Article(id=1284538908943827231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12360/CPB202508068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766937600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-29, revisedDate=1772640000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1784187541470, onlineDateStr=2026-07-16, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1784187541470, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1784187541470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1784187541470, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1284538886084870196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, year='2026', volume='42', issue='5', pageStart='801', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1784187536021, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1784273851637, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1284900920131564389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, issueId=1284538886084870196, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=908, endPage=913, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1284538909182902560, articleId=1284538908943827231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=EN, title=RASAL2 knockout alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by modulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB signaling pathway, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aim

To investigate the role of RAS-like activator 2 (RASAL2) in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

A murine MASH model was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 24 weeks. Hepatic inflammatory gene expression levels were quantified by qRT-PCR. Hepatic immune cell infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry. Bone marrowderived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and cultured in vitro, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide to induce M1 polarization. The expression levels of M1 polarization markers (Nos2, Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Arg1, CD206, Il10) were measured by qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of p-IκBα, IκBα, p-IKKβ, IKKβ, p-P65, and P65 were determined by Western blot.

Results

Compared with wild-type littermates, RASAL2-knockout mice exhibited markedly decreased hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced hepatic mRNA levels of Il1b, Il6, and Tnf, and increased Il10 expression. Flow cytometry revealed a reduction in hepatic immune cells infiltration and a decrease in M1 macrophages in RASAL2-knockout mice. In vitro experiments showed that RASAL2 knockout reduced the expression of M1 polarization marker genes (Nos2, Il1b, Il6, Tnf), increased the expression of M2 polarization marker genes (Arg1, CD206, Il10), and inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway.

Conclusions

RASAL2 knockout attenuates hepatic inflammatory injury in MASH and inhibits M1 macrophage polarization. Its mechanism may be related to the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

, authors=Wen-jie FAN1, Cui HU2, 3, Bing-bing WANG2, 3, Qiao MEI2, 3, Wei-ping ZHANG2, 3, Hao DING2, 3, authorsList=Wen-jie FAN, Cui HU, Bing-bing WANG, Qiao MEI, Wei-ping ZHANG, Hao DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin.All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1284538910327947561, articleId=1284538908943827231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840314070798358, language=CN, title=敲除RASAL2通过NF-κB通路调控巨噬细胞极化减轻代谢相关脂肪性肝炎, columnId=1284538888718889167, journalTitle=中国药理学通报, columnName=分子药理学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨类RAS激活物2(RAS-like activator 2,RASAL2)在代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis,MASH)中的作用及其机制。

方法

通过高脂饲养24周制备MASH小鼠模型。qRT-PCR检测肝脏组织炎症因子基因表达。流式细胞技术检测肝脏免疫细胞浸润情况。提取小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages,BMDM),体外培养并以脂多糖诱导M1极化。qRT-PCR检测BMDM极化标志基因(Nos2Il1bIl6TnfArg1CD206Il10)表达。Western blot检测p-IκBα、IκBα、p-IKKβ、IKKβ、p-P65、P65表达。

结果

与同窝野生型小鼠相比,RASAL2敲除小鼠肝组织炎症细胞浸润减少,Il1bIl6Tnf基因表达均减少,Il10基因表达则增加。流式细胞术分析显示RASAL2敲除小鼠肝脏免疫细胞浸润减少,M1型巨噬细胞比例减少。体外培养的小鼠BMDM,RASAL2敲除组M1型极化标志基因(Nos2Il1bIl6Tnf)表达减低而M2型极化标志基因(Arg1CD206Il10)表达增加,NF-κB通路活化受抑。

结论

RASAL2敲除减轻MASH肝脏炎症损伤,阻滞巨噬细胞向M1极化,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路有关。

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范文洁(1988-),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:肝脏炎症与肿瘤免疫,E-mail:

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丁浩(1989-),男,博士,主治医师,研究方向:脂肪性肝病,通信作者,E-mail:
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A: Representative images of flow cytometry analysis; B: Immune cell infiltration signatures of each group. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01 vs WT-HFD group.

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A: Western blot detection of NF-κB pathway-related proteins; B: Quantification analysis of Western blot results. *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01 vs WT group.

