Article(id=1325532658025128640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325531848021140417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025334, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=1757260800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961212878, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961212878, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961212878, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961212878, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325531848021140417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961019759, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961019759, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1554, endPage=1558, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325532665923003073, articleId=1325532658025128640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of group differences and related factors in high-temperature health behaviors among college students from a cognitive-efficacy perspective, columnId=1259565859148804482, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Health Education and Promotion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

Based on the theoretical framework of Risk Perception-Efficacy Appraisal-Behavioral Response, the study aims to explore the group heterogeneity in high-temperature health risk perception and behavioral responses among college students in Chongqing, so as to provide a scientific basis for implementing differentiated health interventions.

Methods

A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select 856 students from five universities in Chongqing.Data were collected using a validated questionnaire.One-way analysis of variance and independent samples t-test were used to analyze individual differences, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine relationships between variables, multiple linear regression was used to identify influencing factors, a structural equation model was constructed to validate the theoretical pathways, and the Bootstrap method was applied to test mediating effects.

Results

In the risk perception dimension, the severity score of high-temperature health hazards among college students (3.28±0.89) was higher than that of susceptibility score (2.94±0.93).Efficacy appraisal showed that the response efficacy score was the highest (3.91±0.81).In behavioral responses, adaptive behaviors were most prominent (5.43±2.75), while emergency preparedness behaviors were the lowest (2.71±1.33).The structural equation model validated the pathway of "threat appraisal → efficacy appraisal → behavioral response" (χ2/df=2.49, RMSEA=0.05).Self-efficacy played a fully mediating role between threat appraisal and behavioral response, with a mediation effect value of 0.10(95%CI=0.02-0.19).K-means cluster analysis categorized the subjects into three groups, with the core barriers to behavior being economic constraints (22.3%), lack of motivation (34.8%), and insufficient cognition (34.1%), respectively.

Conclusions

Decision-making regarding high-temperature health behaviors among college students follows psychological pathway of "cognition-appraisal-action" with self-efficacy serving as a key mediating variable driving behavioral change.Targeted interventions should be implemented for groups with different characteristics.

, authors=Qian ZHANG1, Xuesen YANG2, 3, Yongjun LUO*, 1, 3, authorsList=Qian ZHANG, Xuesen YANG, Yongjun LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongjun LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325532683593605826, articleId=1325532658025128640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=认知-效能视角下高校学生高温健康行为的群体差异与相关因素分析, columnId=1259565859903779205, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=健康教育与健康促进, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

基于"风险感知-效能评估-行为响应"理论框架, 探讨重庆市高校学生高温健康风险感知与行为响应的群体异质性, 为实施差异化健康干预提供科学依据。

方法

运用分层整群抽样法选取重庆市5所高校856名学生为研究对象, 自编问卷收集数据。运用单因素方差分析和独立样本t检验分析个体差异, 采用Pearson相关分析探究变量间相关性, 多元线性回归分析影响因素, 构建结构方程模型验证理论路径, 利用Bootstrap法检验中介效应。

结果

在风险感知维度上, 高校学生高温健康危害严重性评分[(3.28±0.89)分]高于易感性[(2.94±0.93)分]; 效能评估显示反应效能得分最高[(3.91±0.81)分]; 行为响应中适应行为[(5.43±2.75)分]最突出, 应急准备行为[(2.71±1.33)分]最低; 结构方程模型验证了"威胁评估→应对评估→行为响应"路径(χ2/df=2.49, RMSEA=0.05), 自我效能在威胁评估与行为响应间起完全中介作用, 中介效应值为0.10(95%CI=0.02~0.19)。K-means聚类分析将研究对象划分为3类群体, 其行为障碍核心因素分别为经济约束(22.3%)、动机缺乏(34.8%)、认知不足(34.1%)。

结论

大学生高温健康行为决策遵循"认知-评估-行动"的心理机制, 自我效能是驱动行为转化的关键中介变量, 需针对不同特征的群体实施精准化干预。

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张倩(2000-),女,重庆市人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为公共政策、气候变化与人群健康

