Article(id=1284538887766774232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12360/CPB202508103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761753600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-30, revisedDate=1769097600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784187536422, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784187536422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784187536422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784187536422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284538886084870196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='801', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784187536021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273851637, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=806, endPage=811, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284538888802767321, articleId=1284538887766774232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=EN, title=Research progress of protein N-myristoylation in tumorigenesis and progression, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein N-myristoylation is an important post-translational modification catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), which covalently attaches myristic acid to the N-terminal glycine residue of target proteins, thereby regulating their membrane localization, stability, and biological functions. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of protein N-myristoylation and its role in tumor progression, analyzing the abnormal expression patterns of protein N-myristoylation in tumors, its regulation of signaling pathways and metabolism, and its interactions with other post-translational modifications. The study shows that this modification is aberrantly expressed in multiple solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, and participates in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and immune evasion.

, authors=Ya-ran ZHAO1, 2, Qian PENG1, 2, Yuan-qin DU2, 3, Yi-xian YE1, 2, Long-da WU1, 2, Shi-jian WU1, 2, Yan-fei WEI1, authorsList=Ya-ran ZHAO, Qian PENG, Yuan-qin DU, Yi-xian YE, Long-da WU, Shi-jian WU, Yan-fei WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-fei WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin.All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284538890312716766, articleId=1284538887766774232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=CN, title=蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展, columnId=1284538886856622134, journalTitle=中国药理学通报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰,由N-肉豆蔻酰转移酶(N-myristoyltransferase,NMT)催化,将肉豆蔻酸共价连接至蛋白质N端的甘氨酸残基,从而调控其膜定位、稳定性及生物学功能。该研究旨在综述该修饰的分子机制及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用,分析蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤中的异常表达模式、信号通路调控、代谢调控及与其他翻译后修饰的互作关系。研究表明,该修饰在肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等多种实体瘤中呈异常表达,参与调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、耐药及免疫逃逸等恶性行为。

