Article(id=1284538910978052798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12360/CPB202507022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765641600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-14, revisedDate=1773244800000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784187541955, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784187541955, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784187541955, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784187541955, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284538886084870196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='801', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784187536021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273851637, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=991, endPage=998, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284538911150019263, articleId=1284538910978052798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=EN, title=Generation and phenotypic analysis of Tcrb knockout mice, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aim

To construct T cell receptor β chain(TCRβ) gene knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genotype analysis and preliminary phenotypic characterization.

Methods

Tcrb-/- F0 generation mice were obtained by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeted knockout technology followed by embryo transfer. F1 generation mice were subsequently produced by mating sexually mature F0 Tcrb-/- mice with wild-type littermates. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis of mouse tails. These results at the protein and cellular levels were validated using Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results

The Tcrb gene knockout mice were successfully constructed and three genetically stable variants were obtained: wild-type(Tcrb+/+), heterozygous(Tcrb+/-), and homozygous knockout (Tcrb-/-) founder lines. Western blot analysis showed that TCRβ protein expression was barely detectable in the tissues of Tcrb-/- mice. Flow cytometry results indicated that compared with Tcrb+/+ mice, the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood, thymus and spleen of Tcrb+/- mice were significantly reduced, while in Tcrb-/- mice, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were almost not expressed and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly reduced.

Conclusion

The Tcrb-/- mice were successfully constructed, which provides an experimental animal model for in-depth exploration of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune diseases and the identification of potential drug targets.

, authors=Man-ling DONG, Tian-tian WU, Xin ZHANG, Ying WANG, Xiao-wei LI, Ming-xue WANG, Jia-jie KUAI, Wei WEI, Yu-jing WU, authorsList=Man-ling DONG, Tian-tian WU, Xin ZHANG, Ying WANG, Xiao-wei LI, Ming-xue WANG, Jia-jie KUAI, Wei WEI, Yu-jing WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu-jing WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin.All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284538912559305421, articleId=1284538910978052798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=CN, title=Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及初步表型研究, columnId=1284538911229711040, journalTitle=中国药理学通报, columnName=实验方法学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

应用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建T细胞受体β链(T cell receptorβchain,Tcrb)基因敲除小鼠模型,分析其基因型并初步研究其表型。

方法

本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因编辑技术,经胚胎显微注射及移植操作,成功获得Tcrb基因缺失(Tcrb-/-)的F0代小鼠。F1代个体由性成熟的F0代基因敲除小鼠与同窝野生型个体交配繁育产生。采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对鼠尾基因型进行鉴定,通过Western blot从蛋白水平及流式细胞术从细胞水平上加以验证。

结果

本研究成功构建Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型并获得具备稳定遗传性状的Tcrb基因野生型(Tcrb+/+)、杂合子(Tcrb+/-)、纯合子(Tcrb-/-)三种类型个体。Western blot分析结果显示Tcrb-/-小鼠的组织样本中未检测到TCRβ蛋白的表达。流式细胞术结果表明与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠外周血、胸腺、脾脏中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞数量明显减少,而Tcrb-/-小鼠中几乎不表达CD4+和CD8+ T细胞并且CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低。

结论

成功构建了Tcrb-/-小鼠,为深入探究自身免疫病的病理机制及潜在药物靶点研究提供实验动物模型。

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董满玲(1999-),女,研究生,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴育晶(1981-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,通信作者,E-mail:
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Guided by sgRNA, the Cas9 endonuclease induces targeted DNA double-strand breaks at exons1-4, resulting in frameshift-mediated deletion of these genomic sequences and Tcrb gene knockout.

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P was positive control, N was negative control, and B was blank control; A: Genotype identification of F2 generation mice; B: Genotype identifi-cation of F3 generation mice.

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**P < 0.01 vsTcrb+/+ group.

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A: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+T cells in different genotypes. B: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD8+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD8+T cells in different genotypes. C: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes. D: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD154+T cells in dif-ferent genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD154+T cells in different genotypes. **P < 0.01 vsTcrb+/+ group.

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A: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+T cells in different genotypes. B: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD8+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD8+T cells in different genotypes. C: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes. D: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD154+T cells in dif-ferent genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD154+T cells in different genotypes. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vsTcrb+/+ group.