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GeneForward primer(5'→3')Reverse primer(5'→3')
Nos2ACATCGACCCGTCCACAGTATCAGAGGGGTAGGCTTGTCTC
Il1bGCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACTATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT
Il6TCTATACCACTTCACAAGTCGGAGAATTGCCATTGCACAACTCTTT
Il10CTTACTGACTGGCATGAGGATCAGCAGCTCTAGGAGCATGTGG
TnfCAGGCGGTGCCTATGTCTCCGATCACCCCGAAGTTCAGTAG
ArgTGTCCCTAATGACAGCTCCTTGCATCCACCCAAATGACACAT
CD206CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGCCGGAATTTCTGGGATTCAGCTTC
GapdhAACTCCCACTCTTCCACCTTCGTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG
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Primer sequences for qRT-PCR

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GeneForward primer(5'→3')Reverse primer(5'→3')
Nos2ACATCGACCCGTCCACAGTATCAGAGGGGTAGGCTTGTCTC
Il1bGCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACTATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT
Il6TCTATACCACTTCACAAGTCGGAGAATTGCCATTGCACAACTCTTT
Il10CTTACTGACTGGCATGAGGATCAGCAGCTCTAGGAGCATGTGG
TnfCAGGCGGTGCCTATGTCTCCGATCACCCCGAAGTTCAGTAG
ArgTGTCCCTAATGACAGCTCCTTGCATCCACCCAAATGACACAT
CD206CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGCCGGAATTTCTGGGATTCAGCTTC
GapdhAACTCCCACTCTTCCACCTTCGTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG
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敲除RASAL2通过NF-κB通路调控巨噬细胞极化减轻代谢相关脂肪性肝炎
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范文洁 1 , 胡翠 2, 3 , 王兵兵 2, 3 , 梅俏 2, 3 , 张卫平 2, 3 , 丁浩 2, 3
中国药理学通报 | 分子药理学 2026,42(5): 908-913
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中国药理学通报 |分子药理学 2026 , 42 (5) : 908 -913
敲除RASAL2通过NF-κB通路调控巨噬细胞极化减轻代谢相关脂肪性肝炎
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范文洁(1988-),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:肝脏炎症与肿瘤免疫,E-mail:

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范文洁(1988-),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:肝脏炎症与肿瘤免疫,E-mail:

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范文洁1 , 胡翠2, 3, 王兵兵2, 3, 梅俏2, 3, 张卫平2, 3, 丁浩2, 3
作者信息
  • 1安徽医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤放疗科,安徽 合肥 230022
  • 2安徽医科大学第一附属医院消化内科,安徽 合肥 230022
  • 3安徽省消化疾病重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230022
通讯作者:
丁浩(1989-),男,博士,主治医师,研究方向:脂肪性肝病,通信作者,E-mail:
作者简介:

范文洁(1988-),女,硕士,主治医师,研究方向:肝脏炎症与肿瘤免疫,E-mail:

RASAL2 knockout alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by modulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB signaling pathway
Wen-jie FAN1 , Cui HU2, 3, Bing-bing WANG2, 3, Qiao MEI2, 3, Wei-ping ZHANG2, 3, Hao DING2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Dept of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
  • 2Dept of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Anhui Province, Hefei 230022, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.12360/CPB202508068
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目的

探讨类RAS激活物2(RAS-like activator 2,RASAL2)在代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis,MASH)中的作用及其机制。

方法

通过高脂饲养24周制备MASH小鼠模型。qRT-PCR检测肝脏组织炎症因子基因表达。流式细胞技术检测肝脏免疫细胞浸润情况。提取小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages,BMDM),体外培养并以脂多糖诱导M1极化。qRT-PCR检测BMDM极化标志基因(Nos2Il1bIl6TnfArg1CD206Il10)表达。Western blot检测p-IκBα、IκBα、p-IKKβ、IKKβ、p-P65、P65表达。

结果

与同窝野生型小鼠相比,RASAL2敲除小鼠肝组织炎症细胞浸润减少,Il1bIl6Tnf基因表达均减少,Il10基因表达则增加。流式细胞术分析显示RASAL2敲除小鼠肝脏免疫细胞浸润减少,M1型巨噬细胞比例减少。体外培养的小鼠BMDM,RASAL2敲除组M1型极化标志基因(Nos2Il1bIl6Tnf)表达减低而M2型极化标志基因(Arg1CD206Il10)表达增加,NF-κB通路活化受抑。