, authors=赵雅然1, 2, 彭倩1, 2, 杜沅沁2, 3, 叶一娴1, 2, 吴龙达1, 2, 伍师坚1, 2, 韦燕飞1, authorsList=赵雅然, 彭倩, 杜沅沁, 叶一娴, 吴龙达, 伍师坚, 韦燕飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韦燕飞, authorNote=

赵雅然(2000-),女,硕士生,研究方向:中医药抗肿瘤基础,E-mail:

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韦燕飞(1976-),女,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:中医药抗肿瘤基础,通信作者,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有© 2026 《中国药理学通报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bXGgVno73pUdpwA243IPQg==, magXml=Cu1Invqt1MBgDKLLqhhzcg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=u3wZa8P0wWEYHfpUTzBHYw==, pdfFileSize=1944431, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AjFChGhcXGepQ36mV3UqWQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=mkfKbgHjrAop6iXPq21nXw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1284538891252240873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, articleId=1284538887766774232, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zyr2825019109@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1284538891512287724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, articleId=1284538887766774232, authorId=1284538891252240873, language=EN, stringName=Ya-ran ZHAO, firstName=Ya-ran, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, China
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蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展
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赵雅然 1, 2 , 彭倩 1, 2 , 杜沅沁 2, 3 , 叶一娴 1, 2 , 吴龙达 1, 2 , 伍师坚 1, 2 , 韦燕飞 1
中国药理学通报 | 综述 2026,42(5): 806-811
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中国药理学通报 |综述 2026 , 42 (5) : 806 -811
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展
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赵雅然1, 2 , 彭倩1, 2, 杜沅沁2, 3, 叶一娴1, 2, 吴龙达1, 2, 伍师坚1, 2, 韦燕飞1
作者信息
  • 1广西中医药大学基础医学院, 广西 南宁 530022
  • 2广西高发传染病中西医结合转化医学重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530022
  • 3广西中医药大学第一附属医院脾胃肝病科, 广西 南宁 530022
通讯作者:
韦燕飞(1976-),女,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:中医药抗肿瘤基础,通信作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

赵雅然(2000-),女,硕士生,研究方向:中医药抗肿瘤基础,E-mail:

Research progress of protein N-myristoylation in tumorigenesis and progression