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罗勇军,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325532690736505539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325532691072049860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, companyId=1325532690736505539, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Military Medical Geography, Logistics Training Base, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325532691122381509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, companyId=1325532690736505539, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学卫勤训练基地军事医学地理学教研室, 重庆 400038)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325532691957048006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325532691969630919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, companyId=1325532691957048006, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学军事预防医学系热带医学教研室)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325532692397449928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325532693139841737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, companyId=1325532692397449928, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3极端环境医学教育部重点实验室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325532713054397158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of perceived high-temperature health risk perception and behavior responses among college students with different characteristics(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值威胁评估应对评估行为响应
易感性严重性反应效能自我效能反应代价适应行为缓解行为应急准备行为
性别女5283.13±0.823.37±0.853.95±0.733.27±0.683.00±0.695.76±2.694.89±2.432.81±1.34
男3282.64±1.013.15±0.943.84±0.933.39±0.892.77±0.854.91±2.774.00±2.312.53±1.32
t值7.373.601.74-2.104.174.435.382.99
P值< 0.01< 0.010.080.04< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年龄/岁18~227152.91±0.903.26±0.893.88±0.803.27±0.742.90±0.745.39±2.704.69±2.432.76±1.35
23~271243.16±1.013.40±0.913.99±0.913.46±0.883.03±0.875.73±2.933.86±2.202.44±1.16
28~37172.77±1.163.53±0.944.29±0.503.31±0.772.77±0.975.24±3.423.77±2.442.29±1.45
F值4.352.062.909.791.940.898.054.02
P值0.010.130.06< 0.010.150.41< 0.010.02
年级大一2222.85±0.813.24±0.843.77±0.843.17±0.712.81±0.675.41±2.624.86±2.402.94±1.37
大二2082.91±0.953.25±0.913.97±0.853.32±0.762.92±0.795.34±2.764.43±2.432.62±1.33
大三2033.04±0.873.33±0.833.92±0.673.33±0.742.99±0.695.37±2.714.76±2.412.78±1.38
大四1022.65±1.033.11±1.023.84±0.923.23±0.802.81±0.775.62±2.874.76±2.572.60±1.30
大五252.96±1.253.32±1.093.86±0.973.70±1.003.04±1.035.44±3.004.08±2.252.72±1.31
硕士813.35±0.883.60±0.784.15±0.703.54±0.793.10±0.875.86±2.893.62±2.032.33±1.08
博士153.00±1.213.30±1.164.07±1.053.67±0.962.77±1.084.33±3.023.20±2.272.13±1.25
F值5.092.853.014.342.330.874.803.10
P值< 0.010.010.01< 0.010.040.52< 0.010.01
专业医学类1502.88±1.073.27±0.953.96±0.903.55±0.872.94±0.845.29±3.153.53±2.132.38±1.22
理工科2312.97±0.853.29±0.903.91±0.793.26±0.762.88±0.775.360±2.724.56±2.502.64±1.38
文科3392.91±0.903.28±0.853.87±0.813.26±0.732.89±0.725.63±2.614.99±2.342.86±1.31
艺术体育类1173.02±0.883.30±0.903.85±0.793.23±0.702.95±0.715.19±2.594.57±2.422.85±1.40
其他193.11±1.363.37±1.014.29±0.563.50±0.873.21±1.005.47±3.124.47±2.862.37±1.26
F值0.600.071.525.111.020.8411.424.26
P值0.660.990.20< 0.010.390.50< 0.01< 0.01
籍贯重庆籍6092.92±0.873.25±0.853.89±0.803.27±0.742.90±0.745.46±2.734.79±2.422.81±1.37
非重庆籍2472.99±1.063.36±0.983.95±0.843.42±0.832.95±0.815.36±2.793.95±2.322.46±1.22
t值-0.89-1.59-1.11-2.45-1.020.504.693.49
P值0.380.110.270.020.310.62< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325532713431884519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同特征高校学生高温健康风险感知及行为响应得分比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值威胁评估应对评估行为响应
易感性严重性反应效能自我效能反应代价适应行为缓解行为应急准备行为
性别女5283.13±0.823.37±0.853.95±0.733.27±0.683.00±0.695.76±2.694.89±2.432.81±1.34
男3282.64±1.013.15±0.943.84±0.933.39±0.892.77±0.854.91±2.774.00±2.312.53±1.32
t值7.373.601.74-2.104.174.435.382.99
P值< 0.01< 0.010.080.04< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年龄/岁18~227152.91±0.903.26±0.893.88±0.803.27±0.742.90±0.745.39±2.704.69±2.432.76±1.35
23~271243.16±1.013.40±0.913.99±0.913.46±0.883.03±0.875.73±2.933.86±2.202.44±1.16
28~37172.77±1.163.53±0.944.29±0.503.31±0.772.77±0.975.24±3.423.77±2.442.29±1.45
F值4.352.062.909.791.940.898.054.02
P值0.010.130.06< 0.010.150.41< 0.010.02
年级大一2222.85±0.813.24±0.843.77±0.843.17±0.712.81±0.675.41±2.624.86±2.402.94±1.37
大二2082.91±0.953.25±0.913.97±0.853.32±0.762.92±0.795.34±2.764.43±2.432.62±1.33
大三2033.04±0.873.33±0.833.92±0.673.33±0.742.99±0.695.37±2.714.76±2.412.78±1.38
大四1022.65±1.033.11±1.023.84±0.923.23±0.802.81±0.775.62±2.874.76±2.572.60±1.30
大五252.96±1.253.32±1.093.86±0.973.70±1.003.04±1.035.44±3.004.08±2.252.72±1.31
硕士813.35±0.883.60±0.784.15±0.703.54±0.793.10±0.875.86±2.893.62±2.032.33±1.08
博士153.00±1.213.30±1.164.07±1.053.67±0.962.77±1.084.33±3.023.20±2.272.13±1.25
F值5.092.853.014.342.330.874.803.10
P值< 0.010.010.01< 0.010.040.52< 0.010.01
专业医学类1502.88±1.073.27±0.953.96±0.903.55±0.872.94±0.845.29±3.153.53±2.132.38±1.22
理工科2312.97±0.853.29±0.903.91±0.793.26±0.762.88±0.775.360±2.724.56±2.502.64±1.38
文科3392.91±0.903.28±0.853.87±0.813.26±0.732.89±0.725.63±2.614.99±2.342.86±1.31
艺术体育类1173.02±0.883.30±0.903.85±0.793.23±0.702.95±0.715.19±2.594.57±2.422.85±1.40
其他193.11±1.363.37±1.014.29±0.563.50±0.873.21±1.005.47±3.124.47±2.862.37±1.26
F值0.600.071.525.111.020.8411.424.26
P值0.660.990.20< 0.010.390.50< 0.01< 0.01
籍贯重庆籍6092.92±0.873.25±0.853.89±0.803.27±0.742.90±0.745.46±2.734.79±2.422.81±1.37
非重庆籍2472.99±1.063.36±0.983.95±0.843.42±0.832.95±0.815.36±2.793.95±2.322.46±1.22
t值-0.89-1.59-1.11-2.45-1.020.504.693.49
P值0.380.110.270.020.310.62< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325532714966999784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of perceived high-temperature health risk perception among college students with different coping types(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应对类型人数易感性严重性反应效能自我效能反应代价
积极应对型1862.90±0.993.24±0.914.09±0.703.43±0.762.86±0.73
被动应对型3402.97±0.843.37±0.834.03±0.693.35±0.692.93±0.74
消极回避型3302.93±0.983.23±0.943.67±0.933.20±0.832.92±0.80
F值0.332.3824.596.030.61
P值0.720.09< 0.01< 0.010.55
), ArticleFig(id=1325532717898818282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同应对类型高校学生高温健康风险感知得分比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应对类型人数易感性严重性反应效能自我效能反应代价
积极应对型1862.90±0.993.24±0.914.09±0.703.43±0.762.86±0.73
被动应对型3402.97±0.843.37±0.834.03±0.693.35±0.692.93±0.74
消极回避型3302.93±0.983.23±0.943.67±0.933.20±0.832.92±0.80
F值0.332.3824.596.030.61
P值0.720.09< 0.01< 0.010.55
), ArticleFig(id=1325532719127749356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Distribution of causes of high-temperature health behavior disorders among college students of different coping types

