Article(id=1195664141986873966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)02-0111-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1672675200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762998145814, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1705852800000, pubDateStr=2024-01-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762998145814, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762998145814, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998145814, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195664138694341616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='101', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762998145030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762998511460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195665675697045692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195665675701239997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1195664138694341616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=111, endPage=117, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195664142255309425, articleId=1195664141986873966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Processing Technology, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Euphorbia pekinensis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Euphorbia pekinensis is a traditional medicine of draining water, dispersing swelling and dissipating binds, first recorded in Shennong's Herbal Classic of Materia Medica. E. pekinensis is used to treat edama, phlegm-fluid retention, carbuncle swollen and toxic and other disease. The major components of E. pekinensis include diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, organic acids and tannins. E. pekinensis has always emphasized the use of processed products as medicine due to strong toxicity. After processing, its drug properties and chemical components are changed, under heating and acidic conditions, diterpenoids undergo oxidation, hydrolysis and rearrangement, which lead to structural transformation and decrease in content, while glycoside-containing compounds undergo hydrolysis, resulting in an increase in the content of aglycones. This paper summarizes the processing history, composition changes, pharmacological effects and toxicity comparison of E. pekinensis by consulting literature over the years, which provides reference for the rational development and utilization of medicinal material resources of E. pekinensis.

, correspAuthors=ZHANG Ping, GAO Huiyuan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=LI Wei, WANG Miao, MI Hongying, ZHANG Ping, GAO Huiyuan, WEI Feng, MA Shuangcheng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1195664178947080833, articleId=1195664141986873966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=炮制对京大戟化学成分及药理毒性作用影响的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

京大戟为传统峻下逐水药,首载于《神农本草经》列入草部毒草类,用于水肿胀满、痰饮积聚、痈肿疔毒等症。京大戟的化学成分含有二萜、三萜、黄酮、香豆素、有机酸及鞣质等。因其毒烈之性,历来强调以炮制品入药,经炮制后,其药性及化学成分发生变化,在加热及酸性条件下,二萜类成分发生氧化、水解和重排等反应使结构发生转化,二萜含量有下降的趋势;而含有苷类化合物发生水解,苷元产物含量有上升的趋势。本研究总结历年文献,系统论述了京大戟炮制历史沿革,以及炮制对化学成分和药理或毒理作用影响的最新研究进展,为毒性饮片的规范化、标准化研究奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=张萍, 高慧媛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药化学成分研究及质量评价控制 Tel:(010)53852099;
高慧媛,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:天然药物、中药活性物质基础及新药设计 Tel:(024)43520781
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李巍,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价控制

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李巍,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价控制

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Inter J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(22):5751., articleTitle=Chitosan ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis mice by enhancing intestinal barrier function and improving microflora, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197097935243624831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=37, issue=11, pageStart=1667, pageEnd=1671, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=64, authorNames=YAN X J, ZHANG L, LI L, journalName=China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN X J, ZHANG L, LI L, et al. Study on detoxication of Kansui Radix on normal liver cells L02 after stir-baking with vinegar[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2012, 37(11):1667-1671., articleTitle=Study on detoxication of Kansui Radix on normal liver cells L02 after stir-baking with vinegar, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197097935302345088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=1159, pageEnd=1173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=65, authorNames=SALEH Y, ABDELKARIM O, HERZALLAH K, journalName=Heart Fail Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SALEH Y, ABDELKARIM O, HERZALLAH K, et al. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: mechanisms of action, incidence,risk factors, prevention,and treatment[J]. 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J Clin Ultra Med (临床超声医学杂志), 2022, 24(4):301-303., articleTitle=Application progress of speckle-tracking imaging in evaluating chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197097935453340034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[68], rfOrder=67, authorNames=QIN W N, ZHANG K C, GENG T, journalName=Biomed Pharmacother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIN W N, ZHANG K C, GENG T. The toxicity mechanism of toxic compounds from Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix on zebrafish embryos[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2021,138: 111521., articleTitle=The toxicity mechanism of toxic compounds from Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix on zebrafish embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197097935507865987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=25, issue=24, pageStart=73, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[69], rfOrder=68, authorNames=CAO Y D, ZHANG K C, YAO F, journalName=Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAO Y D, ZHANG K C, YAO F, et al. Cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix before and after processing with vinegar[J]. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Form (中国实验方剂学杂志), 2019, 25(24):73-77., articleTitle=Cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix before and after processing with vinegar, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1197097930986406206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, awardId=2018YFC1707003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家“中医药现代化研究”专项资助(2018YFC1707003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197097928343994629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197097928356577542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, companyId=1197097928343994629, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, shenyang 110002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197097928364966151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, companyId=1197097928343994629, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 沈阳药科大学中药学院, 沈阳 110002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197097928436269320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197097928444657929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, companyId=1197097928436269320, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197097928453046538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, companyId=1197097928436269320, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197097930634084666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lxtN7jCixVJ6sNOoMW+lEA==, figureFileBig=Lx/dUQs6tWbZ6tAUbYgr9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197097930696999227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=京大戟中二萜类化合物的基本骨架, figureFileSmall=lxtN7jCixVJ6sNOoMW+lEA==, figureFileBig=Lx/dUQs6tWbZ6tAUbYgr9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197097930776691004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法 古籍记载 出处 朝代
净制 多次提到“去皮” 《圣济总录》
刮去皮 《卫生宝鉴》
去皮 《奇效良方》
去皮 《医方集解》
去心 《博济方》
去芦 《瑞竹堂经验方》
去骨 《素问病机气宜保命集》《医学纲目》
去芦,洗净,焙干 《寿世保元》
去芦根,洗极净,焙干 《本草纲目》
凡采得大戟以浆水煮软,去骨,晒干去骨 《本草从新》
炒制 大戟五分,咀,熬令色变;切,炒令黄 《外台秘要》
炒令黄色 《博济方》
微炒 《普济方》
炒、醋炒 《奇效良方》
微炒 《医学入门》
锉碎微炒 《太平圣惠方》
蒸制 采得大戟于槐砧上细锉,与海芋叶拌蒸,从巳至申,去芋叶,晒干用之 《雷公炮炙论》 南北朝
细锉蒸或微炒 《医学入门》
水煮一时,水洗,晒干 《女科切要》
