疾病发展过程中的炎性细胞因子,包括肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumour necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)抑制剂和白介素6(interleukin 6, IL-6)抑制剂,而tsDMARDS主要代表基于JAK激酶与信号转导及转录激活蛋白(JAK-STAT)信号通路的JAK抑制剂。此外,在bDMARDS和tsDMARDS领域,T细胞、B细胞、JAK、TNF-α和IL-6的靶点在当前的临床药物试验中占有重要地位,见表1。准确地治疗延缓了疾病的发展,对控制RA有积极作用。这些药物的长期疗效和安全性得到了大量临床数据的支持。此外,许多靶向药物已获准使用或处于试验阶段。新型细胞、分子和通路抑制剂在RA领域具有广阔的应用前景。
抗原特异性T细胞的激活一直被认为是RA发生和发展的中心环节。T细胞在炎性滑膜中积聚和激活。不同的T细胞亚群通过分泌干扰素γ(interferon γ, INF-γ)和白介素17(interleukin 17, IL-17)以及细胞与细胞的直接相互作用,在RA的发病机制中发挥不同的作用。具有特定功能的T细胞亚群,如辅助性T细胞17(helper T cell 17, Th17)、细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cell, CTL)和调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell, Treg)在RA的发病机制中起重要作用。活化的T细胞还可通过分泌核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)促进RA骨破坏,并通过产生炎症介质参与RA的病理过程。提示调节关节内T细胞的治疗可能达到持久治愈疾病的最终目的[7-8]。因此,正确认识不同T细胞亚群在RA发病机制中的作用,对于探索治疗RA的新策略和开发新药具有重要意义。阿巴西普(abatacept)是一种由重组脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)产生的选择性T细胞共刺激调节蛋白[9]。2005年,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准abatacept单独或与DMARDs联合治疗成人RA,使其成为第一个通过靶向T细胞治疗RA的生物制剂[10]。它主要作用于RA患者的关节滑膜,通过与抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cells, APCs)上的白细胞分化抗原80(cluster of differentiation, CD80)和CD86结合,阻断与T细胞上CD28的相互作用,从而抑制T细胞的活化,在RA的治疗中发挥重要作用[11]。2020年,在中国正式上市的abatacept是世界上第一个T细胞选择性共刺激免疫调节剂。既往研究表明,abatacept具有与TNF抑制剂相似的临床效果,在延缓骨质破坏方面的作用更为明显[12]。与单独使用MTX相比,abatacept联合MTX可以降低更多患者的抗CCP抗体(cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP)水平[13-14]。目前,有五项临床研究正在评估abatacept的疗效和安全性(NCT04120831、NCT03619876、NCT03669367、NCT03733067和NCT03652961)。根据以上研究,可以推测abatacept可能被广泛应用于RA的治疗,尤其是抗CCP抗体阳性的患者。此外,还有多种T细胞靶向药物在临床试验中,包括VIB4920(NCT04163991)、KN019(NCT04038970)和KPL-404C(NCT05198310)。靶向CD40-CD40L通路可能是治疗自身免疫性疾病的有效途径,包括RA [15]。VIB4920是一种新型拮抗剂,可抑制T细胞活化并阻断CD40L。