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A: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+T cells in different genotypes; B: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD8+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD8+T cells in different genotypes; C: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD69+T cells in different genotypes; D: A representative dot plot showing the percentages of CD4+CD154+T cells in dif-ferent genotypes; the statistical chart showing the ratio of CD4+CD154+T cells in different genotypes. **P < 0.01 vsTcrb+/+ group.

, figureFileSmall=gABXliEvW0YBALG0JgKIAA==, figureFileBig=83IaCbGoXnkXJvNhuWvIVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1284538917093348120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, articleId=1284538910978052798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
sgRNASequence(5' to 3')PAM
5S2CCATTCCACCATAGAAAATTGGG
3S2GTATCTCTCCTCAATATCTCTGG
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sgRNA sequence information

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sgRNASequence(5' to 3')PAM
5S2CCATTCCACCATAGAAAATTGGG
3S2GTATCTCTCCTCAATATCTCTGG
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Primer namePrimer sequence(5'→3')Product size/bp
T066370(P1)-F1AACCCACGTCTGAAATGACCCWT:11411
T066370(P1)-R1TGTCCTATCTAAGACCCCAGGCTAGKO:717
T066370(P1)-F2GAACCCTTACCTGTAGGGTCTCCAWT:214
T066370(P1)-R2AGCCAATCTAGGGGCTAGCATAGKO:0
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Sequences of primers used for PCR analyses

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Primer namePrimer sequence(5'→3')Product size/bp
T066370(P1)-F1AACCCACGTCTGAAATGACCCWT:11411
T066370(P1)-R1TGTCCTATCTAAGACCCCAGGCTAGKO:717
T066370(P1)-F2GAACCCTTACCTGTAGGGTCTCCAWT:214
T066370(P1)-R2AGCCAATCTAGGGGCTAGCATAGKO:0
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Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及初步表型研究
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董满玲 , 吴甜甜 , 张欣 , 王莹 , 李晓薇 , 王铭雪 , 蒯佳婕 , 魏伟 , 吴育晶
中国药理学通报 | 实验方法学 2026,42(5): 991-998
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中国药理学通报 |实验方法学 2026 , 42 (5) : 991 -998
Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及初步表型研究
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董满玲(1999-),女,研究生,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,E-mail:

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董满玲 , 吴甜甜, 张欣, 王莹, 李晓薇, 王铭雪, 蒯佳婕, 魏伟, 吴育晶
作者信息
  • 安徽医科大学药学科学学院临床药理研究所,抗炎免疫药物教育部重点实验室(安徽医科大学),安徽 合肥 230032
通讯作者:
吴育晶(1981-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,通信作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

董满玲(1999-),女,研究生,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,E-mail:

Generation and phenotypic analysis of Tcrb knockout mice
Man-ling DONG , Tian-tian WU, Xin ZHANG, Ying WANG, Xiao-wei LI, Ming-xue WANG, Jia-jie KUAI, Wei WEI, Yu-jing WU
Affiliations
  • Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine(Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.12360/CPB202507022
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目的

应用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建T细胞受体β链(T cell receptorβchain,Tcrb)基因敲除小鼠模型,分析其基因型并初步研究其表型。

方法

本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因编辑技术,经胚胎显微注射及移植操作,成功获得Tcrb基因缺失(Tcrb-/-)的F0代小鼠。F1代个体由性成熟的F0代基因敲除小鼠与同窝野生型个体交配繁育产生。采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对鼠尾基因型进行鉴定,通过Western blot从蛋白水平及流式细胞术从细胞水平上加以验证。

结果

本研究成功构建Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型并获得具备稳定遗传性状的Tcrb基因野生型(Tcrb+/+)、杂合子(Tcrb+/-)、纯合子(Tcrb-/-)三种类型个体。Western blot分析结果显示Tcrb-/-小鼠的组织样本中未检测到TCRβ蛋白的表达。流式细胞术结果表明与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠外周血、胸腺、脾脏中CD4+和CD8+ T细胞数量明显减少,而Tcrb-/-小鼠中几乎不表达CD4+和CD8+ T细胞并且CD4+/CD8+比值明显降低。

结论

成功构建了Tcrb-/-小鼠,为深入探究自身免疫病的病理机制及潜在药物靶点研究提供实验动物模型。

T细胞β链  /  TCRβ蛋白  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  基因敲除  /  基因鉴定  /  流式细胞术
Aim

To construct T cell receptor β chain(TCRβ) gene knockout mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for genotype analysis and preliminary phenotypic characterization.