Ya-ran ZHAO1, 2 , Qian PENG1, 2, Yuan-qin DU2, 3, Yi-xian YE1, 2, Long-da WU1, 2, Shi-jian WU1, 2, Yan-fei WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Basic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for High-Incidence Infectious Diseases in Guangxi, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, China
  • 3Dept of Spleen, Stomach and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530022, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.12360/CPB202508103
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蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰,由N-肉豆蔻酰转移酶(N-myristoyltransferase,NMT)催化,将肉豆蔻酸共价连接至蛋白质N端的甘氨酸残基,从而调控其膜定位、稳定性及生物学功能。该研究旨在综述该修饰的分子机制及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用,分析蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤中的异常表达模式、信号通路调控、代谢调控及与其他翻译后修饰的互作关系。研究表明,该修饰在肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等多种实体瘤中呈异常表达,参与调控肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、耐药及免疫逃逸等恶性行为。

蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰  /  蛋白质翻译后修饰  /  N-肉豆蔻酰转移酶  /  肿瘤  /  信号通路  /  靶向治疗

Protein N-myristoylation is an important post-translational modification catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), which covalently attaches myristic acid to the N-terminal glycine residue of target proteins, thereby regulating their membrane localization, stability, and biological functions. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms of protein N-myristoylation and its role in tumor progression, analyzing the abnormal expression patterns of protein N-myristoylation in tumors, its regulation of signaling pathways and metabolism, and its interactions with other post-translational modifications. The study shows that this modification is aberrantly expressed in multiple solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, and participates in regulating tumor cell proliferation, migration, drug resistance, and immune evasion.

protein N-myristoylation  /  protein translational modifications  /  N-myristoyltransferase  /  tumors  /  signaling pathways  /  targeted therapy
赵雅然, 彭倩, 杜沅沁, 叶一娴, 吴龙达, 伍师坚, 韦燕飞. 蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展. 中国药理学通报, 2026 , 42 (5) : 806 -811 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202508103
Ya-ran ZHAO, Qian PENG, Yuan-qin DU, Yi-xian YE, Long-da WU, Shi-jian WU, Yan-fei WEI. Research progress of protein N-myristoylation in tumorigenesis and progression[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2026 , 42 (5) : 806 -811 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202508103
