Article(id=1195664139491259378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)02-0172-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669651200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762998145220, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1705852800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762998145220, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762998145220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998145220, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195664138694341616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762998145030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998511460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195665675697045692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195665675701239997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=172, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195664139709363190, articleId=1195664139491259378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different drying methods on the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus and provide a basis for the optimization and establishment of their drying processes. METHODS The contents of Astragalus methyloside, Pistil isoflavone glucoside, Pistil isoflavone, Mangiferin, Astragalus polysaccharide, ethanol extract and the clarity index and solubility index were used as evaluation indexes to dry Astragalus concentrate by freeze-drying, vacuum drying, atmospheric pressure drying and microwave drying, and the weights of each index were jointly determined by hierarchical analysis (AHP) and entropy weighting method, and the most suitable drying method was selected by the combination of comprehensive scoring, cluster analysis, fingerprinting and other methods as well as the characteristics of each drying method itself. RESULTS The effects of different drying methods on the concentration of Astragalus membranaceus varied widely, with the highest comprehensive scores for freeze-drying and vacuum-drying and lower scores for atmospheric-pressure drying and microwave drying. According to the analysis of similarity evaluation software, the fingerprint profiles of freeze-dried and vacuum-dried samples were the most similar to those of concentrates, the differences between the samples obtained from the two drying methods were small, and the results were similar to the comprehensive scores. Within the experimental range, the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus were more stable under freeze-drying and vacuum-drying conditions. CONCLUSION The effect of different drying methods and conditions on Astragalus concentrates varies greatly. Through the study of four drying methods, vacuum drying is finally selected as the most suitable drying method for Astragalus concentrates.

, correspAuthors=WEI Shuchang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=WAN Lingjuan, HE Hongjie, LI Jintian, FENG Xiaoli, LIU Xiaoxia, WEI Shuchang, WU Xiaoyu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195664307661877458, articleId=1195664139491259378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 考察不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响及其变化规律,为其干燥工艺的优选和建立提供依据。方法 以黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷、黄芪多糖、乙醇浸出物含量以及澄明度指数、溶解性指数为评价指标,采用冷冻干燥、真空干燥、常压干燥、微波干燥对黄芪浓缩液进行干燥,以层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法联合确定各指标权重,通过综合评分、聚类分析、指纹图谱的联合使用并结合各干燥方法本身的特性,优选最佳干燥方法。结果 不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响差异较大,冷冻干燥和真空干燥综合评分最高,常压干燥和微波干燥评分较低。根据相似度评价分析可知,冷冻干燥和真空干燥样品的指纹图谱与浓缩液的指纹图谱相似度最高,2种干燥法所得样品间差异较小,结果与综合评分相似。在实验范围内,黄芪浓缩液在冷冻干燥、真空干燥条件下比较稳定。结论 不同干燥方式和条件对黄芪浓缩液的影响差异较大,通过对4种干燥方法的研究,最终选取真空干燥为黄芪浓缩液最适宜的干燥方法。

, correspAuthors=魏舒畅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏舒畅,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究 Tel:(0931)8619911
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万玲娟,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究

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万玲娟,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究

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万玲娟,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究

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Chin J Pharm(中国医药工业杂志), 2019, 50(1):42-47., articleTitle=Application status and prospect of low temperature drying technology in traditional Chinese medicine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098060955304457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=CHEN W Y, journalName=Research on comprehensive performance evaluation of Z power supply branch of Jiangxi power grid, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN W Y. Research on comprehensive performance evaluation of Z power supply branch of Jiangxi power grid[D]. Shanghai: East China University of Technology, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197098061022413323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=47, issue=9, pageStart=1443, pageEnd=1457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=LIU C X, CHEN S L, XIAO X H, journalName=Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU C X, CHEN S L, XIAO X H, et al. A new concept on quality marker of Chinese materia medica: quality control for Chinese medicinal products[J]. 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1-pistil isoflavone glucoside; 2-mangiferin; 3-pistil isoflavone.

, figureFileSmall=6N8nzADPa/ulUhlWU1hAgw==, figureFileBig=yU4pZyBernm8De/yNU7tVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059147559394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=CN, label=图1, caption=毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷和毛蕊异黄酮的混合对照品溶液(A)和供试品液(B) 高效液相色谱(HPLC)图

1-毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷;2-芒柄花苷;3-毛蕊异黄酮。

, figureFileSmall=6N8nzADPa/ulUhlWU1hAgw==, figureFileBig=yU4pZyBernm8De/yNU7tVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059223056867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HPLC-ELSD of reference substance solution(A) and test solution solution(B)

1-Astragalus methylosid.