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应对类型选择频次不知道有效方法觉得麻烦经济成本高周围人不采取身体条件不允许其他
积极应对型395129(32.7)112(28.3)88(22.3)54(13.7)11(2.8)1(0.2)
被动应对型546176(32.2)190(34.8)83(15.2)77(14.1)14(2.6)6(1.1)
消极回避型464158(34.1)153(33.0)74(15.9)59(12.7)17(3.7)3(0.6)
总体1 405463(33.0)455(32.4)245(17.4)190(13.5)42(3.0)10(0.7)
), ArticleFig(id=1325532719643648749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532658025128640, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同应对类型高校学生高温健康行为障碍原因分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应对类型选择频次不知道有效方法觉得麻烦经济成本高周围人不采取身体条件不允许其他
积极应对型395129(32.7)112(28.3)88(22.3)54(13.7)11(2.8)1(0.2)
被动应对型546176(32.2)190(34.8)83(15.2)77(14.1)14(2.6)6(1.1)
消极回避型464158(34.1)153(33.0)74(15.9)59(12.7)17(3.7)3(0.6)
总体1 405463(33.0)455(32.4)245(17.4)190(13.5)42(3.0)10(0.7)
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认知-效能视角下高校学生高温健康行为的群体差异与相关因素分析
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张倩 1 , 杨学森 2, 3 , 罗勇军 *, 1, 3
中国学校卫生 | 健康教育与健康促进 2025,46(11): 1554-1558
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中国学校卫生 |健康教育与健康促进 2025 , 46 (11) : 1554 -1558
认知-效能视角下高校学生高温健康行为的群体差异与相关因素分析
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张倩(2000-),女,重庆市人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为公共政策、气候变化与人群健康