煮制 河水煮去皮,焙;浆水一盏略煮 《圣济总录》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《丹溪心法》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《医学入门》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《济阴纲目》
水煮软,去骨用 《医宗必读》
长流水煮半时,晒干 《景岳全书》
大戟用枣同煮软 《本草通玄》
沿水浸洗,再用浆水煮干,去骨用 《得配本草》
米泔水制 米泔水浸一宿栝楼根末一处炒黄色,不用栝楼根取大戟末 《圣济总录》
酒制 酒炙 《圣济总录》
酒浸三宿 《三因方》
酒浸三宿,切片焙干 《医学纲目》
用酒浸一宿 《证治准绳》
醋制 醋浸煮,焙干用 《儒门事亲》
醋炒 《医学纲目》
醋浸炒,治一切沉积痰饮 《景岳全书》
醋炒 《女科切要》
浆水制 浆水软去骨,日中曝干,复内汁中煮,汁尽焙干为末 《小儿药证直诀》
浆水一盏略煮 《圣济总录》
凡采得以浆水煮软,去骨,晒干用 《本草纲目》
浆水煮软 《握灵本草》
浆水煮软 《本草从新》
盐制 盐水炒 《串雅全书》
), ArticleFig(id=1197097930856382781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1195664141986873966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

京大戟古代炮制法的历史沿革

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮制方法 古籍记载 出处 朝代
净制 多次提到“去皮” 《圣济总录》
刮去皮 《卫生宝鉴》
去皮 《奇效良方》
去皮 《医方集解》
去心 《博济方》
去芦 《瑞竹堂经验方》
去骨 《素问病机气宜保命集》《医学纲目》
去芦,洗净,焙干 《寿世保元》
去芦根,洗极净,焙干 《本草纲目》
凡采得大戟以浆水煮软,去骨,晒干去骨 《本草从新》
炒制 大戟五分,咀,熬令色变;切,炒令黄 《外台秘要》
炒令黄色 《博济方》
微炒 《普济方》
炒、醋炒 《奇效良方》
微炒 《医学入门》
锉碎微炒 《太平圣惠方》
蒸制 采得大戟于槐砧上细锉,与海芋叶拌蒸,从巳至申,去芋叶,晒干用之 《雷公炮炙论》 南北朝
细锉蒸或微炒 《医学入门》
水煮一时,水洗,晒干 《女科切要》
煮制 河水煮去皮,焙;浆水一盏略煮 《圣济总录》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《丹溪心法》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《医学入门》
长流水煮一时洗净晒干 《济阴纲目》
水煮软,去骨用 《医宗必读》
长流水煮半时,晒干 《景岳全书》
大戟用枣同煮软 《本草通玄》
沿水浸洗,再用浆水煮干,去骨用 《得配本草》
米泔水制 米泔水浸一宿栝楼根末一处炒黄色,不用栝楼根取大戟末 《圣济总录》
酒制 酒炙 《圣济总录》
酒浸三宿 《三因方》
酒浸三宿,切片焙干 《医学纲目》
用酒浸一宿 《证治准绳》
醋制 醋浸煮,焙干用 《儒门事亲》
醋炒 《医学纲目》
醋浸炒,治一切沉积痰饮 《景岳全书》
醋炒 《女科切要》
浆水制 浆水软去骨,日中曝干,复内汁中煮,汁尽焙干为末 《小儿药证直诀》
浆水一盏略煮 《圣济总录》
凡采得以浆水煮软,去骨,晒干用 《本草纲目》
浆水煮软 《握灵本草》
浆水煮软 《本草从新》
盐制 盐水炒 《串雅全书》
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炮制对京大戟化学成分及药理毒性作用影响的研究进展
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李巍 1, 2 , 王淼 1 , 米宏英 1, 2 , 张萍 2, * , 高慧媛 1, * , 魏锋 2 , 马双成 2
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(2): 111-117
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(2): 111-117
炮制对京大戟化学成分及药理毒性作用影响的研究进展
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李巍1, 2, 王淼1, 米宏英1, 2, 张萍2, *, 高慧媛1, *, 魏锋2, 马双成2
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳药科大学中药学院, 沈阳 110002
  • 2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 李巍,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价控制

通讯作者:

*张萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药化学成分研究及质量评价控制 Tel:(010)53852099;
高慧媛,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:天然药物、中药活性物质基础及新药设计 Tel:(024)43520781
Research Progress on Processing Technology, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Euphorbia pekinensis
LI Wei1, 2, WANG Miao1, MI Hongying1, 2, ZHANG Ping2, *, GAO Huiyuan1, *, WEI Feng2, MA Shuangcheng2
Affiliations
  • 1 Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, shenyang 110002, China
  • 2 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-01-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.002
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京大戟为传统峻下逐水药,首载于《神农本草经》列入草部毒草类,用于水肿胀满、痰饮积聚、痈肿疔毒等症。京大戟的化学成分含有二萜、三萜、黄酮、香豆素、有机酸及鞣质等。因其毒烈之性,历来强调以炮制品入药,经炮制后,其药性及化学成分发生变化,在加热及酸性条件下,二萜类成分发生氧化、水解和重排等反应使结构发生转化,二萜含量有下降的趋势;而含有苷类化合物发生水解,苷元产物含量有上升的趋势。本研究总结历年文献,系统论述了京大戟炮制历史沿革,以及炮制对化学成分和药理或毒理作用影响的最新研究进展,为毒性饮片的规范化、标准化研究奠定基础。

京大戟饮片  /  炮制  /  药理活性  /  毒性

Euphorbia pekinensis is a traditional medicine of draining water, dispersing swelling and dissipating binds, first recorded in Shennong's Herbal Classic of Materia Medica. E. pekinensis is used to treat edama, phlegm-fluid retention, carbuncle swollen and toxic and other disease. The major components of E. pekinensis include diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, organic acids and tannins. E. pekinensis has always emphasized the use of processed products as medicine due to strong toxicity. After processing, its drug properties and chemical components are changed, under heating and acidic conditions, diterpenoids undergo oxidation, hydrolysis and rearrangement, which lead to structural transformation and decrease in content, while glycoside-containing compounds undergo hydrolysis, resulting in an increase in the content of aglycones. This paper summarizes the processing history, composition changes, pharmacological effects and toxicity comparison of E. pekinensis by consulting literature over the years, which provides reference for the rational development and utilization of medicinal material resources of E. pekinensis.