, figureFileSmall=zYpZ73VILE/z7v9uEDXiXw==, figureFileBig=JQEHf1qaiWHENU+opER86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059273388516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黄芪甲苷对照品溶液(A)和供试品液(B)的高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(HPLC-ELSD)图

1-黄芪甲苷。

, figureFileSmall=zYpZ73VILE/z7v9uEDXiXw==, figureFileBig=JQEHf1qaiWHENU+opER86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059336303077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cluster analysis of samples by different drying methods, figureFileSmall=ra2TK93Vs+iEspem60CcCg==, figureFileBig=IR7CG8F8ouT6ntLp0HgLuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059399217638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同干燥方式下13个样品的聚类分析, figureFileSmall=ra2TK93Vs+iEspem60CcCg==, figureFileBig=IR7CG8F8ouT6ntLp0HgLuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059462132199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=HPLC-PDA fingerprint of samples with different drying methods

S1-the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus; S2-S5-vacuum drying samples; S6-S8-microwave drying samples; S9-S11-atmospheric pressure drying samples; S12-S14-freeze-drying samples; R-reference graph.

, figureFileSmall=pG71H53goS8hq5d+4YEzdw==, figureFileBig=jd2fKY1k0E39eYlrRDWNow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059520852456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同干燥方式下13批黄芪黄芪干燥样品高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(HPLC-PDA)指纹图谱

S1-黄芪浓缩液;S2~S5-真空干燥样品;S6~S8-微波干燥样品;S9~S11-常压干燥样品;S12~S14-冷冻干燥样品;R为参照图谱。

, figureFileSmall=pG71H53goS8hq5d+4YEzdw==, figureFileBig=jd2fKY1k0E39eYlrRDWNow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059587961321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=HPLC-ELSD fingerprint of samples with different drying methods

S1-the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus; S2-S5-vacuum drying samples; S6-S8-microwave drying samples; S9-S11-atmospheric pressure drying samples; S12-S14-freeze-drying samples; R-reference graph.

, figureFileSmall=y7IVhjtnqv1/YypSMwpW9g==, figureFileBig=P9q63cIn8OwHI1xrAjcKOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059642487274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同干燥方式下13批黄芪黄芪干燥样品HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱

S1-黄芪浓缩液;S2~S5-真空干燥样品;S6~S8-微波干燥样品;S9~S11-常压干燥样品;S12~S14-冷冻干燥样品;R为参照图谱。

, figureFileSmall=y7IVhjtnqv1/YypSMwpW9g==, figureFileBig=P9q63cIn8OwHI1xrAjcKOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197098059701207531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664139491259378, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Determination results of dried products with different drying methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drying
method
Number Vacuum
/MPa
Power
/W
Drying
temperature/℃
Dring
time/h
Mass fraction/mg·g-1 y7
/%
y8
/%
Y
/%
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
Vacuum drying Z-1 0.08 - 60 36 0.766 0.236 0.132 0.125 6.818 80.111 54.46 85.02 91.84
Z-2 0.08 - 70 28 0.733 0.247 0.132 0.123 6.888 75.229 53.75 86.92 90.48
Z-3 0.08 - 80 20 0.733 0.234 0.130 0.121 6.869 75.406 53.52 85.31 89.65
Z-4 0.08 - 90 10 0.700 0.243 0.129 0.114 6.700 79.023 51.76 84.99 89.51
Atmospheric pressure drying C-1 - - 70 48 0.791 0.219 0.129 0.119 6.449 70.878 37.24 83.93 84.61
C-2 - - 80 36 0.798 0.229 0.135 0.116 6.950 63.862 37.15 83.55 84.66
C-3 - - 90 24 0.768 0.218 0.124 0.100 6.799 69.975 37.14 81.52 83.87
Microwave drying W-1 - 250 75 0.167 0.761 0.208 0.130 0.103 6.656 67.327 45.25 78.76 83.18
W-2 - 450 75 0.100 0.798 0.220 0.128 0.106 6.812 66.646 43.13 83.97 84.58
W-3 - 650 75 0.067 0.755 0.214 0.122 0.102 7.029 68.989 41.10 82.25 84.63
Freeze-drying L-1 <0.000 002 - -80 12/24a 0.812 0.232 0.128 0.124 7.098 82.068 67.22 95.31 95.67
L-2 <0.000 002 - 80 48/24a 0.865 0.232 0.129 0.127 7.527 80.630 65.77 96.79 97.52
L-3 <0.000 002 - -80 48/12a 0.858 0.235 0.127 0.123 7.802 77.847 67.39 95.33 97.48
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不同干燥方法的干燥品测定含量以及溶解性指数和澄明度指数