Methods

Tcrb-/- F0 generation mice were obtained by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeted knockout technology followed by embryo transfer. F1 generation mice were subsequently produced by mating sexually mature F0 Tcrb-/- mice with wild-type littermates. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis of mouse tails. These results at the protein and cellular levels were validated using Western blot and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results

The Tcrb gene knockout mice were successfully constructed and three genetically stable variants were obtained: wild-type(Tcrb+/+), heterozygous(Tcrb+/-), and homozygous knockout (Tcrb-/-) founder lines. Western blot analysis showed that TCRβ protein expression was barely detectable in the tissues of Tcrb-/- mice. Flow cytometry results indicated that compared with Tcrb+/+ mice, the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood, thymus and spleen of Tcrb+/- mice were significantly reduced, while in Tcrb-/- mice, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were almost not expressed and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly reduced.

Conclusion

The Tcrb-/- mice were successfully constructed, which provides an experimental animal model for in-depth exploration of the pathological mechanisms of autoimmune diseases and the identification of potential drug targets.

T cell β chain  /  TCRβ protein  /  CRISPR/Cas9  /  gene knockout  /  gene identification  /  flow cytometry
董满玲, 吴甜甜, 张欣, 王莹, 李晓薇, 王铭雪, 蒯佳婕, 魏伟, 吴育晶. Tcrb基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及初步表型研究. 中国药理学通报, 2026 , 42 (5) : 991 -998 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202507022
Man-ling DONG, Tian-tian WU, Xin ZHANG, Ying WANG, Xiao-wei LI, Ming-xue WANG, Jia-jie KUAI, Wei WEI, Yu-jing WU. Generation and phenotypic analysis of Tcrb knockout mice[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2026 , 42 (5) : 991 -998 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202507022