Euphorbia pekinensis  /  processing  /  pharmacological activity  /  toxicity
李巍, 王淼, 米宏英, 张萍, 高慧媛, 魏锋, 马双成. 炮制对京大戟化学成分及药理毒性作用影响的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (2) : 111 -117 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.002
LI Wei, WANG Miao, MI Hongying, ZHANG Ping, GAO Huiyuan, WEI Feng, MA Shuangcheng. Research Progress on Processing Technology, Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Euphorbia pekinensis[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (2) : 111 -117 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.002
京大戟,又名大戟,龙虎草、将军草、九头狮子草、膨胀草等[1],蒙药称为巴格-塔日努、罕布、塔日琼、吉吉格-塔日努、北京-塔日努等[2],为大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)大戟属(Euphorbia)植物大戟(Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.)的干燥根,为少常用的毒性药材之一。最早记载于《神农本草经》,被列为<草部下品>[3],在蒙医药文献中本品始载于《认药白晶鉴》和《无误蒙药鉴》,作为传统蒙药使用至今。现收录于《中国药典》2020年版,具有泻水逐饮、消肿散结的功效,常用于水肿胀满、胸腹积水、痰饮积聚、气喘逆咳,二便不利等病症[4-5]
京大戟生长于路旁、山坡、荒地及较阴湿的树林下,主要分布于东北、华北及山东、江苏、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、四川等地。作为我国传统中药,京大戟生品毒性较强,可强烈刺激皮肤、口腔及胃肠道黏膜[6]。中医临床用药配伍禁忌十八反指出:“藻戟遂芫俱战草”,示京大戟禁与甘草配伍用药,两者合用可致肝肾毒性[7];因此,历来强调京大戟应炮制用药,以降低其毒性,增强药效,保证用药安全[8]。目前,关于京大戟的报道主要集中在化学成分和生物活性,而综合阐述炮制对京大戟影响的文献较少,笔者通过大量文献调研,概述京大戟炮制历史沿革,并就京大戟的化学成分、药理及毒理作用及炮制后对化学成分的变化影响及药理毒理作用的影响进行了综述,以期为毒性饮片的规范化、标准化炮制研究及合理地开发与应用提供参考。
中药炮制是中医长期临床用药的经验总结,中药尤其是毒性中药经炮制后可缓和药性、降低毒性、增强药效。京大戟炮制方法可分为古代炮制和现代炮制,但古今炮制的主要目的都在于减轻其毒烈之性,缓和其峻下之功,利于安全用药。现对京大戟各历史时期炮制方法进行梳理汇总。
京大戟的炮制方法始见于南北朝时期《雷公炮炙论》,首次提出京大戟“蒸”的炮制方法[9],随后历代的医药书籍中收载的京大戟炮制方法从单制逐渐发展为辅料制。
单制法包括:净制[10]、炒制[11]、蒸制[12]、煮制[13]等,其中净制,即去皮,宋代始见大戟去皮;大戟炒制最早见于唐代,《外台秘要》记载:“大戟炒令黄,治膀胱不通,四肢急满”[14];南北朝时期首创大戟蒸制:“大戟……采得后,于槐砧上细锉,与海芋叶拌蒸”[9];在宋·《圣济总录》中多次提到煮制:“河水煮去皮,焙”“浆水一盏略煮”[15]等。
大戟加辅料炮制的记载始于宋代,方法包括:米泔水制[15]、酒制[16]、醋制[17]、浆水制[18]、盐制[19]等。宋·《圣济总录》中最早提到酒制[15];金·《儒门事亲》中初次提到醋制,即“醋浸煮,焙干用”[20];宋·《小儿药症直诀》中首次记载浆水制,即“浆水软去骨,日中曝干…”[21];清朝时期又新增盐制,《串雅全书》中记载“盐水炒”[19]
基于不同时期的用药特点,形成了京大戟的不同炮制方法[22],现将古典医书中收载的京大戟炮制方法见表1
京大戟现代炮制方法主要是切制和醋制,在历版《中国药典》和全国各地《炮制规范》中都收载切制和醋制方法。
切制方法在《中国药典》和地方《炮制规范》中比较一致,均为除杂、洗净、润透、切厚片,干燥。醋制方法稍有差异,在2020年版《中国药典》中规定,取净制京大戟100 kg,加入30 kg米醋拌匀,按醋煮法煮至醋被吸尽。而《山西省饮片炮制规范》中先将米醋和适量水浸润净京大戟约1~2 h,用文火加热至醋吸尽,干燥。《浙江省中药饮片炮制规范》中先将净京大戟与醋拌匀,待醋吸尽后,置容器中蒸3~4 h,取出晾干。还有采用醋炒法炮制,《安徽省中药饮片炮制规范》《湖南省中药饮片炮制规范》《贵州省中药饮片炮制规范》《甘肃省中药饮片炮制规范》中均收载醋炙炒干法作为醋京大戟的炮制方法之一。也在《安徽省中药饮片炮制规范》中先将药材与醋拌匀,煮制内无白心时,晾干后再切制厚片的炮制方法,在《河南省中药饮片炮制规范》中采用面粉煨制京大戟后再趁热切厚片的方法。