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Drying
method
Number Vacuum
/MPa
Power
/W
Drying
temperature/℃
Dring
time/h
Mass fraction/mg·g-1 y7
/%
y8
/%
Y
/%
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
Vacuum drying Z-1 0.08 - 60 36 0.766 0.236 0.132 0.125 6.818 80.111 54.46 85.02 91.84
Z-2 0.08 - 70 28 0.733 0.247 0.132 0.123 6.888 75.229 53.75 86.92 90.48
Z-3 0.08 - 80 20 0.733 0.234 0.130 0.121 6.869 75.406 53.52 85.31 89.65
Z-4 0.08 - 90 10 0.700 0.243 0.129 0.114 6.700 79.023 51.76 84.99 89.51
Atmospheric pressure drying C-1 - - 70 48 0.791 0.219 0.129 0.119 6.449 70.878 37.24 83.93 84.61
C-2 - - 80 36 0.798 0.229 0.135 0.116 6.950 63.862 37.15 83.55 84.66
C-3 - - 90 24 0.768 0.218 0.124 0.100 6.799 69.975 37.14 81.52 83.87
Microwave drying W-1 - 250 75 0.167 0.761 0.208 0.130 0.103 6.656 67.327 45.25 78.76 83.18
W-2 - 450 75 0.100 0.798 0.220 0.128 0.106 6.812 66.646 43.13 83.97 84.58
W-3 - 650 75 0.067 0.755 0.214 0.122 0.102 7.029 68.989 41.10 82.25 84.63
Freeze-drying L-1 <0.000 002 - -80 12/24a 0.812 0.232 0.128 0.124 7.098 82.068 67.22 95.31 95.67
L-2 <0.000 002 - 80 48/24a 0.865 0.232 0.129 0.127 7.527 80.630 65.77 96.79 97.52
L-3 <0.000 002 - -80 48/12a 0.858 0.235 0.127 0.123 7.802 77.847 67.39 95.33 97.48
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Priority judgment matrix for paired comparison of indicators

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Index y5 y6 y1 y2 y3 y4 y7 y8
y5 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5
y6 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5
y1 1/3 1/3 1 1 2 2 3 3
y2 1/3 1/3 1 1 2 2 3 3
y3 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 2
y4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 2
y7 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 1 1
y8 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 1 1
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层次分析法(AHP)指标成对比较优先判断矩阵

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Index y5 y6 y1 y2 y3 y4 y7 y8
y5 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5
y6 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5
y1 1/3 1/3 1 1 2 2 3 3
y2 1/3 1/3 1 1 2 2 3 3
y3 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 2
y4 1/4 1/4 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 2
y7 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 1 1
y8 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/2 1/2 1 1
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Weight value of indices

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Index w1 w2 W
y1 0.116 5 0.101 2 0.100 5
y2 0.116 5 0.100 2 0.099 5
y3 0.069 2 0.078 7 0.046 4
y4 0.069 2 0.126 8 0.074 8
y5 0.272 6 0.123 4 0.286 8
y6 0.272 6 0.114 2 0.265 5
y7 0.041 7 0.218 4 0.077 7
y8 0.041 7 0.137 0 0.048 7
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组合权重各指标的权重值

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Index w1 w2 W
y1 0.116 5 0.101 2 0.100 5
y2 0.116 5 0.100 2 0.099 5
y3 0.069 2 0.078 7 0.046 4
y4 0.069 2 0.126 8 0.074 8
y5 0.272 6 0.123 4 0.286 8
y6 0.272 6 0.114 2 0.265 5
y7 0.041 7 0.218 4 0.077 7
y8 0.041 7 0.137 0 0.048 7
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不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响研究
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万玲娟 1 , 何红杰 1 , 李金田 1, 2 , 冯晓莉 1, 2 , 刘晓霞 1 , 魏舒畅 1, 2, * , 武晓玉 1
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(2): 172-178
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(2): 172-178
不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响研究
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万玲娟1, 何红杰1, 李金田1, 2, 冯晓莉1, 2, 刘晓霞1, 魏舒畅1, 2, *, 武晓玉1
作者信息
  • 1 甘肃中医药大学, 兰州 730000
  • 2 甘肃省中药制药工艺工程研究中心, 兰州 730000
  • 万玲娟,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究

通讯作者:

*魏舒畅,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究 Tel:(0931)8619911
Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus
WAN Lingjuan1, HE Hongjie1, LI Jintian1, 2, FENG Xiaoli1, 2, LIU Xiaoxia1, WEI Shuchang1, 2, *, WU Xiaoyu1
Affiliations
  • 1 Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2 Gansu Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Technology Engineering Research Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2024-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.009
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目的 考察不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响及其变化规律,为其干燥工艺的优选和建立提供依据。方法 以黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷、黄芪多糖、乙醇浸出物含量以及澄明度指数、溶解性指数为评价指标,采用冷冻干燥、真空干燥、常压干燥、微波干燥对黄芪浓缩液进行干燥,以层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法联合确定各指标权重,通过综合评分、聚类分析、指纹图谱的联合使用并结合各干燥方法本身的特性,优选最佳干燥方法。结果 不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响差异较大,冷冻干燥和真空干燥综合评分最高,常压干燥和微波干燥评分较低。根据相似度评价分析可知,冷冻干燥和真空干燥样品的指纹图谱与浓缩液的指纹图谱相似度最高,2种干燥法所得样品间差异较小,结果与综合评分相似。在实验范围内,黄芪浓缩液在冷冻干燥、真空干燥条件下比较稳定。结论 不同干燥方式和条件对黄芪浓缩液的影响差异较大,通过对4种干燥方法的研究,最终选取真空干燥为黄芪浓缩液最适宜的干燥方法。

黄芪浓缩液  /  真空干燥  /  指纹图谱  /  层次分析法-熵权法  /  聚类分析

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different drying methods on the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus and provide a basis for the optimization and establishment of their drying processes. METHODS The contents of Astragalus methyloside, Pistil isoflavone glucoside, Pistil isoflavone, Mangiferin, Astragalus polysaccharide, ethanol extract and the clarity index and solubility index were used as evaluation indexes to dry Astragalus concentrate by freeze-drying, vacuum drying, atmospheric pressure drying and microwave drying, and the weights of each index were jointly determined by hierarchical analysis (AHP) and entropy weighting method, and the most suitable drying method was selected by the combination of comprehensive scoring, cluster analysis, fingerprinting and other methods as well as the characteristics of each drying method itself. RESULTS The effects of different drying methods on the concentration of Astragalus membranaceus varied widely, with the highest comprehensive scores for freeze-drying and vacuum-drying and lower scores for atmospheric-pressure drying and microwave drying. According to the analysis of similarity evaluation software, the fingerprint profiles of freeze-dried and vacuum-dried samples were the most similar to those of concentrates, the differences between the samples obtained from the two drying methods were small, and the results were similar to the comprehensive scores. Within the experimental range, the concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus were more stable under freeze-drying and vacuum-drying conditions. CONCLUSION The effect of different drying methods and conditions on Astragalus concentrates varies greatly. Through the study of four drying methods, vacuum drying is finally selected as the most suitable drying method for Astragalus concentrates.