结论

RASAL2敲除减轻MASH肝脏炎症损伤,阻滞巨噬细胞向M1极化,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB通路有关。

MASH  /  RASAL2  /  巨噬细胞  /  BMDM  /  M1极化  /  NF-κB
Aim

To investigate the role of RAS-like activator 2 (RASAL2) in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

A murine MASH model was established by feeding a high-fat diet for 24 weeks. Hepatic inflammatory gene expression levels were quantified by qRT-PCR. Hepatic immune cell infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry. Bone marrowderived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and cultured in vitro, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide to induce M1 polarization. The expression levels of M1 polarization markers (Nos2, Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Arg1, CD206, Il10) were measured by qRT-PCR. The protein expressions of p-IκBα, IκBα, p-IKKβ, IKKβ, p-P65, and P65 were determined by Western blot.

Results

Compared with wild-type littermates, RASAL2-knockout mice exhibited markedly decreased hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced hepatic mRNA levels of Il1b, Il6, and Tnf, and increased Il10 expression. Flow cytometry revealed a reduction in hepatic immune cells infiltration and a decrease in M1 macrophages in RASAL2-knockout mice. In vitro experiments showed that RASAL2 knockout reduced the expression of M1 polarization marker genes (Nos2, Il1b, Il6, Tnf), increased the expression of M2 polarization marker genes (Arg1, CD206, Il10), and inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway.

Conclusions

RASAL2 knockout attenuates hepatic inflammatory injury in MASH and inhibits M1 macrophage polarization. Its mechanism may be related to the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