在现代医学研究中, 肿瘤的发生和发展机制一直是关注的焦点。其进程涉及持续增殖、抗凋亡、上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)、代谢重编程和免疫逃逸等多种典型生物学特征, 主要源于细胞内信号传导、代谢途径及基因表达调控的异常。蛋白质翻译后修饰(protein translational modifications, PTMs)是指蛋白质在翻译完成后, 通过共价添加或去除特定化学基团, 实现功能多样化的过程。在肿瘤进展中, PTMs能够精细调控蛋白的活性、亚细胞定位及其与其他蛋白的相互作用网络, 发挥关键作用[1]。常见的PTMs包括磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化、糖基化及脂质化等, 蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰(protein N-myristoylation)作为一种高度保守的脂质化修饰, 在健康与疾病过程中发挥关键的调控作用, 参与多种肿瘤相关蛋白的膜定位与功能调节。本文基于近年来蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在肿瘤发生发展中的研究进展做一综述, 为肿瘤干预诊断提供新的思路。
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰是一种由N-肉豆蔻酰转移酶(N-myristoyltransferase, NMT)催化的不可逆脂质修饰。该修饰以肉豆蔻酰辅酶A为供体, 通过酰胺键将14碳饱和脂肪酸-肉豆蔻酸(myristic acid)共价连接至蛋白质N端甘氨酸的α-氨基。不同于棕榈酰化、异戊二烯化或胆固醇化等可逆修饰, 肉豆蔻酰化多发生于翻译起始阶段且稳定存在[2]。近年来, 随着对肿瘤微环境及其发生发展机制的深入研究, 该修饰在肿瘤细胞异常增殖、侵袭转移及免疫逃逸等恶性行为中的调控作用受到关注, 逐渐成为肿瘤治疗潜在的分子靶点。
NMT是催化蛋白质N端肉豆蔻酰化的关键酶, 能够特异性识别新生肽链N端暴露的甘氨酸残基, 并将肉豆蔻酸以酰胺键形式共价连接至该位点, 从而实现脂质修饰。在哺乳动物中, NMT普遍以同工酶的形式表达, 主要包括NMT1和NMT2两种亚型, 尽管二者氨基酸序列具有约77% 的同源性, 但在底物识别特异性及功能调控方面存在显著差异。研究表明, NMT1在胚胎发育和细胞增殖过程中发挥不可替代的作用, 其缺失会导致心肌形成障碍、重要器官发育异常及胚胎干细胞分化能力下降, 最终导致胚胎致死。相比之下, NMT2的缺失虽不引发胚胎致死, 但可能通过调控B细胞淋巴瘤(B-cell lymphoma, BCL)家族蛋白的表达, 增强细胞凋亡信号[2]。在结直肠癌、乳腺癌和肺癌等多种实体瘤中, NMT1呈高表达状态, 其活性增强与肿瘤细胞的增殖、代谢重编程及恶性进展密切相关[1]。最新研究发现, NMT还可以介导特定位点赖氨酸的修饰, NMT1和NMT2可协同介导小GTP酶ADP-核糖基化因子6(ADP-ribosylation factor 6, ARF6)第3位赖氨酸的肉豆蔻酰化, 进而调控其膜定位及生物学活性, 最终影响其在细胞信号传导中的功能[3]。此外, NMT1通过调控晚期内体/溶酶体适配器、MAPK和mTOR激活因子1(late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 1, LAMTOR1)的肉豆蔻酰化, 激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1通路, 进而影响肿瘤细胞的代谢适应性与存活能力[4]。综上所述, 作为蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰的核心酶类, NMT在底物识别和催化反应中发挥关键作用, 参与多条关键信号通路, 在肿瘤发生发展中扮演着重要角色。
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰是重要的脂质化翻译后修饰之一, 在肿瘤的发生与发展中发挥了多维度调控作用。该修饰通过增强蛋白质的膜锚定能力, 维持构象稳定性, 促进其与细胞膜或细胞器的结合, 影响信号通路的激活, 蛋白质相互作用及其亚细胞定位, 进而调节细胞的增殖、迁移、凋亡、自噬及代谢重编程等生物学过程。
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰通过在底物N端共价连接肉豆蔻酸, 显著增强蛋白质的疏水性, 并与多碱性结构域或其他脂质锚定信号协同作用, 促进其与细胞膜的结合, 是多种信号蛋白实现正确膜定位与功能活化的结构前提[3]。该修饰多在翻译初期完成, 对底物蛋白的空间构象及亚细胞分布具有关键影响。研究表明, 肉豆蔻酰化可增强Src家族激酶(proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, Src)及RAS小GTP酶(rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, RAS)等信号蛋白的锚定能力, 激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B, AKT)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)/细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK)等致癌信号轴, 促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与迁移[5]。肉豆蔻酰化富含丙氨酸C激酶底物(myristoylated alanine-rich c-kinase substrate, MARCKS)蛋白的脂质修饰有助于其定位于质膜, 参与细胞骨架重构、囊泡运输及调控肿瘤坏死因子等炎症细胞因子的分泌, 从而影响肿瘤微环境的免疫组成与促炎状态, 使其成为潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点[6]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在维持细胞稳态与调控凋亡过程中发挥重要作用。研究表明, Bcl-2相互作用死亡激动剂经胱天蛋白酶8(caspase-8)切割后暴露出其N端甘氨酸, 获得肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 从而插入线粒体膜, 诱导细胞色素c释放, 并激活caspase级联反应, 导致细胞凋亡[7]。另一项研究发现, 锚蛋白重复结构域-22(ankyrin repeat domain 22, ANKRD22)作为具有保守肉豆蔻酰化位点的代谢调节因子, 其脂质修饰可增强蛋白质的膜锚定能力和亚细胞定位特异性。ANKRD22的C端富含正电荷残基, 可能通过静电相互作用与脂滴表面的负电结构结合, 两者协同有助于其定位于脂滴或膜性细胞器, 调节线粒体功能与活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平, 其功能障碍可引发氧化应激和细胞凋亡[8]