Astragalus membranaceus concentrate  /  vacuum drying  /  fingerprinting  /  AHP-entropy weight method  /  cluster analysis
万玲娟, 何红杰, 李金田, 冯晓莉, 刘晓霞, 魏舒畅, 武晓玉. 不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (2) : 172 -178 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.009
WAN Lingjuan, HE Hongjie, LI Jintian, FENG Xiaoli, LIU Xiaoxia, WEI Shuchang, WU Xiaoyu. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Concentrates of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (2) : 172 -178 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.009
黄芪,始载于《神农本草经》,被誉为补气圣药,是常用药食同源的中药之一,在我国已有2000多年的使用历史[1],具有补气升阳,固表止汗,利水消肿,生津养血,行滞通痹,托毒排脓,敛疮生肌之效[2]
中药提取物是以中药材为原料,依照规定组方、工艺及质量标准,经过提取、浓缩、分离、纯化、干燥、粉碎等工序所制备的产物,是中药制剂生产过程中的重要中间体[3],而干燥是制备中药提取物过程中决定其内在品质的关键环节。常用的干燥方法包括冷冻干燥、真空干燥、常压干燥、微波干燥及喷雾干燥,不同的干燥方式及干燥工艺参数会使中药提取物的理化性质发生不同程度的变化,从而对中药制剂成型工艺及制剂成品的质量产生重要影响[4,5]
因此,本研究以黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷、黄芪多糖、醇浸出物的含量及澄明度指数、溶解性指数为评价指标,采用不同方法对黄芪浓缩液进行干燥,分析通过不同干燥方法处理后样品指标成分的变化及其变化规律,优选出最佳干燥工艺,为综合评价黄芪浓缩液的干燥工艺提供依据,为提高产业化产品质量和生产效率奠定基础。
Waters e2695高效液相色谱仪(美国沃特世公司),ME55/02型电子天平(梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司),FDU-2110型冷冻干燥机(上海爱朗仪器有限公司),SAM-255型微波干燥仪(培安有限公司),DHG-9123A型鼓风干燥箱(上海一恒科学仪器有限公司),DZF-6090型真空干燥箱(上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司)。
黄芪甲苷对照品(中国药品生物制品检定所,批号 110900-200405),毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷对照品(天津市大茂化学试剂厂,批号20180502),毛蕊异黄酮对照品(天津恒兴化学试剂制造有限公司,批号 20180609),芒柄花苷对照品(天津市富宇精细化工有限公司,批号 20181118),葡萄糖对照品(天津市富宇精细化工有限公司,批号 20140809),乙腈、甲醇为色谱纯,其他试剂为分析纯。
黄芪药材购于兰州市黄河药材市场,经甘肃中医药大学药学院魏舒畅教授鉴定,为豆科植物蒙古黄芪[Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.)Hsiao]的干燥根。
称取黄芪饮片适量,以纯水为溶剂回流提取,加16倍量水(6.67、4.67、4.67倍),提取3次,提取时间210 min(每次70 min),得黄芪水提取液。然后将水提液以操作压力0.12 MPa,滤过温度25 ℃,膜面错流速度5.3 m·s-1进行超滤,得黄芪超滤液。黄芪超滤液以操作压力0.16 MPa,滤过温度40 ℃,错流速度4.5 m·s-1进行纳滤,将所得的纳滤液通过减压浓缩法浓缩至相对密度为1.29 g·mL-1,得稠浸膏,储存备用。
取“2.1”项下黄芪浸膏适量,按条件(表1)在不同温度、真空度、干燥时间等条件下分别考察冷冻、真空、常压及微波干燥4种方法对黄芪浸膏的影响。将所得样品粉碎,过5号筛,备用。
分别精密称取毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷对照品适量,置棕色量瓶中,用甲醇定容,得对照品储备液;再精密吸取储备液各适量,用甲醇定容,制成质量浓度分别为0.049 2、0.024 9、0.082 5 mg·mL-1的混合对照品溶液。
精确称取各干燥品适量置锥形瓶中,加30倍量甲醇,密塞,称定质量,超声处理(功率250 W,频率40 Hz)30 min,放冷,再称定质量,用甲醇补足减失的质量,经0.22 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得。
色谱柱:Waters Symmebry-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)。流动相:0.02%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱,0~30 min,乙腈12%~49%;30~40 min,乙腈49%~12%;40~45 min,乙腈12%。流速:1.0 mL·min-1。进样量:20 μL。柱温:30 ℃。检测波长:260 nm。色谱图见图1