KN019,一种可与CD28竞争的重组人细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4, CTLA-4)变体Fc融合蛋白注射液。KPL-404C是一种抗CD40 抗体,可抑制T细胞介导的B细胞活化。目前,它们处于临床试验的初始阶段,研究数据支持不足。随着研究的不断进展,这些药物有机会成为治疗RA的候选药物。据报道[16-17],其他类型的T细胞研究也显示了初步结果。RA患者也发现滤泡辅助T(follicular helper T, Tfh)细胞和记忆T(memory T, Tm)细胞的异常调节在疾病的发生、发展和病理过程中起重要作用。未来,对Tfh细胞和Tm细胞的深入研究将有助于进一步阐明RA的发病机制,探索新的治疗靶点。不同的T细胞亚群发挥不同的作用。事实上,在单克隆抗体治疗后,RA患者中CD4+T 细胞的消耗降低了关节疾病的活动性,但并未完全消失。
残留的关节疾病活动可能受到对关节损伤的自身抗体持续存在的影响。这些自身抗体的产生可能不依赖于CD4+T细胞的帮助,因为在CD4+T 细胞耗竭后,自身抗体水平几乎没有变化[18-19]。虽然目前对T细胞的研究并不深入,但很难开发出相关的药物。然而,随着T细胞在RA发病和进展中作用更广泛地被发现,通过调节T细胞治疗RA将迅速发展,具有巨大的治疗潜力。正确认识不同T细胞亚群在RA发病机制中的作用,对于探索RA的新策略和开发新药具有重要意义。
越来越多的研究发现,B细胞也通过多种方式参与RA的发病机制。B细胞通过自身反应变成APC,从而激活T细胞[20]。活化的T细胞激活巨噬细胞产生促炎细胞因子,导致关节炎症和破坏。此外,B细胞本身也能产生TNF-α、IL-6和淋巴毒素,导致炎症进一步发展[21-22]。目前针对B细胞的治疗主要是针对CD分子,尤其是CD20抗原。它是免疫清除B细胞的理想场所[23]。利妥昔单抗(rituximab)是一种特异性针对CD20分子的单克隆抗体,可与B淋巴细胞表面的CD20结合,通过补体介导的细胞毒作用等机制特异性清除B淋巴细胞,从而达到治疗效果[24]。以往的研究表明,B细胞通过多种机制在RA的发病机制中发挥关键作用[25]。rituximab对RA有效且安全。与rituximab的作用机制相似,mabionCD20 是一种新的CD20抗体。一项针对280名患者的临床试验正在进行中。未来有望成为rituximab的新型仿生药物,具有很强的治疗潜力。在抗CD22的研究中,SM03是第一个在临床研究阶段用于治疗RA的抗CD22嵌合单克隆抗体。部分临床研究结果表明,SM03联合MTX在24周疗程中具有显著的临床疗效和良好的药物安全耐受性(NCT04312815)。在接受 MTX 治疗的活动性RA患者中,SM03在整个24周的治疗期间是有效、安全且耐受良好的[26]。SM03的后续临床研究仍在进行中,将扩大样本量以获得更多数据支持。另一种作用于B细胞的药物ianalumab,是一种与B细胞激活受体结合的IgG1/κ型人单克隆抗体(mAb),可以消耗B细胞并阻断激活。该研究将包括50名RA患者,于2018年开始临床试验,目前仍在进行中(NCT03574545)。靶向B细胞的生物治疗已成为新的热点,在RA中具有巨大潜力。但与T细胞相比,RA领域对B细胞的研究相对较少,主要集中在CD20抗原上。研究更多的CD分子并与T细胞形成联系将是未来B细胞领域的主要研究方向之一。
JAK激酶(janus kinase, JAK)是一类与特定细胞因子受体结合的非受体酪氨酸激酶家族。JAK的底物是STAT,可以形成JAK-STAT信号通路,在RA的病理过程中发挥重要作用[27]。有报道[5]称,在RA患者的关节腔中发现了大量的炎性因子,如TNF和IL-6。这些因子是RA和关节破坏发病机制中的重要参与者,可通过不同途径激活JAK/STAT信号通路。JAK抑制剂是一种新型的小分子靶向合成药物,可以选择性抑制JAK,阻断JAK/STAT信号通路,可在RA的各个阶段发挥作用[28]。自1993年以来,经过20年的临床研究和发展,2012年底,托法替尼(tofacitinib)每日两次5 mg的用药被美国FDA批准用于治疗RA[29]。2017年3月,原中国食品药品监督管理局正式批准tofacitinib在中国上市。