尽管醋制方法各地略有不同,但京大戟醋制后,均可利于药效成分的煎出、缓和药性、降低毒性、增强药效,有利于京大戟药用范围的扩大和药用价值的提升。
京大戟也作为民族药-蒙药使用,主要炮制方法是牛奶制和诃子汤制,将净京大戟置适宜容器内,加牛奶浸泡至透心,取出,干燥。或将净京大戟放入诃子汤里,煮沸至透心,取出,晾干即可。炮制的目的依然是缓和药性、降低毒性、增强药效。
从目前对京大戟的研究来看,京大戟的化学成分主要包括二萜、三萜、黄酮、香豆素、有机酸及鞣质等多种成分[23]。其中二萜酯类成分既是药效成分,也是毒性成分[24]。京大戟炮制后药理药效发生了变化,其本质是所含的化学成分发生了改变,现将京大戟中所含的化学成分及炮制对其影响进行归纳总结如下。
京大戟中富含二萜类成分,在京大戟中发现的二萜类化合物有30余种, 海松烷(pimarane)型[25]、对映-异海松烷(ent-ispimarane)[26]、松香烷(abietane)型[27]、对映-松香烷(ent-abietane)型[25]、千金二萜烷(lathyrane)型、卡司烷(casbane)型[28]、西松烷(cembrane)型、对映-阿替生烷(ent-atisane) 型、对映-贝壳松烷(ent-kaurane) 型、半日花烷型(labdane)[26]等。这些二萜化合物骨架见图1
从京大戟根中首次分离得到卡司烷(casbane)型二萜类化合物较多,包括二萜京大戟素 (euphpekinensin)[29]、pekinenin C (5α-hydroxy-1βH,2αH-casba-3Z,7E,11E-trien-18-al)、pekinenin D (11α,12β-epoxy-5α-hydroxy-1βH,2αH-casba-3Z,7E-dien-18-al)、pekinenin E (11α-,12β-epoxy-5α-hydroxy-1βH,2α-H-casba-3Z,7E-dien-18-oic acid)、 pekinenin F (1βH,2α-H-casba-3E,7E,11E-trien-18-al)[28]、pekinenin A (18-hydroxy-1βH,2αH-casba-3E,7E,11E-trien-5-one)、pekinenin B (5α-methoxy-1βH,2αH-casba-3Z,7E,11E-trien-18-oic acid)[30]、(-)-(1S)-15-hydroxy-18-carboxycembrene[31]、pekinenin G (11α,12β-epoxy-18-hydroxy-1βH,2αH-casba-3E and 7E-dien-5-one)[32]。其次在京大戟根中首次分离到 3 个松香烷(abietane)型二萜euphorpekone A和euphorpekone B[33]、17-nor-7α-hydroxy-15-oxoabieta-8,11,13-triene[27]和5个半日花烷 (labdane)型化合物 (4S,5S,9R,10S,13R)-18-O-galloyl-labda-8(17),14(15)-dien-13-ol、 (4S,5S,9R,10S,13R)-13-hydroxy-labda-8(17),14(15)-dien-18-one、 (4S,5S,9R,10S,13R)-18-O-acetyl-labda-8(17),14(15)-dien-13-ol、 (4S,5S,9R,10S)-labda-8(17),13(16),14(15)-trien-18-ol、 (5R,6R,9R,10S,13R)-labda-8(17),14(15)-dien-6,13-diol[26]及2个海松烷(pimarane)型二萜化合物 (2R,5S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-2,12-dihydroxy-isopimara-7,15-dien-3-one、(5S,9R,10S,12R,13R)-2,12-dihydroxy-isopimara-1,7,15-trien-3-one[25]。分离得到3个异海松烷(isopimarane)型二萜成分12α-2,12-dihydroxy-ent-isopimara-1,7,15-trien-3-one、hydroxy-ent-isopimara-1,7,15-trien-3-one、3β,11α-3,11-dihydroxyisopimara-7,15-dien-2,12-dione[27],另外也分离得到其他类型的化合物如对映-异海松烷(ent-isopimarane)型euphopane A、对映-松香烷(ent-abietane)型euphopane B和西松烷(cembrane)型euphopane C等[26]