在有颌脊椎动物中,T细胞分为αβ和γδ两个亚群,其中αβT细胞占比超过90%,其表面特异性表达αβ型T细胞受体,而γδT细胞约占5%,该亚群则携带的γδ型T细胞受体[1]。αβT细胞的特异性由T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)的α链和β链决定。TCR是T细胞表面的抗原受体,通常以异源二聚体的形式存在。如TCRα链和TCRβ链通过非共价键结合为αβTCR。TCRα和TCRβ链通过胞外可变结构域(V)和恒定结构域(C),靠近膜的连接肽和跨膜结构域,以及一个短的细胞质结构域组成[2]。αβTCR的多样性主要由位于TCRα和TCRβ链N端的Vα和Vβ结构域决定。大部分αβTCR的多样性位于互补决定区(complementary decision region,CDR)环内,该环与主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibil-ity complex,MHC)蛋白呈递的抗原肽以及MHC样蛋白呈递的其他非肽抗原有关[3]。αβTCR信号转导在T细胞的发育、维持和激活过程中至关重要[4]
有研究发现TCRβ链(基因编码为Tcrb)与自发性结肠炎、肾小球肾炎、微生物感染等炎症免疫相关性疾病的病理机制有密切联系。Tcrb基因敲除(T cell receptorβchain knockout,Tcrb-KO)小鼠缺乏αβT细胞,而完整的αβT淋巴细胞对抵抗OMP的I型弓形虫感染至关重要,所以CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞在感染抵抗中发挥重要作用[5]。有研究利用Tcrb-KO小鼠揭示TCRβ链在肝再生、肥胖状态下脂肪组织炎症和代谢功能障碍中的作用,例如,TCRβ缺陷导致肝体质量比明显下降,肝脏细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1表达减少,STAT3磷酸化水平降低,肝内免疫微环境紊乱(炎症信号异常、免疫细胞比例失调),进而抑制肝细胞增殖并促进凋亡[6]Tcrb在行为学方面的影响表现在T细胞的缺失会导致中枢神经系统应激回路中的基因表达发生变化以及外周的应激反应[7]
为了深入探索αβT细胞在自身免疫病中的作用,本文利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Tcrb-KO小鼠模型,通过将Tcrb-/-纯合子与同源野生型小鼠杂交繁殖,对其子代进行基因型分析以确认遗传特征。在此基础上,我们对样本中多个组织的相关蛋白进行检测,并完成初步表型评估。这些实验验证了Tcrb-KO小鼠模型的成功构建。该动物模型体系的构建,为深入研究Tcrb基因的功能学特性及其在疾病病理机制中的作用提供基因动物工程模型。
Tcrb基因杂合敲除小鼠,由江苏集萃药康生物科技有限公司提供,以C57BL/6为背景,生产许可证号:SCXK(苏)2023-0009,合格编号(B202408080212)。实验动物操作及饲养均符合安徽医科大学实验动物管理与伦理委员会相关规定(编号:PZ-2024-012)。
重组抗TCRβ抗体(美国Abcam公司);抗GAPDH抗体(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司);小鼠淋巴细胞分离液(深圳达科为生物工程有限公司);琼脂糖凝胶(美国Genetech公司);Proteinase K(美国SigmaAldrich公司);异丙醇(上海试剂一厂);0.5 mol·L-1 EDTA、1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl、RIPA蛋白裂解液、苯甲基磺酰氯、5×电泳加样缓冲液(上海碧云天生物技术公司);红细胞裂解液、DEPC水(无酶水)、核酸染料、ECL化学发光试剂盒(北京Biosharp公司);PE anti-mouse CD4、APC anti-mouse CD8、FITC anti-mouse CD69、APC anti-mouse CD154(美国Biolegend公司)。
荧光定量PCR仪(杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司),通用型电泳仪DYY-7C(北京六一生物科技有限公司),Tanon-1600全自动数码凝胶图像分析系统(上海天能科技有限公司),FACS Canto流式细胞仪(美国BD公司)。