细胞间黏附分子1是NMT1介导的下游底物, 肉豆蔻酰化修饰可以增强其膜锚定能力和功能稳定性, 从而抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移与侵袭。此外, 该修饰对高尔基体相关被覆蛋白复合物I(coat protein complex I, COPI)小泡的形成及囊泡运输也至关重要, COPI囊泡负责回收内质网逃逸蛋白, 维持内质网和高尔基体之间的蛋白质平衡。肉豆蔻酰化异常可能导致高尔基体膜结构紊乱, 囊泡运输效率下降, 干扰自噬等关键过程[9]
脑富集膜附着信号蛋白1 (brain abundant membrane attached signal protein 1, BASP1) 作为转录共抑制因子, 其肉豆蔻酰化修饰增强了与核脂质及染色质的结合能力, 从而参与转录调控与染色质重构。BASP1通过去除活性组蛋白标记(H3K9ac和H3K4me3)并添加抑制性修饰(H3K27me3), 抑制特定基因的表达, 揭示了该修饰在表观遗传调控中的关键作用[10]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化通过介导蛋白质-蛋白质及蛋白质-脂质相互作用, 调控蛋白构象和功能状态, 进一步对肿瘤细胞的耐药性产生影响。MARCKS蛋白的肉豆蔻酰化修饰有助于其定位于膜上, 介导磷脂酰肌醇二磷酸的调控, 激活PI3K/AKT通路, 不仅促进迁移, 还增强对化疗与靶向治疗的耐受性。此外, 该修饰还可能通过影响脂质代谢通路, 增强肿瘤细胞在代谢应激下的生存能力, 从而推动其耐药性和恶性表型的演变[11]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰也为肿瘤靶向治疗提供了新方向。研究通过在抗菌肽CS-piscidin N端引入肉豆蔻酸, 诱导其形成Myr-CS-RGD。结果显示, 经修饰后的Myr-CS-RGD不仅显著提升了药物的靶向特异性, 降低了正常细胞毒性, 同时完全保留了CS-piscidin原有的抗肿瘤活性[12]。另一项研究表明, 靶向MARCKS肉豆蔻酰化结构域的模拟肽可破坏其膜定位, 诱导胶质母细胞瘤细胞裂解性死亡, 为中枢神经系统难治性肿瘤提供了潜在干预策略[13]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰在多种肿瘤的发生与进展中发挥重要作用, 其分子机制既具有普遍性, 又呈现显著的肿瘤类型特异性。NMT催化的肉豆蔻酰化主要通过调控蛋白质的膜结合能力、信号通路活性及代谢过程, 影响肿瘤细胞的生物学行为。在共性机制上, 该修饰可增强Src、RAS、MARCKS、序列相似性家族129成员A(family with sequence similarity 129 member A, FAM129A)等蛋白的膜定位, 激活PI3K/AKT、MAPK/ERK、核转录因子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB)等关键信号轴, 促进细胞的异常增殖与侵袭。同时, 通过调控长链脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4, ACSL4)、LAMTOR1、线粒体内膜转位复合体17A亚基(translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 17A, TIM17A) 等蛋白的脂质代谢与线粒体功能, 促进能量代谢重编程及耐药性形成。不同的肿瘤类型在依赖的信号轴和底物选择上仍存在明显差异, 在肝癌、胃癌和前列腺癌中, NMT通过激活黏着斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase, FAK)/AKT及mTORC1信号促进肿瘤生长。在乳腺癌和肺癌中, 该修饰既可通过Src、MARCKS促进肿瘤迁移, 又可依赖TIM17A维持线粒体稳态, 发挥抑癌潜能, 从而表现出一定的双向调控作用。以下将结合不同类型肿瘤, 探讨蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰的具体作用机制。
在肝细胞癌中, 蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰通过调控多个关键促癌蛋白的膜定位与信号转导, 参与肝癌的发生发展进程。研究显示, NMT1介导的视锥蛋白样蛋白3肉豆蔻酰化通过增强其膜稳定性, 激活NF-κB/Bcl-2通路, 促进肝癌细胞的增殖、迁移及对索拉非尼的耐药性[14]。FAM129A亦被证实为肉豆蔻酰化调控的促癌因子, 其在肝癌中的表达显著上调。肉豆蔻酰化增强了FAM129A与细胞膜的亲和力, 从而激活FAK/AKT信号通路, 上调MMP-2/9、BCL-2及Snail表达, 增强肝癌细胞的增殖、侵袭及抗凋亡能力[15]。NMT1还通过差异调控底物蛋白的泛素化降解, 选择性稳定促癌蛋白并激活PI3K/AKT与MMP信号通路, 加速肿瘤进展[16]。综上所述, 肉豆蔻酰化修饰通过多靶点、多通路协调作用, 驱动肝癌的多阶段演变, 靶向NMT介导的肉豆蔻酰化修饰有望成为肝癌治疗的新方向。