文献[34-35]报道,目前从京大戟中分离获得的三萜类成分有20余种。首次从京大戟中分离得到的三萜类化合物包括大戟醇(euphol)、表大戟二烯醇(tirucallol)[36]、环阿尔廷型三萜化合物 24-亚甲基-环阿尔廷醇[37]、neomotiol 化合物[38]、大戟烷型三萜25-methoxy-eupha-8,23-diene-3β-ol[32]、羊毛脂醇 (lanosterol)[39]、钝叶大戟醇 (obtusifoliol)[40]等。其中大戟二烯醇 (euphol)、表大戟二烯醇(tirucallol) 被多次分离得到,并且在京大戟炮制前后指纹图谱变化以及炮制优化条件中作为标志性成分[41]
京大戟中含有的黄酮类成分大多为黄酮醇类,文献报道分离得到槲皮素[39]、槲皮素-3-O-(2″-O 没食子酰)-α-L-鼠李糖苷 (quercetin-3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside)、山 柰 酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷 (kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)、 槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷 (quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)、槲皮素-3-O-芦丁糖苷 (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside)等[42]
从京大戟中分离得到有机酸和鞣质类化合物包括3,3'-甲氧基鞣花酸-4'-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷、3,3'-二甲氧基鞣花酸-4'-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、3,3'-二甲氧基鞣花酸[43]、正三十烷酸[36]、2,2'-二 甲氧基-3,3' 二羟基-5,5'-氧-6,6'-联苯二甲酸酐(2,2'-dimethoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-5,5'-oxygen-6,6'-biphenylformic anhydride)、3,4-二甲氧基苯甲酸 (3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸 (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid)[39]、丹酚酸 B (lithospermic acid B) 和senarguine B[44]
京大戟中除了以上4种化合物,还包括一些香豆素、木脂素、挥发油等化合物。
Kong等[39]分离到了一种新化合物 3-甲氧基-4-羟基反式苯丙烯酸正十八醇酯(octadecany l-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzeneacrylate),以及 7-羟基香豆素(7-hydroxycoumarin),并首次从京大戟中分离到了一种木脂素类化合物 d-松脂素(d-pinoresinol)。从京大戟还分离得到挥发油成分,主要包括沉香螺旋醇(agarospirol)、四甲基环癸二烯异丙醇 (hedycaryol)、 2-甲基-3β-羟基-5α-甾醇(2-methylene-5α-cholestan-3β-ol)、3-乙基-3 羟基-5α-雄甾烷-17 酮(3-ethyl-3-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one)、(3β,5α)-2亚甲基-3-羟基胆甾烷(cholestan-3-ol,2-methylene-(3β,5α) 等化学成分[45]
文献[46]报道,经过醋制后京大戟中的毒效成分二萜类化合物pekinenal和yuexiandajisu A的含量显著降低,推测该类化合物在加热及酸性条件下,通过氧化、水解和重排等反应使结构发生转化,导致含量降低,表明京大戟醋制后毒性降低与其中的二萜类成分含量下降有关,样品经醋制后可能会使二萜类结构遭到破坏,从而使药材毒性降低[47]
Li等[48]建立并检测了京大戟中总三萜类成分的含量,结果发现醋制后总三萜类成分含量减少21.5%。Zhang等[49]也发现,醋制后毒性部位三萜类成分含量显著下降,下降率为50.0%~86.0%。此外,文献[50]报道京大戟中三萜化合物大戟二烯醇是其特征性有效成分,具有抗炎、降压的作用。实验发现,京大戟炮制后该类成分的含量下降不足0.1%,由此提示京大戟醋制后除了有三萜类成分含量减少而使药材毒性降低外,对于有效成分大戟二烯醇含量无明显变化,从而保留了京大戟的抗炎活性,达到炮制后“减毒存效”的目的。