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张倩1, 杨学森2, 3, 罗勇军*, 1, 3
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学卫勤训练基地军事医学地理学教研室, 重庆 400038
  • 2陆军军医大学军事预防医学系热带医学教研室
  • 3极端环境医学教育部重点实验室
通讯作者:
罗勇军,E-mail:
作者简介:

张倩(2000-),女,重庆市人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为公共政策、气候变化与人群健康

Analysis of group differences and related factors in high-temperature health behaviors among college students from a cognitive-efficacy perspective
Qian ZHANG1, Xuesen YANG2, 3, Yongjun LUO*, 1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Military Medical Geography, Logistics Training Base, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025334
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目的

基于"风险感知-效能评估-行为响应"理论框架, 探讨重庆市高校学生高温健康风险感知与行为响应的群体异质性, 为实施差异化健康干预提供科学依据。

方法

运用分层整群抽样法选取重庆市5所高校856名学生为研究对象, 自编问卷收集数据。运用单因素方差分析和独立样本t检验分析个体差异, 采用Pearson相关分析探究变量间相关性, 多元线性回归分析影响因素, 构建结构方程模型验证理论路径, 利用Bootstrap法检验中介效应。

结果

在风险感知维度上, 高校学生高温健康危害严重性评分[(3.28±0.89)分]高于易感性[(2.94±0.93)分]; 效能评估显示反应效能得分最高[(3.91±0.81)分]; 行为响应中适应行为[(5.43±2.75)分]最突出, 应急准备行为[(2.71±1.33)分]最低; 结构方程模型验证了"威胁评估→应对评估→行为响应"路径(χ2/df=2.49, RMSEA=0.05), 自我效能在威胁评估与行为响应间起完全中介作用, 中介效应值为0.10(95%CI=0.02~0.19)。K-means聚类分析将研究对象划分为3类群体, 其行为障碍核心因素分别为经济约束(22.3%)、动机缺乏(34.8%)、认知不足(34.1%)。

结论

大学生高温健康行为决策遵循"认知-评估-行动"的心理机制, 自我效能是驱动行为转化的关键中介变量, 需针对不同特征的群体实施精准化干预。

认知  /  行为  /  健康促进  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

Based on the theoretical framework of Risk Perception-Efficacy Appraisal-Behavioral Response, the study aims to explore the group heterogeneity in high-temperature health risk perception and behavioral responses among college students in Chongqing, so as to provide a scientific basis for implementing differentiated health interventions.

Methods

A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select 856 students from five universities in Chongqing.Data were collected using a validated questionnaire.One-way analysis of variance and independent samples t-test were used to analyze individual differences, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to examine relationships between variables, multiple linear regression was used to identify influencing factors, a structural equation model was constructed to validate the theoretical pathways, and the Bootstrap method was applied to test mediating effects.