MASH  /  RASAL2  /  macrophage  /  BMDM  /  M1 polarization  /  NF-κB
范文洁, 胡翠, 王兵兵, 梅俏, 张卫平, 丁浩. 敲除RASAL2通过NF-κB通路调控巨噬细胞极化减轻代谢相关脂肪性肝炎. 中国药理学通报, 2026 , 42 (5) : 908 -913 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202508068
Wen-jie FAN, Cui HU, Bing-bing WANG, Qiao MEI, Wei-ping ZHANG, Hao DING. RASAL2 knockout alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by modulating macrophage polarization via NF-κB signaling pathway[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2026 , 42 (5) : 908 -913 . DOI: 10.12360/CPB202508068
代谢相关脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis,MASH),旧称非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH),是代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,MAFLD)的进展阶段,是疾病慢性化和复杂化的拐点,由此可进展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌[1]。研究显示MAFLD全球总体患病率为32. 4%,其中约20% 进展为MASH[12]。MASH患者中约11% 在15年内发生肝硬化,近7% 在6. 5年内进展为肝癌[3]。MASH已经成为终末期肝病主要病因,但对于MASH的治疗手段极为匮乏。截至目前,仅有Resmetirom与司美格鲁肽获得美国FDA批准用于治疗MASH。深入理解MASH发病机制、寻找潜在药物靶点、探索新型有效防治策略是目前亟待解决的研究问题。
类RAS激活物2(RAS-like activator 2,RASAL2)基因定位于人1号染色体长臂1q24-25,编码产物含1 139个氨基酸。作为原癌基因RAS的负调控因子,RASAL2参与乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌等多种肿瘤的发生发展过程。近年来研究显示RASAL2还参与到炎症免疫与脂质代谢过程。2017年Zhu等[4]发现RASAL2敲除通过提高RAS蛋白活性减少脂肪形成,进而抵抗肥胖的发生,并且减轻高脂饲养诱导的脂肪组织炎症,减少M2型巨噬细胞浸润。本课题组前期研究发现RASAL2敲除通过促进MTTP介导的脂质转运,明显减轻肝脏脂肪变性,减少肝细胞内脂质沉积[5]。RASAL2是否进一步参与MASH阶段的肝脏炎症损伤过程,尚未见报道。本研究通过延长高脂饲养制备MASH小鼠模型,结合流式细胞学等技术,以探讨RASAL2在MASH肝脏炎症损伤中的作用及其机制。
SPF级RASAL2基因敲除FVB小鼠购自武汉贝赛模式生物科技有限公司,生产许可证号:SCXK(鄂)2022-0029。饲养于安徽医科大学SPF级实验动物中心,温度20 ℃ ~25 ℃,湿度45%~55%,光照12 h,黑暗12 h。选取4~5周龄雄性、RASAL2敲除及同窝野生型小鼠进行实验。本研究获得安徽医科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No LLSC20230268)。
高脂饲料(货号:D12492)、低脂对照饲料(货号:D12450B)购自美国Research Diets公司。M-CSF(货号:315-02)购自美国Peprotech公司。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)(货号:S1732)、红细胞裂解液(货号:C3702)购自上海碧云天公司。Fixable Viability(货号:65-0865-14)以及抗体CD11b(货号:25-0112-82)、CD8(货号:35-0081-82)购自美国Thermo Scientific公司。抗体CD16/32(货号:156603)、CD45(货号:103138)、CD3(货号:100219)、CD4(货号:100437)、F4/80(货号:157308)、CD206(货号:141708)、CD11c(货号:117329)、Ly6G(货号:127618)、Ly6C(货号:128016)、B220(货号:103205)、NK1. 1(货号:156505)购自美国Biolegend公司。抗体p-P65(货号:3033)、P65(货号:6956)、p-IκBα(货号:2859)购自美国CST公司。抗体p-IKKβ(货号:ab194519)购自英国Abcam公司。抗体IκBα(货号:10268-1-AP)、IKKβ(货号:15649-1-AP)、GAPDH(货号:60004-1-Ig)购自武汉Proteintech公司。Percoll(货号:40501ES60)购自上海翌圣生物科技有限公司。胎牛血清、RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司。