Trbc1-Trbc2基因簇定位于第6号染色体上,基因ID为21577。Trbc1基因有一个转录本。根据Trbc1Trbc2基因的结构,将Trbc1Trbc2转录本的外显子1-4作为敲除区域(Fig 1)。使用CRISPR Design工具(http://crispr.mit.edu/)设计靶向Tcrb基因特异性打靶位点的sgRNA序列(见Tab 1)。将该sgRNA序列合成为经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳纯化的寡核苷酸产物,并在该靶位点区域设计特异性引物以供后续小鼠的基因型鉴定使用。
将体外合成的sgRNA与Cas9 mRNA混合并调整至适宜浓度,通过显微注射仪将混合物导入C57BL/6J小鼠受精卵中。注射后的受精卵经胚胎移植操作,最终获得经PCR扩增及靶向区域测序验证的阳性F0代小鼠。通过将F0代阳性小鼠与野生型C57BL/6J品系交配,对子代基因进行PCR和靶向扩增子测序分析,筛选携带目标突变等位基因的个体,由此建立遗传性状稳定的F1代小鼠品系。
Tcrb-KO小鼠饲养于SPF级标准的实验动物设施中。饲养环境条件如下:温度维持于22 ℃~28℃;相对湿度控制在40% ~ 60%范围;采用12 h光照与12 h黑暗交替的昼夜节律;空气交换频率保持在每小时10~20次;环境噪音水平低于60分贝。所有实验物料(包括饲料、垫料及饮用水)均经过高温高压灭菌处理。笼具与垫料每周更换2次,同时补充灭菌饮用水;小鼠可自由摄取饲料和饮水。每日对环境参数及小鼠状态(涵盖摄食量、行为表现及整体健康状态)进行监测记录。所有涉及小鼠的操作均在超净工作台内严格无菌条件下执行。在繁殖起始阶段,将C57BL/6J雌性与雄性Tcrb杂合子小鼠以1∶1的比例合笼饲养。孕鼠妊娠期平均约为21 d。新生幼鼠出生5~7 d后可采用剪尾或断趾标记法实现个体编号,于出生后19~21 d龄实施分笼操作完成离乳过程,并按性别分笼饲养。
子代小鼠生长至3周龄时,采集其尾尖部组织样本(约0.2~0.3 cm),将样本置于标记清晰的1.5 mL EP管内。向管内加入50μL A液(含5 mmol·L-1NaOH、0.5 mmol·L-1 EDTA),确保鼠尾完全浸没,置于98℃金属浴加热,持续30 min。消化完成后,加入50μL B液(1 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCL),盖上管盖,充分震荡摇匀,将混合液以3 000 r·min-1离心5 min,收集上清液用于后续PCR扩增分析。
引物序列(见Tab 2)由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成。PCR反应体系25μL:分别加入Rapid Taq Master Mix 12.5μL,双蒸水9.5μL,引物1μL(10μmol·L-1),模版cDNA 1μL(20~80 mg·L-1)。PCR仪扩增,95℃预变性5 min,98℃变性30 s,65℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,20个循环,98℃变性30 s,55℃退火30 s,72℃延伸45 s,15个循环,72℃5 min终止反应。
称取1.2 g琼脂糖粉末,溶解于60 mL 1×TAE缓冲液中,配制2%琼脂糖凝胶溶液于锥形瓶中,微波炉加热该溶液至完全溶解。待溶液冷却至室温后,加入3μL的核酸染料并轻柔混匀,倒入制胶架中,静置凝固30 min。取10μL的上述PCR扩增产物和5μL的DNA Marker,分别加入上样孔中,在120 V恒定电压下进行电泳,持续30 min;待DNA Marker条带清晰可见时终止电泳,取出凝胶并平整的放在设定好程序的化学成像仪下拍照观察,采集图像以记录电泳结果并保存。根据DNA Marker的分子量信息分析各泳道条带以确定小鼠的基因型。
根据基因型鉴定结果,结合PCR产物的电泳条带特征,得出结论。若样本仅显示214 bp扩增条带而未出现717 bp条带则为野生型小鼠;若同时存在717 bp与214 bp两条扩增条带则为杂合子小鼠;若仅检测到717 bp条带而缺失214 bp条带则为纯合子小鼠。
F2代小鼠达到8周龄时,进行过夜禁食处理,取同窝WT、Tcrb+/-Tcrb-/-小鼠脾脏、心脏、肝脏以及肾脏组织,制备成匀浆,从中分离总蛋白,并采用标准方法测定其浓度[8]。蛋白样品与上样缓冲液混合,煮沸10 min后上样,采用10% SDS-PAGE电泳,后将蛋白转移至PVDF膜,5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭膜2 h,TPBS洗3次,PBS洗1次,每次10 min。后加入TCRβ(1∶1 000)一抗,4℃孵育过夜。次日用TPBS洗3次,每次10 min,加入山羊抗兔IgG(1∶2 000)二抗,室温孵育2 h。孵育结束后再次按上述方法进行洗涤。应用ECL发光液进行蛋白信号检测,利用化学发光成像系统曝光并采集信号图像,所得图像采用ImageJ软件分析目的蛋白条带的灰度值。