Tofacitinib也是中国批准用于治疗RA的第一个口服JAK1/3抑制剂[30]。研究表明,tofacitinib可抑制TNF、IL-6和IL-1β等炎性细胞因子的产生,显著减少炎性细胞浸润和骨吸收。同时,它还可以抑制多种细胞和细胞因子的激活,减轻炎症,减少关节损伤[31]。此外,还报道了具有不同选择性的JAK抑制剂的临床数据。如JAK1/2抑制剂巴瑞替尼(baricitinib)[32]和JAK1抑制剂乌帕替尼(upadacitinib)[33]和非洛替尼(filgotinib)[34],所有这些药物最近都被批准用于治疗中度至重度 RA。譬如,2017年在欧盟国家获得批准的baricitinib,它可以单独使用,也可以与MTX联合使用,作为处于严重活动期RA的成年人的二线治疗。2018年美国FDA还批准baricitinib作为口服药物,用于治疗对MTX反应不足或不耐受的中、重度RA[35]。2019年7月,该药正式获准进入中国医药市场。现有临床试验表明,baricitinib治疗RA疗效好,不良反应轻微,患者易耐受,为其治疗提供了重要手段[36-37]。此外,一些实验表明baricitinib也可用于治疗牛皮癣等自身免疫性疾病[38]。目前正在研究治疗RA的新型JAK1抑制剂SHR0302、JAK3抑制剂pefiitinib[39]和decernotinib[40]、JAK3/TEC抑制剂ritlecitinib[41]和JAK1/TYK2抑制剂TLL-018(NCT05133297)。目前,JAK抑制剂的临床研究非常热门,正在进行多个研究不同类型JAK抑制剂治疗RA的疗效和安全性的项目(NCT05246293、NCT05238896、NCT05153200、NCT04985435)。研究者认识到JAK-STAT信号的紊乱并不是RA的唯一发病机制后,探索JAK抑制剂的联合治疗可能会最大限度地提高治疗效率,并弥补单独使用DMARDs治疗时RA反应的不足,如联合应用baricitinib和阿达利单抗(adalimumab)(NCT04870203)。综上所述,JAK抑制剂作为一种新型的口服小分子靶向药物,彻底改变了免疫性和炎症性疾病的治疗。RA领域的成功应用,打破了传统风湿类药物和生物类药物的治疗模式。与传统治疗药物和生物抗风湿药物相比,它具有改善病情、安全性好、口服方便等优点,为RA提供了一种新的治疗策略,具有与生物制剂同等的治疗地位[1,42]。目前,JAK抑制剂的研究和开发十分活跃。基于JAK家族各亚型的功能特点和特殊的组织分布,JAK1和JAK3已成为自身免疫性和炎症性疾病领域的研究热点。近年来,随着对其作用机制研究的深入,JAK抑制剂在临床上的应用也在不断扩大,已成为治疗RA的明星产品[28]。但在注重更好的临床疗效的同时,也要注意JAK抑制剂引起的不良反应。一项大型随机安全临床试验发现,临床使用tofacitinib会增加严重心脏相关事件(如心脏病发作或中风)、癌症、血栓和死亡的风险[43]。这项试验在RA患者中比较了使用TNF抑制剂和tofacitinib,最终结果显示,较低剂量的托法替尼(5 mg)也会增加心血管事件和癌症的风险。FDA还要求对baricitinib和upadacitinib发出新的警告。由于这两种药物的作用机制与tofacitinib相同,FDA认为它们在安全性方面可能存在类似的风险。
在RA的发病机制中,炎症细胞会刺激IL-6等促炎介质的释放,从而导致关节内结构的破坏。IL-6主要由内皮细胞和T细胞产生,刺激B细胞产生抗体和免疫球蛋白以激活效应T细胞。IL-6还可诱导血管上皮细胞形成血管翳,激活血管内皮细胞上的黏附分子,诱导免疫炎症反应[44]。全球首个IL-6受体(IL-6 receptor, IL-6R)单克隆抗体tocilizumab于2009年上市,主要用于对传统DMARDs和TNF-α阻断药物无反应或长期使用产生耐药性的患者[45]。它是第一个靶向 IL-6R治疗RA的单克隆抗体,已在临床上使用多年[46]。该药于2013年在中国获批用于治疗成人中重度活动性RA治疗。此外,olokizumab(OKZ)也是一种IL-6单克隆抗体,可以在特定位点直接与IL-6结合。结果显示,OKZ 组和安慰剂组的所有次要疗效终点均存在显著差异,并且OKZ组中有更多患者报告了不良事件(adverse events, AE),其中感染最为常见[47]。