qRT-PCR仪(型号:Mx3000P,美国安捷伦科技有限公司);EPS-300电泳仪(上海天能科技有限公司);DM1L型倒置显微镜(德国Leica公司);BD LSRFortessa HTS流式分析仪(美国Becton Dickinson公司)。
参照文献方法[6],采用高脂饲养24周建立MASH小鼠模型,对照组以低脂对照饲料饲养。实验结束前小鼠禁食过夜,以10 g·L-1戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射麻醉,颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,收集肝脏组织用于流式细胞、HE染色、qRT-PCR、Western blot检测。
取新鲜肝脏组织,制备单细胞悬液。吸取过滤后的悬液到离心管中,400 g离心5 min,去上清液。用40% Percoll重悬细胞,400 g离心25 min。小心吸去上清液,加入1×红细胞裂解液重悬细胞沉淀,裂解2 min。加入PBS溶液,400 g离心5 min。去上清液,加入PBS溶液,400 g离心5 min洗涤1次。用含10% 胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基重悬得到白细胞悬液。加入CD16/32抗体冰上封闭10 min。加入免疫细胞特异性荧光抗体标记细胞冰上孵育30 min。PBS洗涤后加入适量PBS重悬细胞。上机行流式细胞检测,FlowJo 10. 8. 0软件圈门分析。
处死小鼠后分离股骨和胫骨,剪开干骺端,用含105 IU·L-1青霉素和100 mg·L-1链霉素的DMEM培养基冲洗髓腔,收集悬液,1 000 r·min-1离心5 min,弃上清液,加入1×红细胞裂解液裂解10 min,离心后弃上清液,PBS洗涤2次,加入含10% 胎牛血清、105 IU·L-1青霉素、100 mg·L-1链霉素、10 μg· L-1巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的DMEM培养基,5% CO2、37 ℃培养,隔日换液1次,一周后以100 μg·L-1 LPS刺激诱导M1分化,24 h后收集RNA以及蛋白。
TRIzol法提取RNA,逆转录为cDNA。qRT-PCR扩增,以GAPDH为内参基因,采用2-△△CT法计算待测基因相对表达差异。所用引物序列见 Tab 1
收集组织样品,加入RIPA蛋白裂解液,匀浆后冰上裂解30 min,12 000 r·min-1离心15 min后收集上清液,得到总蛋白样品。电转印法将电泳条带转移到PVDF膜上。5% 牛血清白蛋白封闭PVDF膜非特异抗原,TBST洗涤,依次加一抗、孵育、洗涤、二抗、孵育、洗涤。ECL试剂盒显影曝光。使用ImageJ软件对图像结果进行定量分析。
取部分肝脏组织固定于4% 多聚甲醛中,石蜡包埋后切片,行HE染色,脱水、透明后以中性树脂封片。使用光学显微镜观察并拍照保存。
采用SPSS 16. 0软件进行数据统计分析。结果以 x±s表示;两组间比较采用t检验。检验水准α=0. 05。
与正常饮食(normal control diet,NCD)组相比,高脂饮食(high-fat diet,HFD)组小鼠肝脏出现大量脂肪空泡样改变,细胞排列紊乱,可见较多炎症细胞浸润。与野生型(wild type,WT)小鼠相比,RASAL2敲除(knockout,KO)小鼠肝脏脂肪变性程度明显减轻,这与我们之前的研究一致[5]。与WT-HFD小鼠相比,KO-HFD小鼠的肝脏炎症细胞浸润明显减少(Fig 1A)。qRT-PCR检测显示肝脏促炎基因Il6TnfIl1b表达明显减低,抗炎基因Il10表达明显增加(Fig 1B)。
Fig 2所示,与WT-HFD小鼠相比,KO-HFD小鼠肝脏多种免疫细胞浸润(中性粒细胞、单核细胞、CD4+T细胞、巨噬细胞)均明显减少,其中以巨噬细胞减少最为明显,包括肝脏常驻库普弗细胞(Kupffer cell,KC)与单核细胞来源巨噬细胞(monocyte-derived macrophages,MoMF)均明显减少(P < 0. 01)。进一步对巨噬细胞极化状态进行检测分析,结果显示KO-HFD小鼠M1型巨噬细胞比例较WT-HFD小鼠明显减少(P < 0. 05)。以上结果表明RASAL2敲除可以明显减少肝脏免疫细胞浸润,并且能够抑制巨噬细胞M1极化。
进一步提取小鼠骨髓细胞,巨噬细胞集落刺激因子诱导分化7 d,显微镜下观察BMDM呈贴壁生长,细胞呈不规则或梭形(Fig 3A)。以LPS刺激24 h诱导M1极化,qRT-PCR检测M1极化标志Nos2Il1bIl6Tnf以及M2极化标志Arg1CD206Il10基因表达情况,结果发现RASAL2敲除组BMDM M1极化标志基因表达明显降低而M2极化标志基因表达明显增加(Fig 3B)。以上结果表明RASAL2敲除可以抑制LPS诱导的BMDM向M1极化。
NF-κB信号通路是调控巨噬细胞极化的关键机制,我们进一步对LPS刺激的BMDM细胞中的NF-κB信号通路活化状态进行检测。如 Fig 4所示,与WT对照组相比,RASAL2敲除组p-IKKβ/IKKβ、p-IκBα/IκBα、p-P65/P65比值均明显降低,以上结果表明RASAL2敲除可以阻滞NF-κB信号通路的活化。