F2代小鼠达到8周龄时,进行过夜禁食处理。采集同窝WT、Tcrb+/-Tcrb-/-小鼠胸腺组织,将其置于无菌培养皿中,用200目无菌纱网包裹,加入5 mL生理盐水并充分研磨。将研磨液经纱网过滤后收集至15 mL离心管中,1 500 r·min-1离心5 min。弃上清液,用PBS重悬细胞以制备单细胞悬液,加入CD4、CD8、CD69、CD154流式抗体,避光孵育30 min。加入1 mL PBS缓冲液洗涤,颠倒混匀后1 500 r·min-1离心5 min,弃上清液。每管加入200μL PBS重悬细胞,经纱网过滤后转移至流式检测管中,使用流式细胞仪检测小鼠胸腺中T细胞的表达情况。
F2代小鼠达到8周龄时,进行过夜禁食处理。取出同窝WT、Tcrb+/-Tcrb-/-小鼠脾脏,用200目无菌纱网包裹,并于盛有4 mL淋巴细胞分离液的培养皿中充分研磨。研磨液经纱网过滤后收集至15 mL离心管中,加入1 mL RPMI 1640培养基,室温800×g离心30 min。吸取中间云雾状的白膜层转移至新的15 mL离心管中,加入10 mL PBS重悬洗涤,室温250×g离心10 min。弃上清液,用PBS缓冲液重悬细胞,制成单细胞悬液,加入CD4、CD8、CD69、CD154流式抗体,避光孵育30 min。加入1 mL PBS缓冲液洗涤,颠倒混匀后800×g离心10 min,弃上清液。每管加入200μL PBS重悬细胞,经纱网过滤后转移至流式检测管中,使用流式细胞仪检测小鼠脾脏中T细胞的表达情况。
F2代小鼠达到8周龄时,进行过夜禁食处理。通过眼球采血法收集同窝WT、Tcrb+/-Tcrb-/-小鼠血液,直接滴入含有肝素钠抗凝剂的1.5 mL离心管内,轻柔倒置混匀数次以确保抗凝,加入红细胞裂解液去除红细胞,裂解完成后离心去上清。用PBS缓冲液重悬细胞,制成单细胞悬液,加入CD4、CD8、CD69、CD154流式抗体,避光孵育30 min。加入1 mL PBS缓冲液洗涤,颠倒混匀后3 500 r·min-1离心5 min,弃上清。每管加入200μL PBS重悬细胞,经纱网过滤后转移至流式检测管中,使用流式细胞仪检测小鼠外周血中T细胞的表达情况。
所有数据采用GraphPad Prism进行统计分析。实验结果以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析。检验水准α=0.05。
F1代母鼠成功繁育获得F2代幼鼠,母鼠平均妊娠期为20~23 d,哺乳期持续18~25 d,每胎产仔数5~11只,幼鼠存活率超过90%。将获得的F2代杂合子小鼠与同基因型异性个体进行交配,成功获得F3代基因敲除纯合子后代。当同窝仔鼠数量达到8~11只时,约2~3只幼鼠可能因无法获得哺乳导致发育迟缓甚至死亡。此外,亲代雌鼠在哺乳期偶尔会表现出食仔行为,即使尝试由其他代乳母鼠哺育,该行为依然可能发生。在生理特征方面,Tcrb-/-纯合子敲除小鼠相比杂合子及野生型小鼠相比未观察到明显差异。然而,该基因型幼崽的存活率相对较低。此外,将F2代Tcrb-/-纯合子小鼠分别与同基因型或杂合子异性个体交配,均未能成功繁育出Tcrb-/-纯合子后代。
对F2代小鼠进行基因型鉴定,部分结果见Fig 2A。其中1、4、7、11、16号仅显示717 bp条带,为纯合子小鼠;2、3、8、9、10、17、18号仅显示214 bp条带,为野生型小鼠;5、6、12、13、14、15号同时存在717 bp和214 bp两条条带,为杂合子小鼠。将F2代杂合子小鼠进行互交繁育,获得F3代小鼠,部分基因型鉴定结果见(Fig 2B),其中21、24、26、30号呈现单一的717 bp条带,为纯合子小鼠;23、27、28、29、30、32号呈现单一的214 bp条带,为野生型小鼠;20、22、25、31、33号同时存在717 bp和214 bp两条条带,为杂合子小鼠。分别挑选雌性和雄性纯合子基因型小鼠进行配对繁育,然而迄今为止此种尝试尚未成功获得可存活后代。