Results

In the risk perception dimension, the severity score of high-temperature health hazards among college students (3.28±0.89) was higher than that of susceptibility score (2.94±0.93).Efficacy appraisal showed that the response efficacy score was the highest (3.91±0.81).In behavioral responses, adaptive behaviors were most prominent (5.43±2.75), while emergency preparedness behaviors were the lowest (2.71±1.33).The structural equation model validated the pathway of "threat appraisal → efficacy appraisal → behavioral response" (χ2/df=2.49, RMSEA=0.05).Self-efficacy played a fully mediating role between threat appraisal and behavioral response, with a mediation effect value of 0.10(95%CI=0.02-0.19).K-means cluster analysis categorized the subjects into three groups, with the core barriers to behavior being economic constraints (22.3%), lack of motivation (34.8%), and insufficient cognition (34.1%), respectively.

Conclusions

Decision-making regarding high-temperature health behaviors among college students follows psychological pathway of "cognition-appraisal-action" with self-efficacy serving as a key mediating variable driving behavioral change.Targeted interventions should be implemented for groups with different characteristics.

Cognition  /  Behavior  /  Health promotion  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
张倩, 杨学森, 罗勇军. 认知-效能视角下高校学生高温健康行为的群体差异与相关因素分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1554 -1558 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025334
Qian ZHANG, Xuesen YANG, Yongjun LUO. Analysis of group differences and related factors in high-temperature health behaviors among college students from a cognitive-efficacy perspective[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1554 -1558 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025334
政府间气候变化专门委员会第六次评估报告指出,2011—2020年全球地表温度较1850—1900年上升了1.1 ℃,持续的温室气体排放还将导致全球气温进一步升高[1]。极端高温天气现象频繁发生,对人类健康也构成严重威胁[2]。作为典型的内陆盆地城市,根据气象部门监测数据,2011—2024年重庆市主城区年均极端高温天数(日最高气温≥35 ℃)达38.6 d,其中2022年夏季曾出现突破43 ℃的极端高温天气[3]。
青年学生作为社会重要群体,其健康状况备受关注。高校学生正处于这一年龄段,加上集体居住的生活方式,其在高温健康风险感知和行为响应方面表现出明显的个体差异[4]。保护动机理论为理解健康行为决策提供了重要框架,该理论认为个体的威胁感知与应对评估(特别是自我效能)共同影响行为选择[5]。基于此,本研究聚焦于高校学生在高温环境下“风险认知-效能评估-行为响应”机制,为教育部门制定差异化的校园高温健康管理方案提供实证依据。
以重庆市高校学生为调查对象,样本量估算采用Cochran公式[6],计算得基础样本量384人,考虑10%无效样本,调整后最小样本量为427人。