RASAL2蛋白隶属于RasGAP家族,含有PH、C2、GAP 3个结构域,其中PH结构域和C2结构域的功能尚未完全明确,而GAP结构域可以催化GTP水解从而发挥对RAS活性的负性调节作用[78]。既往关于RasGAP的研究多数与肿瘤相关,近年来的研究显示RasGAP与免疫调控密切相关。研究发现RASAL3敲除小鼠NKT细胞数量明显减少,并且NKT细胞IL-4和IFN-γ的产生减少;此外,RASAL3被发现高表达于中性粒细胞,敲除RASAL3导致中性粒细胞过度炎症反应[910]。Ying等[11]发现RASA1作为miR-223的靶基因参与PPARγ调控的巨噬细胞M2极化过程。Carnevale等[12]发现RASA2是T细胞的信号检查点,RASA2敲除能够增强嵌合抗原受体T细胞的细胞毒性活性。作为同一蛋白家族成员,RASAL2也被发现可以影响脂肪组织M2型巨噬细胞浸润[4]。本研究发现RASAL2敲除小鼠肝脏炎症细胞浸润减少,促炎基因Il6TnfIl1b表达减低,抗炎基因Il10表达增加;流式细胞分析显示中性粒细胞、单核细胞、CD4+T细胞、巨噬细胞浸润均明显减少;表明RASAL2可以减轻肝脏免疫炎症损伤。
免疫细胞浸润是MASH的关键特征。巨噬细胞是肝脏最主要的免疫细胞,约占肝脏所有细胞数量的10%~20%,人体全身巨噬细胞总量的80%~90%。巨噬细胞浸润是MASH发展的早期事件,并且与疾病进展相关。根据不同微环境巨噬细胞可极化为不同亚型,在LPS或干扰素等刺激下分化为M1型巨噬细胞,高表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶,释放IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子,促进炎症发展;在IL-4、IL-13等刺激下分化为M2型巨噬细胞,高表达精氨酸酶-1、CD206、YM-1,分泌IL-10等抗炎因子,具有抗炎、促进组织修复的作用[13]。巨噬细胞还可以通过招募B细胞、T细胞、中性粒细胞等其他炎症细胞以及产生过氧亚硝酸盐、超氧化物等活性氧参与MASH炎症损伤过程;此外,巨噬细胞分泌的IL-6、TGF-β作为肝星状细胞与肌成纤维细胞的激活因子促进MASH肝纤维化的发生发展[14]。本研究发现RASAL2敲除小鼠肝脏巨噬细胞浸润减少,M1型巨噬细胞比例降低,提取BMDM并以LPS刺激后发现敲除RASAL2明显抑制M1极化;表明RASAL2可以调控巨噬细胞极化,敲除RASAL2通过抑制巨噬细胞向促炎M1型极化减轻MASH肝脏炎症。
巨噬细胞极化调控机制复杂,涉及多个信号通路、转录因子及表观遗传调控;如miR-125、miR-155等与M1极化相关,而miR-147、miR-187等与M2极化相关[15];涉及的调控通路包括NF-κB通路、JAKSTAT通路、TGF-β/Smads通路、PPARγ通路、Notch信号,其中NF-κB通路是巨噬细胞极化调控的关键信号通路[16]。NF-κB由RelA(P65)、RelB、c-Rel、P100/P52和P105/P50五个家族成员中的两个同源或异源二聚体构成,其中P50/P65异源二聚体是经典NF-κB信号通路的核心转录因子[1718]。NF-κB受到上游分子IKK与IκB的严格调控。IKK由两种激酶(IKKα、IKKβ)以及一种调节亚基(IKKγ)组成,激活的上游受体首先磷酸化激活IKKβ,进而磷酸化IκB,解除IκB对NF-κB的抑制,使P50/P65异源二聚体释放并易位至细胞核中,导致巨噬细胞向M1极化以及大量炎症基因表达[17]。本研究发现在LPS刺激的BMDM细胞中,RASAL2敲除明显抑制IKK与IκB磷酸化,P65磷酸化明显减少,表明RASAL2敲除能够抑制NF-κB通路活化,提示RASAL2可能通过NF-κB信号通路调控巨噬细胞极化。
综上所述,RASAL2敲除能够减轻高脂饲养诱导的MASH小鼠肝脏炎症损伤,减少中性粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞等多种炎症细胞浸润,阻滞巨噬细胞M1极化,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路有关。本研究首次阐明RASAL2对MASH肝脏炎症的影响并初步探讨了其可能机制,研究结果有助于深化对MASH发病机制的认识,也为RASAL2作为MASH潜在干预靶点提供了理论依据。需要注意的是我们的研究对象仅限于小鼠以及小鼠来源的BMDM,研究结论是否可以推广到人类尚不确定。此外,RASAL2调控NF-κB信号通路的具体分子机制尚未明确。NF-κB信号通路是否是RASAL2调控巨噬细胞极化的唯一机制?巨噬细胞是否是RASAL2减轻MASH的唯一效应细胞?这些问题尚需后续研究进一步探讨。

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doi: 10.12360/CPB202508068
  • 接收时间:2025-12-29
  • 首发时间:2026-07-16
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-29
  • 修回日期:2026-03-05
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    1安徽医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤放疗科,安徽 合肥 230022
    2安徽医科大学第一附属医院消化内科,安徽 合肥 230022
    3安徽省消化疾病重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230022

通讯作者:

丁浩(1989-),男,博士,主治医师,研究方向:脂肪性肝病,通信作者,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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