此外,京大戟所含的酚类成分经醋制后也发生了变化。实验发现京大戟中酚类化合物(3,3',4'-tri-O-methylellagicacid、3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid和ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate)醋制后含量下降12.0%~15.0%,其转化机制可能为在加酸加热条件下酚类化合物失去羟基,发生消除反应生成双键[49]。采用液质联用质谱(UPLC-MS)技术结合化学计量学数据分析方法对京大戟生品和醋制品进行差异性研究,发现炮制后以3,3'-二甲氧基鞣花酸和鞣花酸为苷元的化合物含量明显升高,而相应的苷类成分有所减少,推测炮制过程中酸性和加热条件使苷类成分分解,导致含量降低[51]。目前,针对京大戟中黄酮醇类化合物炮制前后的含量变化情况还未有明确报道,但由此推测以槲皮素为苷元的黄酮类化合物,经过加酸加热后,苷类含量也应减少,相应的苷元有所增加,该推测还需后续实验加以验证。
京大戟作为一种传统中药,具有泻水逐饮、消肿散结的作用。现代药理学研究表明,京大戟有抗血管生成、抗炎、泻下等功效。京大戟炮制方法多为醋制,醋制后基于其化学成分的改变,其药理作用也会发生改变。探讨京大戟炮制前后的活性差异,有利于其药用价值的深入挖掘。
血管生成为肿瘤组织提供营养物质和氧气,使肿瘤从缓慢生长阶段进展为快速增殖阶段,所以调控血管生成对控制肿瘤细胞的生长有重要作用。目前抗血管生成药物在临床用于结直肠癌、胶质瘤、乳腺癌、肾癌等疾病的治疗[52-53]。通过建立超高效液相飞行时间质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)方法来筛选醋制京大戟中抗血管生成的活性成分,发现醋制京大戟中的活性成分有3,3'-O-二甲氧基鞣花酸、槲皮素和吲哚酚,其中3,3'-O-二甲氧基鞣花酸和吲哚酚是可显著抑制血管形成,具有抗血管生成的作用[54]。研究表明醋制京大戟水提物通过抑制与血管生成相关的多个信号通路而对斑马鱼的抗血管产生了抑制作用[55]
炎症是机体免疫系统在抵御有害刺激时的重要防御手段。在炎症反应发生时,巨噬细胞通过过度释放促炎细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]和促炎介质一氧化氮(NO)等,参与炎症反应的启动和传播[53-54]
通过建立体外巨噬细胞炎症模型比较分析了京大戟炮制前后毒性变化,在给药浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时,巨噬细胞释放NO的含量最高。结果表明,与生品相比,醋制品可显著降低巨噬细胞中NO的释放,即醋制后京大戟抗炎作用有所增强[58]。京大戟二氯甲烷提取物可引起肠道毒性,生品组与醋制品组分别在12.10 μg·mL-1和6.05 μg·mL-1浓度下诱导巨噬细胞炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白表达显著增加,醋制品组与生品组比较存在显著性差异。提示醋制可减轻京大戟的肠道毒性[40]。Zhang等[59]通过小鼠灌胃给药3.9 g·kg-1·d-1,建立小鼠耳肿胀炎症模型,观察京大戟生品和醋制品各组分小鼠左右耳肿胀度差值显示其抗炎活性差异,结果表明,生品与醋制品的乙酸乙酯部位在抗炎活性上有明显差异,且醋制品活性优于生品(生品致肿胀度为12.6 mg,醋制品致肿胀度为8.6 mg),提示京大戟醋制后抗炎作用增强。
古典医书中记载京大戟有泻水逐饮之功,适用于腹水、胸胁积水等实证,临床上常用于肝硬化和癌性腹水的治疗。
根据腹痛腹泻的发病机制,采用肠推进运动模型及巨噬细胞炎症模型,评价京大戟炮制前后的毒性,结果表明,京大戟及醋制品均有泻下作用,生品组对正常小鼠小肠推动率为71.52%,醋制品组对小肠推动率为59.07%,醋制后致炎及肠推进作用显著减弱,表明醋制可缓和京大戟泻下作用。同时也说明,京大戟炮制泻下作用减弱与缓和肠蠕动及减少炎症有关[50]。同时比较了京大戟生品和醋制品不同部位对利尿实验的影响,通过小鼠灌胃给药3.9 g·kg-1·d-1,将小鼠放进装有棉花的烧杯中,观察1,2,4,6 h棉花的质量来评价其利尿作用。发现醋制京大戟乙酸乙酯提取部位对小鼠利尿作用较生品组显著下降(生品组总尿量为1 151.8 mg,醋制品总尿量为550.53 mg),提示京大戟醋制后可缓和药性[59]
京大戟炮制的主要目的在于降低毒性,比较炮制前后的毒性变化是京大戟当前研究中重点关注的内容之一。
研究发现,大戟总二萜类化合物(TDEP)可引起肠道微生物系统紊乱而加剧肠黏膜损伤,其毒性作用与肠道水运输中发挥关键作用的结肠水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQP)有关[60]。实验表明,小鼠给予TDEP后,可增加结肠内AQP3和AQP4的表达,降低AQP1的水平,导致肠道水肿。而京大戟醋制后其中TDEP成分含量下降,毒性降低,减轻了对肠黏膜的损伤[61]。同时对小鼠分别给予生品京大戟和醋制品组后,生品组小肠中前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量及血清生化指标均高于醋制品组,示醋制可减轻生品对肠道的刺激性及毒性[62]。另外通过评价京大戟醋制前后肠道菌群和肠黏膜损伤的相关指标,发现生品京大戟可破坏肠道的机械屏障,使肠道炎症因子表达增加,而醋制京大戟能降低生品导致的肠道毒性,其通过上调益生菌并下调致病菌的表达以恢复失衡的肠道菌群,增加紧密连接蛋白的表达而减轻炎症反应[63-64]