肺癌是一种源于肺部组织、由肺上皮细胞异常增殖引起的恶性肿瘤, 是全球癌症相关死亡率最高的疾病之一。研究表明, 脂质修饰蛋白MARCKS在肺癌中通过磷酸化依赖机制调控促癌信号通路, 吸烟诱导其磷酸化后, MARCKS失去膜锚定能力, 从而释放NF-κB活化蛋白, 激活NF-κB信号通路, 驱动EMT转化和肿瘤干细胞特性的获得, 该过程与肺癌患者的不良预后密切相关[17]。在非小细胞肺癌中, 蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰通过NMT1和NMT2的协同作用发挥抑癌作用。微小RNA-182(microRNA-182, miR-182) 通过靶向NMT1/2的3'-非翻译区(3'-UTR)抑制其表达, 导致肉豆蔻酰化水平下降, 从而促进肿瘤细胞增殖与迁移。动物实验也进一步证实, 恢复NMT表达或抑制miR-182可显著抑制肿瘤生长, 提示NMT1/2-miR-182轴在非小细胞肺癌中具有重要的抑癌潜力, 为靶向治疗提供了新思路[18]。在KRAS突变型非小细胞肺癌中, 肝激酶B1/Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1共突变导致其表现出更强的侵袭性。另一项研究发现, NMT1参与调控线粒体膜蛋白TIM17A的肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 维持线粒体蛋白转运系统的功能及铁代谢平衡, 抑制该修饰可触发线粒体二价铁过载、ROS水平急剧升高、DNA损伤及多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶1介导的Parthanatos(一种非典型程序性细胞死亡形式), 这一机制显著提高肿瘤对铂类化疗的敏感性, 为此类难治性肺癌提供了新的治疗靶点[19]
乳腺癌是一种源于乳腺组织的常见恶性肿瘤, 在全球女性中具有较高的发病率和死亡率。在早期诊断和临床治疗中, 蛋白质类生物标志物被广泛应用, 而蛋白质本身却因翻译后修饰而呈现出极其复杂的结构与功能可塑性。研究表明, NMT1和NMT2在乳腺癌组织中表达显著升高, 尤其在晚期(Ⅲ/Ⅳ期)及存在淋巴结转移的患者中更为明显, 提示其与肿瘤恶性程度密切相关。NMT1/2通过催化Src、RAS等关键信号蛋白发生肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 增强其对细胞膜的锚定能力, 激活RAS/MAPK、PI3K/AKT等促癌通路, 促进乳腺癌细胞的增殖和转移。干扰NMT1或NMT2表达可显著抑制MCF-7与BT-474等乳腺癌细胞系的增殖与侵袭[20]。另一项研究表明, NMT1是维持乳腺癌细胞恶性表型所必需的关键因子。其缺失不仅破坏肉豆蔻酰化依赖的蛋白膜定位, 还可诱发内质网应激, 进而激活蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶、肌醇需求酶1α、转录因子6等信号通路。该过程导致细胞内ROS累积及c-Jun氨基末端激酶信号的持续激活, 最终诱导细胞周期依赖性激酶抑制因子1A介导的G2/M阻滞, 促进自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和微管相关蛋白1轻链3Ⅱ型依赖的自噬性细胞衰老。MTT和Transwell实验结果均表明, NMT1敲减显著降低了MDA-MB-231和SUM149等三阴性乳腺癌细胞的增殖活性和侵袭能力[21]。综上所述, NMT1/2通过介导关键蛋白的肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 在乳腺癌增殖、转移及恶性表型维持中发挥核心作用, 是潜在的治疗靶点。
前列腺癌是成年男性中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 近年来其发病率和相关死亡人数持续上升。已有研究指出, 雄激素剥夺治疗(androgen deprivation therapy, ADT)是当前治疗前列腺癌的主要策略之一, 主要通过降低体内雄激素水平, 从而抑制雄激素受体(androgen receptor, AR)介导的信号通路以抑制肿瘤进展。尽管ADT初期疗效显著, 但长期使用可能导致肿瘤细胞产生耐药性, 发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌(castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC)。在CRPC的发展中, ADT导致AR活性下降, 从而解除对ACSL4基因的抑制, 促使ACSL4表达上调、高效催化脂肪酸代谢为脂酰辅酶A。该代谢产物可作为NMT的底物, 参与Src激酶等关键信号分子的肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 该修饰不仅增强了Src的膜锚定能力, 还驱动PI3K/AKT及MAPK/ERK信号通路的持续激活, 上调细胞周期依赖性激酶4及细胞周期蛋白D1的表达, 抑制凋亡相关蛋白, 最终促进肿瘤细胞在AR非依赖状态下的增殖与迁移。研究认为, NMT1还通过抑制AR蛋白的泛素化过程, 延缓其降解, 增强AR的稳定性。小分子抑制剂通过干扰NMT1活性, 促进其泛素化并靶向蛋白酶体降解, 从而阻断AR的核转位及前列腺特异性抗原、激肽释放酶2等下游靶基因的表达, 最终抑制前列腺癌细胞的增殖及异种移植瘤的生长[22]。进一步研究表明, NMT1通过调控Src激酶的肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 增强其膜锚定和激酶活性, 进而协同AR信号驱动肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭及耐药性进展。敲除Src肉豆蔻化位点(G2A)或应用NMT1抑制剂(B13或LCL204)可阻断Src膜定位, 抑制其激酶活性, 进一步干扰细胞周期调控, 并在异种移植模型中显著抑制肿瘤生长, 为CRPC治疗提供新策略[23]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰也可以调节其他肿瘤的发生发展。研究发现, NMT1在胃癌组织中高表达, 其水平与患者不良预后密切相关。转录因子SPI1可结合NMT1启动区域, 上调其表达, 进而激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路, 从而促进胃癌细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭[24]。