综上所述,OKZ在RA的治疗中具有更大的意义,具有较高的治疗潜力,并研究了其长期安全性和有效性(NCT04246762)。此外,与IL-6R结合的治疗性单克隆抗体BCD-089(NCT04227366)和靶向IL-6细胞因子的药物gerilimzumab(NCT04179513)目前正在进行临床试验,研究它们的安全性和耐受性。此外,sarilumab是一种完全人源的抗IL-6R单克隆IgG1抗体,可与可溶性IL-6R结合,从而阻断 IL-6的顺式和反式炎症信号转导级联反应[48]。在一项Ⅲ期研究中,sarilumab在改善体征、症状和身体功能方面明显优于adalimumab,两种药物的安全性符合预期[49]。目前,sarilumab已经在进行Ⅳ期研究(NCT04350216)。尽管RA的病因仍有待完全阐明,但人们认为IL-17在RA的发病机制中起关键作用。IL-17不仅是一种强大的炎症细胞因子,也是炎症反应的微调因子。它可以刺激成纤维细胞、上皮细胞和内皮细胞释放IL-6、IL-8和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GM-CSF)等细胞因子,并协同多种细胞因子放大炎症反应[50]。IL-17还可以诱导人成纤维细胞表达细胞间黏附分子,促进T细胞增殖。最近,抗IL-17的单克隆抗体在RA的早期临床试验中被证明是安全有效的[51]。苏金单抗(secukinumab)是第一个用于治疗银屑病的IL-17A抑制剂[52]。在一项针对RA的RCT研究中,secukinumab(150 mg)在对TNF-α抑制剂反应不足的RA患者中显示出疗效,但需要大量长期试验结果进行验证[53]。此外,瑞巴派特(rebamipide)治疗RA的临床研究已经启动(NCT05166304)。Rebamipide是一种抗溃疡药物,可保护胃上皮细胞,并通过增加胃黏液来改善胃防御机制。Rebamipide抑制 IL-17,也抑制IL-1β诱导的RA滑膜成纤维细胞增殖。随着研究的进展,Rebamipide可能有新的适应证。与IL-17和IL-1相比,IL-6治疗RA的研究更为成熟。目前临床研究的IL-6抑制剂主要有两类:靶向IL-6和靶向IL-6R[54-55]。理论上,不同患者的IL-6水平不同,而IL-6R在个体间差异不大。因此,开发靶向受体的治疗药物可能更容易。然而,阻断配体比阻断IL-6受体更直接,因此哪种策略更具优势是一个艰难的选择。IL-6是RA炎症过程中的关键介质,在RA患者的血清、滑膜组织和滑液中含量较高[56-57]。因此,它是未来研究RA新疗法的一个非常有吸引力的目标。
GM-CSF,也称为集落刺激因子2(CSF2),是一种单体糖蛋白。GM-CSF促进在炎性组织如RA滑膜关节中转运的单核细胞和巨噬细胞的活化、分化、存活和增殖。活化的M1巨噬细胞产生细胞因子,包括GM-CSF和其他促炎细胞因子。局部GM-CSF的产生导致血管和骨髓的激活,并促进炎症部位的效应T细胞分化[58]。研究发现,RA患者关节中GM-CSF的含量非常高,以GM-CSF为生物靶点可以减轻炎症和损伤。正在开发一些药物来阻断GM-CSF [59]。抗GM-CSF单克隆抗体namilumab可与GM-CSF配体以高亲和力结合,有效中和GM-CSF[60]。在对MTX治疗反应不足或对TNF生物治疗无效或不耐受的RA患者中,namilumab的一项Ⅱ期疗效和安全性研究表明,它可以抑制巨噬细胞靶向GM-CSF的活性,在治疗RA上显示出显著的剂量依赖性反应[61]。此外,otilimab还是一种单克隆抗体,主要作用于和抑制炎症细胞因子GM-CSF [62]。在一项RCT研究中,研究人员重点关注otilimab在预防RA患者炎症、组织损伤和疼痛方面的临床效果。给予不同剂量otilimab后,连续用MTX治疗5周后,延长给药时间,再持续50周。结果表明,otilimab治疗迅速缓解了关节疼痛和肿胀,患者报告的疼痛评分明显改善。在安全性方面,otilimab治疗耐受性好,血细胞减少和严重感染的发生率很低,临床上没有明显的抗药抗体产生,没有临床死亡和肺毒性事件,这与以往其他靶向GM-CSF 抗体的研究一致。此外,用于RA治疗的相同机制的药物TJ003234目前正在进行临床试验中。靶向GM-CSF不仅可以降低疾病活动度,还可以显著改善疼痛和功能,是RA治疗的一个潜在研究方向[63]。虽然GM-CSF 的研究时间较短,但GM-CSF单克隆抗体在对DMARDs药物和 TNF抑制剂反应差方面表现出明显优势,为难治性RA患者的治疗提供了新途径[64-65]。在生物制剂的新时代,靶向GM-CSF受体可以使部分活动性RA受益,这无疑打开了一个新的治疗窗口。但我们也应该注意GM-CSF单克隆抗体的副作用,特别是在肺功能方面。因为抑制GM-CSF信号转导会干扰肺泡巨噬细胞清除肺表面活性物质,导致肺泡蛋白沉积。