精密吸取混合对照品溶液0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5 mL,至2 mL量瓶中并定容。按“2.3.3”项下色谱条件进样20 μL测定。以质量浓度为横坐标(X),峰面积为纵坐标(Y)进行线性回归,得毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷回归方程为Y=93 784X-43.821(r2=0.999 5),线性范围为0.049 2~0.738 μg、毛蕊异黄酮回归方程Y=106 892X-38.364(r2=0.999 8),线性范围为0.024 9~0.373 5 μg、芒柄花苷回归方程Y=57 939X-12.390 (r2=0.999 8),线性范围为0.082 5~1.237 5 μg。
精密称取黄芪甲苷对照品适量,置量瓶中,用体积分数80%甲醇定容,制成质量浓度为0.528 mg·mL-1的对照品溶液。
精密称取各干燥品适量,加20倍蒸馏水溶解,用2倍水饱和的正丁醇萃取4次,合并萃取液并用2倍氨试液反萃取2次,合并氨试液,保留正丁醇液,将氨试液用1倍水饱和的正丁醇反萃取2次,合并所有正丁醇液并转移至蒸发皿中,水浴蒸干,残渣用甲醇溶解并定容至10 mL量瓶中,经0.22 μm微孔滤膜滤过,取续滤液,即得。
色谱柱:Waters Symmebry-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)。检测器:蒸发光检测器,气体压力40 kPa,漂移管温度为50 ℃。流动相:0.02%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B),梯度洗脱,0~30 min,乙腈16%~49%;30~50 min,乙腈49%~16%。流速:1.0 mL·min-1。进样量:40 μL。柱温:30 ℃。色谱图见图2
精密吸取对照品溶液0.05、0.10、0.25、0.50、0.75 mL,置2 mL量瓶中并定容。每个质量浓度的对照品溶液按“2.4.3”项下色谱条件进样40 μL测定。对不同质量浓度的对照品溶液和峰面积求自然对数,以进样量的对数为横坐标(X),峰面积对数为纵坐标(Y)进行线性回归,得回归方程:Y=1.651 1X+5.087 1,r2=0.999 2,线性范围为0.528~7.920 μg。
精密称取D-无水葡萄糖对照品12.56 mg,加纯水定容至25 mL,摇匀,制得含D-无水葡萄糖0.502 4 mg·mL-1的对照品溶液。
精密称取干燥品适量,加16倍蒸馏水溶解,再加乙醇使含醇体积分数达30%,低温静置后离心(4 000 r·min-1,10 min,下同),取上清液,加乙醇使含醇体积分数达80%,低温静置后离心,取沉淀,加水转移并定容至25 mL,即得。
分别精密吸取“2.5.1”项下对照品溶液0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25、1.50 mL稀释定容至5 mL量瓶中,分别精密吸取各稀释液1 mL置不同具塞试管中(2份),其中1份精密加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液、5 mL体积分数83.3%的硫酸溶液,摇匀后于沸水浴加热30 min,冰水浴冷却至室温,在488 nm处测得吸光度值A1;另1份加入5 mL体积分数83.3%的硫酸溶液,摇匀后于沸水浴加热30 min,冰水浴冷却至室温后加入1 mL 5%苯酚溶液,摇匀,在488 nm处测得吸光度值A2;以吸光度差值(ΔA=A1-A2)对葡萄糖质量浓度(ρ)进行线性回归,得回归方程ΔA=0.004 9ρ+0.057 4,r=0.999 2,线性范围为0.025 1~0.150 7 mg·mL-1
精密称取黄芪干燥品适量,将干粉置具塞锥形瓶中,加40倍无水乙醇,密塞,称定质量,超声处理(40 Hz, 350 W)30 min,放冷,再称定质量,用无水乙醇补足减失的质量,静置后离心,取上清于恒定质量蒸发皿中,水浴挥干溶剂,105 ℃干燥至恒定质量,即得。
取各干燥工艺参数下干燥品适量,平行6份,精密称取质量(M0),加入50 mL水,混旋30 min,其中3份离心,取上清于恒定质量蒸发皿中,水浴蒸干溶剂,105 ℃干燥至恒定质量(M1)。按公式1计算溶解性指数[6]
$\text { 溶解性指数 }(\%)=\left(M_{1} / M_{0}\right) \times 100 \%$
其余3份,每份取5 mL混悬液测定其吸光率(A1),剩余混悬液离心,取上清液测定其吸光率(A2)。按公式2即得混悬液的澄明度指数。
$\text { 澄明度指数 }(\%)=10^{-\left(A_{1}-A_{2}\right)} \times 100 \%$