实验表明,醋制京大戟不但对正常肝细胞L02有抑制活性,而且还可显著降低谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活力,其机制可能是通过减轻氧化损伤,而降低细胞周期阻滞,减少细胞凋亡[65]。另外发现京大戟醇提后的石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取部分在浓度为100~800 mg·L-1内对人正常肝细胞L02出现增殖抑制活性,醋制后石油醚萃取物对L02细胞的増殖抑制作用显著降低,与生品相比,醋制组细胞脱落减少,细胞附着面积增加[50]。上述研究均表明醋制后可降低京大戟的肝肾毒性。
心脏毒性会导致心肌收缩力下降、心肌缺氧,而引起胸闷心慌等症。当心脏受到较强毒性作用时,则发生致命性心室的纤颤及心搏的骤停[66-67]
从京大戟中提取出pekinenal、pinostrobin、(3β)-3-羟基-8,24-二烯-7,11-二酮和甘露醇4个化合物,发现这4个化合物给药的中剂量组(18.01 μmol·L-1)、高剂量组(28.15 μmol·L-1)可引起斑马鱼胚胎明显的心脏畸形、心包水肿、心脏体积变小、卵黄囊吸收延迟和卵黄囊水肿。经检测分析发现醋制京大戟中这4个成分的含量均明显低于生品中的含量,由此说明醋制品有降低心脏毒性的作用[68]。另外以斑马鱼胚胎为研究模型,考察京大戟醋制前后不同极性部位对斑马鱼胚胎的心脏形态、发育情况、胚胎心率、心肌细胞凋亡的影响。生品京大戟石油醚提取部分给药浓度为9.00 mg·L-1时斑马鱼胚胎出现心包水肿、心脏畸形,而醋制京大戟给药浓度直到18.24 mg·L-1时斑马鱼胚胎心脏状态才发生改变。说明醋制京大戟石油醚提取部位相比于生品能减缓心脏形态变化、心率下降程度,减少凋亡现象,从而降低心脏毒性[69]
近年来,关于京大戟的文献综述主要集中在化学成分和生物活性上,而综合阐述京大戟炮制前后化学成分、药效及毒性变化的文献较少。基于此,本文整理了历年文献,总结京大戟炮制历史沿革,为京大戟炮制工艺的过程控制提供科学支撑;总结历年文献报道中京大戟炮制前后的化学成分,以及化学成分变化引起的药效、毒性变化情况,揭示出京大戟炮制减毒的科学内涵。
京大戟为我国传统的有毒中药,在众多古籍中均有记载,现代京大戟的炮制主要以醋制为主,并已在2020年版《中国药典》中明确规定。药理活性上京大戟表现出双重作用,既有较好的抗血管生成、抗炎、抗病毒等药理作用,也存在一定的肠道、肝肾和心脏毒性。
对京大戟进行有效炮制,可实现减毒存效的目的,其中所含的萜类化合物既是毒性成分也是药效成分,通过醋制降低了毒性并保证了药效。在此基础上,应更加深入地研究京大戟炮制前后药效物质基础的转变方式,结合古代文献记载及现代科学方法,探索京大戟炮制前后化学成分的变化与药效、毒理变化的内在关系,揭示以外观药效、毒理变化的内在成分转化规律,阐明京大戟炮制减毒存效的内涵和机理,构建基于规范炮制的京大戟饮片质量标准评价体系,实现京大戟的合理开发与利用,充分发挥其临床疗效,进一步扩大药用价值。
  • 国家“中医药现代化研究”专项资助(2018YFC1707003)
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2024年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.02.002
  • 接收时间:2023-01-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2024-01-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-03
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国家“中医药现代化研究”专项资助(2018YFC1707003)
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    1 沈阳药科大学中药学院, 沈阳 110002
    2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050

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*张萍,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药化学成分研究及质量评价控制 Tel:(010)53852099;
高慧媛,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:天然药物、中药活性物质基础及新药设计 Tel:(024)43520781
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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