为确认Tcrb基因的敲除效果,在完成基因型PCR鉴定的基础上,进一步采用Western blot技术检测了Tcrb基因敲出纯合子、杂合子以及野生型小鼠不同组织中TCRβ蛋白的表达水平。选取脾脏、心脏、肝脏及肾脏四种组织进行分析,结果显示,与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠在上述组织中TCRβ蛋白表达均明显下调(P < 0.01),而Tcrb-/-小鼠的TCRβ蛋白几乎无表达(P < 0.01)(Fig 3)。该结果在分子水平证实了Tcrb基因的成功敲除,并进一步佐证了基于PCR的基因型鉴定结果的可靠性。
胸腺流式细胞术结果(Fig 4)显示,Tcrb基因缺失严重破坏了胸腺T细胞的发育,与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠的CD8+T细胞、CD4+CD6 9+T细胞以及CD4+CD154+T细胞比例均明显降低,而在Tcrb-/-小鼠中几乎检测不到成熟的CD4单阳性T细胞或CD8单阳性T细胞(P < 0.05)。Tcrb-/-小鼠的CD4+/CD8+比值(2.8±0.19)与Tcrb+/+小鼠(2.7±0.07)无显著性差异,但Tcrb-/-小鼠的该比值发生了明显改变,下降至1.3±0.12。这些结果表明Tcrb的缺失阻断了胸腺细胞的阳性选择过程,导致T细胞发育在双阳性阶段后严重停滞。
脾脏流式细胞术结果(Fig 5)表明,Tcrb基因缺失明显影响了脾脏T细胞亚群的比例。与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠脾脏中的CD8+T细胞、CD4+CD69+T细胞以及CD4+CD154+T细胞比例均明显降低,Tcrb-/-小鼠中几乎完全缺失CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞(P < 0.05)。脾脏中CD4+/CD8+ T淋巴细胞比值分析显示,Tcrb+/+Tcrb+/-小鼠间的比值相近(分别为1.8±0.20和1.9±0.09),无显著性差异。然而,Tcrb-/-小鼠的该比值(1.2±0.30)则明显降低,表明Tcrb基因的完全缺失破坏了脾脏T细胞亚群的正常平衡。这一结果与在胸腺中观察到的变化一致,共同证实了Tcrb基因对T细胞发育和活化的重要调控作用。
外周血流式细胞术结果(Fig 6)显示,与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb+/-小鼠的CD8+T细胞以及表达早期活化标志CD69或CD154的CD4+T细胞比例均明显降低,Tcrb-/-小鼠中几乎无CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞表达(P < 0.05)。值得注意的是,外周血CD4+/CD8+比值在Tcrb-/-小鼠中呈现出更明显的改变,降低至(0.19±0.11),远低于与Tcrb+/+(1.5±0.14)和Tcrb+/-(1.7±0.27)小鼠。这一发现与胸腺和脾脏中观察到的T细胞发育阻滞和缺失表型相互印证,共同证明了Tcrb基因对维持全身T细胞库的正常组成具有不可或缺的作用。该结果在细胞水平证实了Tcrb基因的成功敲除。
TCRα和TCRβ这两个基因在多种组织中呈结构性表达,其中TCRα在脾脏中表达最高,TCRβ在肾脏中表达最高[9]。近年来国内外对Tcrb基因与T细胞发育和功能的关系开展了深入研究。有研究指出OPA1蛋白的缺失在早期胸腺细胞发育阶段(DN3阶段)明显影响TCRβ重排,导致胸腺细胞成熟障碍并进一步影响外周记忆T细胞的功能[10]。TET2和TET3蛋白的缺失也会降低TCRα和TCRβ库的多样性,尤其在移植后扩增的T细胞中表现出寡克隆倾向[11]Tcrb-KO模型还被用于研究自身免疫和免疫耐受机制。例如,在肝脏移植患者中,Tcrb序列分析显示供体反应性T细胞克隆在移植后明显减少,表明TCRβ链缺失可能通过克隆删除机制促进移植耐受[12]。脓毒症模型中也观察到TCRβ库动态变化与巨噬细胞介导的克隆清除密切相关,进一步揭示其在免疫耐受中的作用[13]Tcrb在肿瘤免疫治疗方面也显示出重要的应用潜力。例如,敲除TCRβ链可生成无内源性TCR的CAR-T细胞,从而有效降低移植物抗宿主病的风险[14]。敲除内源性TCR的T细胞在抗原识别时表现出更高的细胞毒性因子分泌和迁移能力,为急性髓系白血病的治疗提供了潜在策略[15]Tcrb-KO导致αβT细胞的缺失可能成为诱发多种病理性恶化的诱因。在肾小球肾炎中,αβT细胞独立于体液免疫发挥促炎作用,其缺失可明显减轻小鼠蛋白尿和肾小球损伤。Tcrb缺陷小鼠在急性感染期易发生多微生物败血症及终末器官损伤。此外,αβT细胞也参与肥胖相关代谢紊乱。然而,αβT细胞的缺失如何影响自身免疫病如RA的发病进程却鲜见报道。为了深入研究Tcrb在RA等自身免疫病中的作用及分子机制,本研究构建了Tcrb-KO小鼠模型。