步骤一:建立优先矩阵。干燥是复杂的传热传质过程,被干燥物料在此过程中会发生不同程度、不同类型的物理或化学反应[8]。随着干燥条件的改变,将对中药干燥产物产生不同程度影响, 如有效成分损失、干燥产物复溶性、澄明度差等。 为了更好地反映不同干燥方法对黄芪浓缩液的影响, 本实验选取黄芪甲苷(y1)、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷(y2)、毛蕊异黄酮(y3)、芒柄花苷(y4)、黄芪多糖(y5)、醇浸出物(y6)、澄明度指数(y7)、溶解性指数(y8)为权重指标,将8项指标分为4个层次。由于多糖受温度影响较大,醇浸出物包含了4种有效成分,而黄芪甲苷及毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷为药典规定指标,因此认为y6和y5同等重要, y6比y1稍微重要, y1和y2同等重要, y3和y4同等重要, y7和y8同等重要, 规定各指标的先行顺序:y6=y5>y1=y2>y3=y4>y7=y8, 构建成对比较的判断优先矩阵(表2)。
步骤二:归一化权重系数(wi) 按公式3和4计算归一化权重系数。
$w_{i}^{\prime}=\left(a_{1} a_{2} a_{3} \cdots a_{m}\right)^{1 / m}$
$w_{i}=w_{i}^{\prime} / \sum_{i=1}^{m} w_{i}^{\prime}$
步骤三:一致性比率(CR) 经公式5~7计算CR=0.012<0.1,满足一致性要求,表明指标合理可行。
$\mathrm{CR}=C I / R I$
$C I^{\prime}=\left(\lambda_{\max }-m\right) /(m-1)$
$\lambda_{\max }=\sum_{i=1}^{m} \sum_{j=1}^{m}\left(a_{i j} w_{j} / w_{i}\right) / m$
式中:CR为随机一致比例因子,RI为相应的平均随机一致性指标,CI为一致性指标,λmax为最大特征根,i为判断优先矩阵中的列,j为判断优先矩阵中的行,m为指标个数。
熵权法是一种客观赋权方法。熵是系统无序程度或混乱程度的度量,若指标的信息熵越小,则它的离散程度就越大,对综合评价的影响就越大,它的权重也应越高,具体步骤如下。
步骤一:归一化处理,本文选择归一化处理方法中的极值法进行归一化处理。按公式8进行归一化处理。
$Y_{i j}^{\prime}=\frac{Y_{i j}-m_{j}}{M_{j}-m_{j}}$
其中,Yij代表第i个评价对象的第j项指标数据;mjYij最大值,mjYij最小值;i=1, 2, ……,n;j=1, 2, ……,m
步骤二:评价指标熵权的计算 采用公式9和10计算定义熵(ej),公式11和12计算指标熵权(wi)。
$e_{j}=-\frac{1}{\ln n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} p_{i j} \ln \left(p_{i j}\right), 0 \leqslant e_{j} \leqslant 1$
$p_{i j}=\frac{Y^{\prime}{ }_{i j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} Y^{\prime}{ }_{i j}}$
$g_{i}=1-e_{j}$
$w_{i}=\frac{g_{j}}{\sum_{i=1}^{m} g_{j}}, i=1,2,3 \cdots \cdots m$
设主观权重为w1,客观权重为w2,则组合权重Wj公式(13)如下。各指标的权重值见表3
$W_{j}=\frac{w_{1 j} w_{2 j}}{\sum_{j=1}^{m} w_{1 j} w_{2 j}}$
将组合指标权重wjYij相乘,得出各个评价对象的综合评分(Y)。
$Y=\sum_{j=1}^{m}\left(100 w_{j} \times Y_{i j}\right) / m_{j}$
按“2.3.3”和“2.4.3”项下色谱条件方法分别测定不同干燥品中各指标成分的含量以及溶解性指数和澄明度指数,结果见表1。由结果可知,真空干燥所得样品毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量最高,冷冻干燥所得样品黄芪甲苷、芒柄花苷、总多糖、醇浸出物含量最高,整体相比两者相差不大。
按“2.8.3”项下确定的权重(表2),“2.8.4”项下的综合评分计算公式分别计算出13组实验的综合评分(Y),结果见表3。由结果可知,冷冻干燥在四种干燥方式中综合评分最高,其次是真空干燥,最后是常压干燥和微波干燥。
采用SPSS16.0统计软件对数据进行处理,采用组平均法对所测13个样品进行聚类分,数据经过无量纲化处理,聚类方法采用组间连接法及平方欧式距离,结果见图3。根据图3可知,13个不同干燥方式和条件下黄芪干燥样品可以分成4组。
A组:包括5,6,7,10为微波干燥样品和90 ℃下的常压干燥样品,表明可能由于常压干燥随温度升高到一定值后虽与微波干燥工艺不同,但对黄芪浸膏指标性成分的破坏相似。
B组:包括8,9为其余2种常压干燥样品。表明在常压干燥时温度低于90 ℃干燥温度高低及时间长短对干燥样品中6种指标成分量影响差异不明显。
C组:包括11,12,13为冷冻干燥样品,表明尽管C组中干燥时间、预冻时间有所不同,但得到最终干燥样品中6种指标成分的量较为接近,且对指标成分的破坏较小。
D组:包括1,2,3,4,均为真空干燥,提示真空干燥时,不同干燥条件对浸膏的指标成分影响差异不明显,可能是因为其在真空条件下降低空气中氧气量和相对湿度,同时缩短黄芪浓缩液的干燥时间,从而使化学成分的变化可能性降低。当λ=1.516时,C组与D组聚为一类,提示虽然真空干燥与冷冻干燥的干燥温度差异较大,但都是在真空条件下进行所以对样品指标成分破坏均较小,因此2种干燥方法具有一定的相似性。聚类分析显示,不同干燥方法及参数对物料的指标成分影响具有差异性。