2025年6月满足连续3 d超过35 ℃天气条件时,采用分层整群随机抽样法,根据重庆市行政区域分布,方便随机抽取5所高校(含综合类、理工类、医学类、师范类等),每所高校按年级分层随机抽取4个班级,向班级内所有学生发放问卷。共发放问卷882份,剔除逻辑矛盾、缺失值>10%的问卷,回收有效问卷856份,有效回收率为97.1%。其中男生328名,女生528名;汉族学生789名,少数民族67名。调查对象均知情同意,并获得陆军军医大学医学伦理委员会审批(2023第2-02)。
采用自行设计调查表,调查性别、年龄、年级、专业、籍贯等。
基于保护动机理论框架,结合相关文献[7-9]分析修订而成。风险感知包含威胁评估(易感性、严重性)和应对评估(自我效能、反应效能、反应代价),共5个维度10个条目,采用Likert 5点计分,维度得分为所属条目均分,得分越高表明风险感知水平越高。行为响应包括适应、缓解、应急准备3个方面,适应和缓解行为各10个条目,应急准备行为6个条目,并设“其他”项供补充,采用行为计数法,调查对象每选择1项计1分,“其他”项填写具体内容,符合该维度范畴计1分,得分越高表明行为响应越积极。设置原因多选题,以分析行为障碍。问卷信效度良好,Cronbach α系数为0.88,KMO=0.77,Bartlett球形检验P < 0.01。
调查前对参与调查的人员进行统一培训,确保统一操作,避免主观诱导。调查中详细阐释本次调查的目的和填写方法,实时巡场核查,避免缺项、逻辑错误。数据录入采用平行双录入,结合原始问卷核查修正,保障数据质量。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行数据分析,通过Shapiro-Wilk检验验证正态性,符合正态分布的计量资料用(x±s)表示,计数资料用频数、百分比呈现;运用Pearson相关分析变量间关联;组间比较采用方差分析或独立样本t检验。多元线性回归分析相关因素[逐步回归法筛选变量,方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor, VIF) < 5检验共线性];构建结构方程模型验证路径,通过χ2/df < 3、拟合优度指数(goodness of fit index,GFI)>0.9、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA) < 0.08等指标评价拟合度;Bootstrap法重复抽样5 000次检验中介效应,双侧检验水准α=0.05。
高校学生高温健康威胁评估中严重性[(3.28±0.89)分]得分高于易感性[(2.94±0.93)分];在应对评估方面,反应效能[(3.91±0.81)分]认知最优。适应行为[(5.43±2.75)分]表现最为突出,而应急准备行为[(2.71±1.33)分]的得分最低。行为响应类各维度的标准差均大于感知维度,说明个体在行为实践层面存在更大的异质性。
Pearson相关分析显示,高校学生易感性与严重性得分呈正相关,反应代价与易感性、严重性得分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.66,0.39,0.41),应急准备行为与缓解行为、适应行为得分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.55,0.53)(P值均 < 0.01),但与易感性、严重性得分关联性无统计学意义(r值分别为-0.01,-0.03,P值均>0.05)。
女生严重性、易感性及反应代价得分均高于男生,男生自我效能得分均高于女生(P值均 < 0.05)。不同年龄组学生的易感性、自我效能得分差异均有统计学意义;不同年级学生的易感性、严重性、反应效能、自我效能和反应代价5个维度得分差异均有统计学意义,医学专业学生自我效能得分最高,非重庆籍生源学生也表现出相对较强的自我效能(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。
女生在各类行为中均表现更积极;18~22岁学生缓解行为与应急准备行为实施率更高;本科一年级学生缓解行为、应急准备行为得分较高;文科专业学生缓解行为和应急准备行为得分较高;重庆籍学生缓解行为与应急准备行为更突出(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。
以高校学生适应行为和缓解行为为因变量(均为连续型变量),年级(1=大一,2=大二,3=大三,4=大四,5=大五,6=硕士,7=博士)、籍贯(1=重庆籍,2=非重庆籍)、适应行为(缓解行为模型中,连续型变量)和缓解行为(适应行为模型中,连续型变量)为自变量纳入多元线性回归模型,结果显示,适应行为回归模型中(R2=0.79,P < 0.01),缓解行为为最强预测因子(β=0.84);高年级、重庆籍与学生适应行为均呈正向关联(β值分别为0.07,0.08)(P值均 < 0.05)。缓解行为模型中(R2=0.79),适应行为为核心预测变量(β=0.82);高年级、重庆籍特征与学生缓解行为均呈负向关联(β值分别为-0.06,-0.08)(P值均 < 0.05)。两类模型均无多重共线性(VIF < 2.5)。
基于保护动机理论构建的“威胁评估→应对评估→行为响应”结构方程模型拟合度良好(χ2/df=2.49,RMSEA=0.05,GFI、CFI等均≥0.98)。路径上,威胁评估正向预测应对评估(β=0.39),应对评估驱动行为响应(β=0.23)(P值均 < 0.01)。Bootstrap法(5 000次抽样)检验证实,自我效能在威胁评估与行为响应间起完全中介作用,中介效应值为0.10(SE=0.04,95%CI=0.02~0.19)。当引入自我效能变量后,风险感知对行为响应的直接效应消失(β=0.13,SE=0.08,效应量=0.06,P=0.12),证实中介路径的完整性。