单克隆抗体药物的出现给RA的靶向治疗带来了革命性的变化。它通过特异性中和细胞因子和阻断受体发挥作用,具有靶向性强、副作用少、治疗效果好等优点。但在应用过程中,也要注意单克隆抗体药物的安全性和耐药性。这些不足也将是未来研究的重要方向。随着研究的不断发展,大量新的单克隆抗体药物不断出现,未来的市场前景还是非常广阔的。
在过去的几十年里,一药一靶理论在指导单因疾病的药物研发方面取得了巨大成功。然而,随着免疫疾病研究的深入,面对复杂的免疫调节网络,单一靶向治疗存在一定的局限性。同时靶向两个或多个靶点,调节多个靶点或通路治疗疾病的策略逐渐发展起来,这种治疗策略通常疗效更好,副作用更少。我国自主研发的首个双靶点生物药泰它西普(telitacicept)于2021年获批用于治疗系统性红斑狼疮[66]。Telitacicept是一种新型TACI-Fc融合蛋白,具有新的药物结构和双靶点机制。它可以同时抑制BLyS和APRIL两种细胞因子,从而更有效地降低免疫反应,达到治疗自身免疫性疾病的目的[67]。目前,telitacicept治疗中重度RA的临床试验已经开展,适应证有望进一步扩大。
间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)是一种具有自我更新能力和多向分化能力的多能干细胞。RA治疗的最终目的是恢复免疫耐受,彻底停止免疫抑制治疗。MSC疗法因其强大的免疫抑制和抗炎作用而受到广泛关注[68]。研究表明,MSCs可以作用于树突状细胞,发挥免疫调节作用,是治疗RA的潜在候选细胞。MSCs静脉注射,随访12个月,结果表明RA患者外周血单个核细胞培养上清液中Treg相关细胞因子、IL-10和转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGFR-β1)水平显著升高,反映了MSCs对Treg细胞的全面免疫调节作用[69]。造血干细胞(hematopoietic stem cells, HSCs)是血液系统中的一种成体干细胞。它是一个具有长期自我更新能力和分化为各种成熟血细胞的异种种群[70]。一项研究的证据表明,造血干细胞移植(hemopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT)可以有效地治疗RA[71]。33例重症RA患者接受了HSCs移植治疗。12个月后对这些指标进行评估,无死亡病例,无严重不良反应发生。治疗后,70%的患者ACR20有效。初步结果表明,HSCT可以安全地应用于RA患者,但需要更大规模的研究来证实这些发现。目前,HSCs治疗RA的临床研究较少,大规模试验也未开展,但具有巨大的治疗潜力,是未来的研究热点。干细胞具有强大的抗炎和免疫调节功能,以及修复关节和骨源性损伤[72]。它可以通过分泌多种细胞因子抑制炎症的发生和发展,调节自身免疫系统,为RA的治疗带来新的希望[73-74]。目前,国际上已经开展了一系列干细胞治疗RA的临床试验,包括BX-U001(NCT04971980)、hMSC(NCT03186417)、Huc-MSC(NCT03828344)、自体脂肪来源干细胞(NCT04170426)和异基因脐带血(NCT03618784)。干细胞研究仍然存在许多困难,胚胎干细胞很好,但来源有限。目前,胚胎干细胞主要来源于人工流产早期胚胎或体外受精(in vitro fertilization, IVF)后残留的胚胎[75-76]。在HSCs的实验中,总结了一套与细胞分化阶段相关的细胞表面标志物,以便从多种混合细胞中分离出有用的干细胞。然而,其他细胞的干细胞是否也有实用的细胞表面标记或其他识别方法还需要进一步研究。此外,胚胎干细胞诱导的细胞和组织对患者来说相当于同种异体移植,同种异体移植引起的免疫排斥已成为干细胞治疗的障碍。相信随着细胞生物学和免疫学的不断发展和干细胞治疗的不断完善,干细胞治疗RA的临床应用终将实现。