按“2.3.2”项下方法制备供试品,“2.3.3”“2.4.3”项下色谱条件测定,记录色谱图。
特征图谱相似度评价(SA) 以干燥前黄芪浓缩液的色谱图为参照图谱(S1),将所得HPLC-PDA色谱图数据和HPLC-ELSD色谱图数据分别导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》,用中位数法生成对照指纹图谱,“匹配时间漂移”设为0.1,采用多点校正后进行自动匹配。
结果表明,13批黄芪干燥品的HPLC-PDA指纹图谱(图4)共确定16个共有峰,通过与对照品保留时间的比较,确定7、8和12号峰分别为毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮。冷冻、真空、常压、微波干燥样品图谱与浓缩液图谱相似度分别为 0.912~0.929、0.906~0.927、0.858~0.889、0.757~0.789,各干燥方法所得样品图谱相似度除常压干燥在0.96以上外其他3种都在0.98以上。通过相似度的比较表明,冷冻干燥和真空干燥对样品化学成分影响最小,影响最大的是微波干燥。
13批黄芪干燥品的HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱(图5)共确定15个共有峰,通过与对照品保留时间的比较,确定1号峰为毛蕊异黄酮苷,2号峰为芒柄花苷,5号峰为毛蕊异黄酮,6号峰为黄芪甲苷,冷冻、真空、常压、微波干燥样品图谱与浓缩液图谱相似度分别为0.983~0.992、0.979~0.996、0.972~0.993、0.975~0.978,各干燥方法所得样品图谱相似度都在0.98以上,同HPLC-PDA指纹图谱结果相似,冷冻干燥和真空干燥效果最好,其次是常压干燥,最后是微波干燥。
本研究采用AHP-熵权法计算不同干燥方法在不同干燥参数下各指标的综合评分,结果表明,不同干燥方式样品中含量指标(黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷、黄芪多糖、醇浸出物)和效率指标(澄明度指数、溶解性指数)的量存在较大差异,其中冷冻干燥和真空干燥效果最好,75 ℃、250 W条件下的微波干燥样品综合评分最低,表明冷冻干燥、真空干燥对样品指标成分破坏较小,所得的样品复溶性和澄明度较好,而微波干燥所得样品的复溶性和澄明度均较差,这也提示不同的干燥方法和参数对中药提取物的理化性质影响差异明显,不容忽视。冷冻干燥可能是因干燥在较低温度下进行,并有真空度的存在,对样品中指标性成分破坏较小,所得到的干膏样品色泽、溶解性、澄明度都较好;真空干燥可能是在真空度条件下,降低干燥样品所处干燥环境中的含氧量和相对湿度,缩短干燥时间;而微波干燥虽然干燥时间短,但在干燥过程中会出现温度变化跨度大、难控制等问题,最终造成物料过度干燥,使得主要指标成分损失较多。干燥工艺从冷冻干燥、真空干燥转变成常压干燥及微波干燥时,各指标的值有明显的下降趋势,表明冷冻干燥、真空干燥对样品指标成分破坏较小,而常压干燥和微波干燥对样品指标成分破坏较大。
中药化学成分复杂,单一成分的检测并不能全面反映其质量及整体疗效[10],而《中国药典》则选择了其中具有代表性的黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷评价黄芪饮片质量,在实际的应用中只对这两种成分进行检测并不能够全面地反映该药材的质量和整体疗效,就如黄芪中的多糖具有增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病等作用[11]。因此,本研究除了将药典规定的黄芪甲苷和毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷纳为考察指标外,又将黄芪多糖、醇浸出物、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花苷、澄明度指数、溶解性指数也纳入考察指标。
通过综合评分、聚类分析、指纹图谱等方法的联合使用表明,冷冻干燥和真空干燥对黄芪纳滤浓缩液的影响相似,且均优于其他两种干燥方法,但冷冻干燥因在高真空和低温条件下进行,所需成本高,而且干燥过程复杂,存在干燥时间长、能耗高、设备维护和投资大,所得产品易吸潮、易破碎,目前大多数有关冷冻干燥技术在中药领域的研究仅停留于基础研究[12]。所以最终选取了真空干燥为黄芪纳滤浓缩液最适宜干燥方法,其最优的干燥工艺参数将在后续进一步研究。
  • 甘肃省高等学校产业支撑引导项目资助(2019C-02)
  • 研究生创新基金项目资助(2021CX42)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.009
  • 接收时间:2022-11-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-29
基金
甘肃省高等学校产业支撑引导项目资助(2019C-02)
研究生创新基金项目资助(2021CX42)
作者信息
    1 甘肃中医药大学, 兰州 730000
    2 甘肃省中药制药工艺工程研究中心, 兰州 730000

通讯作者:

*魏舒畅,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药制药工艺研究 Tel:(0931)8619911
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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