本课题组利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,成功实现了Tcrb基因第1至第4外显子的定向敲除并获得Tcrb-KO小鼠。课题组尝试了两次Tcrb-KO小鼠的构建。第一次构建基因敲除小鼠时,使用CRISPR-Cas9技术修饰Trbc1基因。Trbc1基因有1个转录本,根据Trbc1基因的结构,将Trbc1-201转录本外显子1-4作为敲除区域,该区域包含所有的编码序列,敲除该区域以破坏蛋白质功能。虽然基因鉴定结果可以区分基因敲除小鼠及野生型小鼠,但全敲鼠脾脏组织仍有TCRβ蛋白的表达,提示该基因并未敲除完全。第二次Tcrb-KO小鼠的构建对Trbc1-Trbc2基因簇进行修饰,保留了Trbc1-201转录本外显子1-4作为敲除区域。根据Trbc2基因的结构,将Trbc2转录本外显子1-4作为敲除区域进行敲除,导致蛋白质功能的破坏,从而成功构建Tcrb-KO小鼠。
本实验采用杂合子小鼠互交的策略进行繁育,并对子代进行基因型筛选,以获取目标基因型个体。其中,野生型与纯合子小鼠用于构建对照组和实验组模型,以开展后续表型分析;剩余杂合子个体则保留种系,用于后续繁殖。整个繁殖过程中未观察到异常,子代生长发育状态正常。经PCR鉴定证实,后续繁殖所得的纯合子小鼠存在Tcrb基因表达缺失,表明该基因缺陷具有稳定的遗传特性。为进一步验证,本研究利用Western blot技术检测了小鼠脾脏、肾脏、心脏及肝脏等多种组织中TCRβ蛋白的表达水平。结果显示,与野生型小鼠相比,Tcrb-KO小鼠在上述组织中均未检测到TCRβ蛋白表达,这证实了基因敲除的成功,且该结果与PCR鉴定结论一致。成熟的αβT细胞表达CD4或者CD8,但不同时表达两者。胸腺是T细胞发育成熟的场所,骨髓来源的前体T细胞在胸腺中发育成成熟的、能识别外来抗原但不对自身组织反应的CD4+单阳性或CD8+单阳性T细胞,然后被释放到外周,进入脾脏、淋巴结和外周血循环,等待抗原的激活。本研究通过流式细胞术分析Tcrb-KO小鼠胸腺、脾脏、外周血发现CD4+T细胞和CD8+T细胞均呈现明显缺失,表明αβT细胞从胸腺发育开始受阻。与野生型小鼠相比,CD4+/CD8+比值在杂合子小鼠中变化不大,在纯合子小鼠中明显降低,比值< 1.0,这意味着Tcrb-KO小鼠免疫系统失衡。CD69是T细胞早期活化的标志物。CD154也称为CD40配体,主要在活化的CD4+T细胞上表达,可促进CD4+及CD8+T细胞的活化与分化。在多种自身免疫病患者中,这些活化标志物在T细胞表面呈现异常高表达。在RA患者中,CD4+CD69+T细胞作为介导炎症和组织损伤的关键效应细胞,其比例升高反映持续性T细胞活化和疾病活动度。而活化的自身反应性CD4+CD154+T细胞则驱动致病性自身抗体的产生。本研究中数据显示,与Tcrb+/+小鼠相比,Tcrb-/-小鼠和Tcrb+/-小鼠中早期活化Th细胞(CD4+CD69+、CD4+CD154+)表达明显降低,该发现为后续深入探索Tcrb在免疫调控中的作用机制提供了实验依据。
综上所述,本研究成功应用CRISPR-Cas9技术构建了Tcrb-KO小鼠模型,并对其进行了初步表型研究。该模型的建立为深入解析Tcrb基因的生物学功能,以及探究其在相关疾病病理机制中的调控作用提供了实验动物模型。

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2026年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.12360/CPB202507022
  • 接收时间:2025-12-14
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-14
  • 修回日期:2026-03-12
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    安徽医科大学药学科学学院临床药理研究所,抗炎免疫药物教育部重点实验室(安徽医科大学),安徽 合肥 230032

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吴育晶(1981-),女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:抗炎免疫药理学,通信作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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