在食管鳞状细胞癌中, 通过热刺激或化学致癌物4-硝基喹啉-1-氧化物等外部应激, 可导致p38 MAPK信号通路的激活, 从而诱导脂肪酸代谢酶ACSL4发生磷酸化, 增强其合成肉豆蔻酰辅酶A的能力, 生成的肉豆蔻酰辅酶A作为Src激酶肉豆蔻酰化的供体, 在NMT的作用下激活Src及其下游ERK通路, 推动ESCC的发生发展[25]。在膀胱癌中, NMT1通过介导LAMTOR1蛋白的第2位点甘氨酸残基的肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 增强其稳定性并促进溶酶体定位, 从而激活mTORC1信号通路、抑制细胞自噬, 加速肿瘤发展[26]。在甲状腺癌中, 长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)通过调节肉豆蔻酰化通路参与肿瘤进展。lncRNA TYMSOS通过竞争性吸附microRNA-130a-5p, 解除其对MARCKSL1的抑制, 促使MARCKSL1被NMT1修饰并锚定于细胞膜, 激活PI3K/Akt信号通路, 进而诱导EMT过程并增强肿瘤转移能力[27]。结肠癌研究也发现, NMT1表达升高并参与免疫逃逸调控。其通过催化程序性死亡配体1第2位甘氨酸残基, 生成膜锚定的PD-L1-Myr复合物, 显著增强PD-L1的疏水性, 从而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸[28]
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰与磷酸化、棕榈酰化及泛素化等翻译后修饰协同作用, 共同影响其空间定位、功能活性及信号转导。在急性髓系白血病中, Src家族激酶依赖N端肉豆蔻酰化修饰定位于细胞膜, 进而激活FMS样酪氨酸激酶3、干细胞因子受体等关键信号, 诱导下游磷酸化级联反应。NMT抑制剂zelenirstat通过剂量依赖方式与催化位点结合, 阻断SFKs脂质化, 导致磷酸化信号中断并诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[29]。在表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)驱动的肿瘤中, 肉豆蔻酰化与棕榈酰化之间存在协同作用。研究表明, 棕榈酰转移酶DHHC13介导的EGFR棕榈酰化与ARF6的N端肉豆蔻酰化通过脂质互作协同稳定其在膜上的复合体构象。ARF6第3位赖氨酸可招募exocyst复合物, 在EFA6B交换因子促进下完成GTP加载, 驱动EGFR从高尔基体向质膜转运, 进而激活PI3K/ERK信号轴, 阻断该"肉豆蔻酰化-棕榈酰化-GTP酶"协作轴可有效阻断EGFR转运并促进其降解, 显著抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[30]。在肝细胞癌中, NMT1通过识别底物蛋白特异的PxDQxxxxA基序, 对乳腺癌抑制因子、核糖体蛋白L29和类泛素核糖体蛋白S30(FAU)等抑癌蛋白进行修饰, 继而通过核糖体蛋白L7a介导E3连接酶HIST1H4H的泛素化, 使其被蛋白酶体降解。相比之下, NMT1对α2-HS糖蛋白、白蛋白、转铁蛋白等具有CxVxxxE基序的促癌蛋白也施加肉豆蔻酰化修饰, 血红蛋白β亚基可阻止其被识别泛素化, 从而延长其稳定性与半衰期。此外, 共因子POTEE可增强NMT1与底物的结合亲和性, 形成"肉豆蔻酰化-泛素化"动态调控开关, 促使抑癌蛋白耗竭, 促癌蛋白累积, 从而推动肝癌进展[16]。上述研究揭示了肉豆蔻酰化修饰与其他翻译后修饰之间的复杂调控关系, 为靶向干预肿瘤关键通路提供了新思路。
蛋白质肉豆蔻酰化修饰通过调控底物蛋白的膜定位、稳定性及其与信号分子的相互作用, 广泛参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、凋亡、耐药及免疫逃逸等多种生物学过程。NMT1作为核心催化酶, 其异常表达与肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等多种实体瘤的恶性进展密切相关。该修饰还与磷酸化、泛素化、棕榈酰化等其他翻译后修饰协同作用, 形成复杂的信号调控网络, 进一步强化其在肿瘤发生发展中的功能。然而, 肉豆蔻酰化底物的识别序列、特异性调控机制及其与其他脂质修饰间的交互作用仍需进一步阐明。未来研究需进一步明确底物特异性及调控机制, 并开发具有高选择性、安全性及体内稳定性的NMT抑制剂, 为肿瘤精准治疗提供新的策略和手段。

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2026年第42卷第5期
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doi: 10.12360/CPB202508103
  • 接收时间:2025-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30
  • 修回日期:2026-01-23
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    1广西中医药大学基础医学院, 广西 南宁 530022
    2广西高发传染病中西医结合转化医学重点实验室, 广西 南宁 530022
    3广西中医药大学第一附属医院脾胃肝病科, 广西 南宁 530022

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韦燕飞(1976-),女,博士,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向:中医药抗肿瘤基础,通信作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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