目前,RA治疗的发展也存在一些挑战。尽管治疗药物相对丰富,但仍有一些RA的治疗需求尚未得到满足。例如,难治性RA的治疗,药物疗效差,药物副作用,精准医学的发展,以及停药的可能性[77]。为了改善临床治疗需求,进一步提高治疗效果,依靠新药研发可能并不现实。因为新药的研发难度较大,耗时较长。因此,除了新药之外,当务之急可能是改进治疗策略,包括安全性和有效性的平衡以及多药联合,以及治疗过程中的疗效监测。此外,治疗药物的主要疗效和诱导缓解后减少治疗也是重要的问题。因此,阐明并控制这些驱动因素是应对RA管理挑战的重要策略。
在病理生理学基础上寻找靶点是RA治疗的主要实践理念。在过去的20年里,随着RA治疗的快速发展,大量新药涌现并应用于临床。例如,阻断JAK、IL-6、GM-CSF和抑制T细胞和B细胞的消耗取得了良好的临床效果(图1)。此外,针对新靶点的药物研究和临床试验也在进行中,包括ABX464(NCT04049448)、JNJ-67484703(NCT04985812)和nipocalimab(NCT04991753)。虽然这些最新的靶向药物为研究人员提供了新的方向和尝试,也是未来的研究目标,但它们仍处于小规模临床试验阶段,需要更多的时间进行研究。与JAK、IL-6抑制剂等主流药物相比,这些最新的药物需要克服更多的困难,进行更多的研究,才能成功成为治疗RA的有效药物。然而,个体差异会导致疾病的异质性,而一种因子的常规抑制剂可能不会产生显著的治疗效果。因此,基于细胞因子谱的个体化治疗可以作为治疗RA的有效策略之一,从而实现精准治疗。除了细胞因子抑制剂外,干细胞治疗发展迅速,大量研究证明了其安全性和有效性。这些新的治疗药物和方法可能成为现有DMARDs治疗失败的重要补救措施,具有广阔的前景值得注意的是,虽然在治疗RA方面已经取得了很多成果,但目前的治疗药物只是基于已知的参与RA发生发展的部分机制。天然免疫和获得性免疫之间的相互作用以及免疫耐受如何参与RA的发病机制尚不充分。此外,仍有一些患者对生物治疗反应差,有效缓解率低,一些药物出现不良反应。在治疗中,生物制剂的应用起效时间因人而异,不同类型的生物制剂,起效时间也不同,一般在3个月左右,就能达到较好的效果。3个月内无改善或6个月内达不到标准的患者应调整为更积极的治疗计划。这些局限性是未来RA研究中的难点问题之一。综上所述,目前治疗RA的药物和方法非常丰富,新药也在进行临床试验。在精确治疗的背景下,高效、准确、经济地治疗RA将是我们未来的研究方向。免疫细胞和炎性细胞因子的抑制剂以及干细胞治疗将在未来十年内迅速发展,这也是RA治疗的主流方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(82074234)
  • 上海市何东仪名中医工作室建设项目资助(SHGZS-202220)
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-02-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(82074234)
上海市何东仪名中医工作室建设项目资助(SHGZS-202220)
作者信息
    1 上海中医药大学附属光华医院, 上海 200052
    2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203
    3 上海市光华中西医结合医院关节炎研究所, 上海 200052

通讯作者:

*何东仪,男,博士,博士生导师 研究方向:风湿免疫学 Tel:(021)62809946
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.03.002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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