K-means聚类分析(经肘部法则验证)将研究对象划分为3类群体(积极应对型、被动应对型、消极回避型),其在反应效能与自我效能评估上差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。积极应对型(28.6%,245名)的行为响应Z值(1.206~1.273)最高,自我效能与反应效能领先;被动应对型(39.1%,335名)行为响应水平中等(Z=-0.068~0.300),效能评估低于积极应对型;消极回避型(32.3%,276名)行为响应全面滞后(Z=-0.989~-0.633),效能评估最低。风险感知上,3类群体易感性、严重性和反应代价评估差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。见表2。
行为障碍结果显示,3类群体中积极应对型(21.7%,186名)中22.3%受经济成本制约,被动基础应对型(39.7%,340名)中34.8%因“觉得麻烦”回避行为,消极回避型(38.6%,330名)中34.1%存在知识缺乏问题。即知识缺乏和个人意愿低是阻碍3类人群采取行为的核心因素,其中消极回避型受这两类因素影响更为突出,而积极应对型对经济成本的关注度相对更高。见表3。
研究结果表明,不同性别高校学生对高温健康风险应对策略不同。女生对健康风险威胁感知更敏锐,适应行为实施表现也优于男生,而男生在自我效能方面表现出相对优势,与Eagly等[10]提出的“社会角色理论”观点一致。
部分高校学生群体中存在感知评估与行为响应的解离现象[11]。医学生虽然自我效能评分较高,但实际采取的缓解行为频率却相对较低。这种矛盾可能源于两个机制,一方面是专业教育提升了防护措施有效性的评判标准,导致常规干预手段被评估为“效果有限”;另一方面也存在责任转移倾向,将健康维护的主要责任归咎于专业医疗机构。类似地,研究生群体虽然对高温危害的认知程度较高,但防护行为的执行度明显不足,与决策理论中“资源约束下的优先级调整”机制相吻合[12]。
研究结果验证了保护动机理论的核心假设,自我效能在威胁评估与行为响应间发挥完全中介作用,但效能对行为的预测存在边界条件:高效能群体中仍有22.3%的学生因经济障碍未能采取有效防护,印证了经济壁垒的绝对性作用,应对效能可缓冲经济压力,但低收入者更易暴露于资源匮乏的劣势中,形成“效能失效区”[13]。在高温慢性风险情境中,效能评估对行为反应的预测力超越威胁评估。与健康行为发展理论的核心观点相呼应,强调持续性风险情境下效能信念主导行为改变[14]。同时也与郑盼盼等[15]在慢性管理研究中提出的“效能驱动模型”相似,效能评估通过持续性自我管理行为成为核心预测因子。
基于群体异质性特征,本研究提出分层精准干预方案。按应对类型的靶向干预:积极应对型学生,行为积极性较高,但部分受经济成本制约,学校可以联动后勤部门建立防暑物资梯度补贴制度,根据家庭经济情况分级提供补助,同时强化同伴规范作用[16]。被动应对型学生(34.8%)因“觉得麻烦”而回避行为,学校可设计“五分钟防暑启动包”,降低行为启动门槛,提升参与度。针对消极回避型学生存在知识缺乏(34.1%)和意愿低(33.0%)的问题,可以开发沉浸式虚拟现实高温相关疾病模拟系统,通过行为打卡兑换学分的方式增强参与动机。
结合风险感知与效能评估的分类干预:“高感知-高效能”学生以医学专业学生(自我效能)和硕士研究生(易感性、严重性)为代表,针对其“专业标准高、常规方法认可度低”的特点,设计专业适配型防护方案,再通过责任教育,破除依赖专业医疗的认知偏差。“高感知-低效能”学生主要为非医学类学生(易感性、严重性、自我效能),风险认知敏锐但行动信心不足,需开展情景化效能训练,并匹配高效能学生建立“一对一帮扶小组”。“低感知-低效能”学生集中于18~22岁群体及本科大一学生(易感性、自我效能),需先通过校园高温健康警示提升威胁感知,再结合基础防护技能培训同步构建效能,避免因认知不足导致的行为漠视[17]。
本研究发现高校学生高温健康感知与行为存在显著异质性;在“威胁评估→应对评估→行为响应”路径中,效能评估是认知转化为行动的关键;群体呈现积极应对型、被动应对型、消极回避型特征,分别存在经济约束、动机缺乏、效能低下的差异化障碍。但也存在一定局限:(1)横断面研究仅能反映特定时间点的群体特征,难以揭示动态变化及变量间因果关系;(2)样本仅来自重庆市5所高校,地域特殊性可能限制结果外推性;(3)未深入探讨社会支持、政策环境等外部因素对高温健康行为的影响,机制解析尚有拓展空间。

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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025334
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
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    1陆军军医大学卫勤训练基地军事医学地理学教研室, 重庆 400038
    2陆军军医大学军事预防医学系热带医学教研室
    3极端环境医学教育部重点实验室

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