Article(id=1325532153450353594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325531848021140417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025330, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747324800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-16, revisedDate=1756915200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961092578, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961092578, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961092578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961092578, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325531848021140417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961019759, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961019759, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1564, endPage=1568, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325532159662117820, articleId=1325532153450353594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Correlation of serum lipid soluble vitamin levels with body fat mass percentage and lifestyle among primary school students, columnId=1259565862625862592, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Student Nutrition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the correlation between the levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E with body fat mass percentage (FMP) as well as lifestyle factors among primary school students, so as to provide references for exploring the vitamin nutritional status of primary school students and its potential influencing factors.

Methods

From September 1 to October 30, 2021, a cluster sampling method was used to select 750 third-grade students from eight primary schools in Luohu District, Shenzhen.Their body composition was measured, and blood samples were collected to detect the serum levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E using a mass spectrometer.Dietary and exercise habits were collected through questionnaires.Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test were used for inter-group comparisons, spearman correlation was used for correlation analysis, and Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between lifestyle and vitamin content.

Results

The overall level of vitamin A in school-aged children was 0.4(0.4, 0.5) mg/L, with a deficiency rate of 0 and a marginal deficiency rate of 5.1%;the level of vitamin D was 26.0(22.0, 30.0) ng/mL, with a deficiency rate of 0.4% and an insufficiency rate of 12.7%;the content of vitamin E was 11.8(10.1, 13.5) mg/L, with an insufficiency rate of 0.8%.Spearman correlation analysis showed that vitamin A was positively correlated with FMP in the total population, boys, girls, and normal weight population (r=0.18, 0.18, 0.20, 0.10), and vitamin D was positively correlated with FMP in the total population and obese population (r=0.08, 0.16)(all P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that marginal deficiency of vitamin A was associated with consumption of animal, snack, and dairy/egg/bean foods (OR=0.45, 0.55, 0.59);whether vitamin D was deficient was influenced by gender (OR=2.65) and exercise (OR=1.96)(all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E levels are associated with body fat percentage, with significant variations in vitamin status among individuals of different body types, necessitating targeted supplementation.

, authors=Yiping NI1, Bo ZHU1, Jie YOU2, Wen ZHANG3, Li WANG3, Xiang JI*, 1, authorsList=Yiping NI, Bo ZHU, Jie YOU, Wen ZHANG, Li WANG, Xiang JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiang JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325532166893097917, articleId=1325532153450353594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=小学生血清脂溶性维生素水平与体脂率及生活方式的相关性, columnId=1259565866560119750, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学生营养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析小学生血清维生素A、维生素D、维生素E水平与体脂率(FMP)、生活方式之间的关联, 为探讨小学生维生素营养状况及其潜在影响因素提供参考。

方法

2021年9月1日-10月30日, 采用整群抽样法选择深圳市罗湖区8所小学750名三年级学生为研究对象, 测量其体成分、采集血液样本, 采用质谱仪检测维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的血清水平, 同时通过调查问卷收集受试者的饮食与运动习惯信息。组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验; 相关性分析采用Spearman相关; 生活方式与维生素水平之间的关联使用Logistic回归模型分析。

结果

学龄儿童血清维生素A的总体水平为0.4(0.4, 0.5) mg/L, 缺乏率为0, 边缘缺乏率为5.1%;维生素D水平为26.0(22.0, 30.0) ng/mL, 缺乏率为0.4%, 边缘缺乏率为12.7%;维生素E的水平为11.8(10.1, 13.5) mg/L, 边缘缺乏率为0.8%。Spearman相关分析显示, 总人群、男生、女生、正常体重人群维生素A与FMP相关(r值分别为0.18, 0.18, 0.20, 0.10), 总人群及肥胖人群维生素D和FMP均呈正相关(r值分别为0.08, 0.16)(P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示, 维生素A的边缘性缺乏与食用动物类、零食类和奶蛋豆类食物相关(OR值分别为0.45, 0.55, 0.59);维生素D是否缺乏受性别(OR=2.65)和运动(OR=1.96)的影响(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

学龄儿童维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的水平与FMP相关, 不同体质人群维生素差异较大, 需针对性补充。

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倪一平(1991-),女,四川雅安人,硕士,主管技师,主要从事卫生检验和学校卫生工作

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纪翔,E-mail:
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Comparison of body fat percentage and vitamin levels among primary school students with different genders and BMI[M(P25, P75)]

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组别选项人数FMP/%维生素A/(mg·L-1)维生素E/(mg·L-1)维生素D/(ng·L-1)
性别男41619(11, 30)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.9(10.1,13.5)27.5(23.5, 31.7)
女33417(14, 22)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.8(10.0, 13.6)23.9(20.6, 28.3)
BMI正常41916(14, 18)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.6(10.0, 13.2)26.0(21.5, 29.7)
重度消瘦618(5, 9)0.4(0.4, 0.5)12.4(11.1, 14.9)24.3(21.6, 29.4)
轻度消瘦579(7, 10)0.4(0.3, 0.5)12.3(9.9, 13.5)28.2(21.7, 32.5)
超重10323(19, 27)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.5(9.6, 13.4)25.3(22.8, 29.8)
肥胖11032(28, 37)0.5(0.4, 0.5)12.6(10.3, 14.1)27.4(23.6, 31.8)
合计75017(12, 25)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.8(10.1,13.5)26.0(22.0,30.0)
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不同性别和BMI学龄儿童体脂率与脂溶性维生素水平比较[M(P25,P75)]

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组别选项人数FMP/%维生素A/(mg·L-1)维生素E/(mg·L-1)维生素D/(ng·L-1)
性别男41619(11, 30)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.9(10.1,13.5)27.5(23.5, 31.7)
女33417(14, 22)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.8(10.0, 13.6)23.9(20.6, 28.3)
BMI正常41916(14, 18)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.6(10.0, 13.2)26.0(21.5, 29.7)
重度消瘦618(5, 9)0.4(0.4, 0.5)12.4(11.1, 14.9)24.3(21.6, 29.4)
轻度消瘦579(7, 10)0.4(0.3, 0.5)12.3(9.9, 13.5)28.2(21.7, 32.5)
超重10323(19, 27)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.5(9.6, 13.4)25.3(22.8, 29.8)
肥胖11032(28, 37)0.5(0.4, 0.5)12.6(10.3, 14.1)27.4(23.6, 31.8)
合计75017(12, 25)0.4(0.4, 0.5)11.8(10.1,13.5)26.0(22.0,30.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1325532228956214265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532153450353594, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Logistic regression analysis on vitamin levels with lifestyle factors among primary students[OR(95%CI), n=750]

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自变量维生素A边缘性缺乏维生素E边缘性缺乏维生素D缺乏
性别0.99(0.51~1.91)0.80(0.16~4.00)2.65(1.69~4.15)*
经常饮水1.00(1.00~1.02)1.02(1.00~1.04)1.00(1.00~1.01)
经常吃早餐0.52(0.12~2.31)0.95(0.60~1.50)1.00(0.99~1.02)
使用补剂1.00(1.00~1.01)0.99(0.97~1.01)1.00(1.00~1.00)
不健康饮食0.83(0.48~1.44)0.99(0.81~1.23)1.01(0.95~1.06)
主食0.43(0.18~1.02)0.99(0.76~1.29)1.02(0.92~1.13)
动物类食物0.45(0.25~0.81)*0.99(0.81~1.22)0.66(0.45~0.80)
蔬菜水果0.98(0.81~1.18)0.98(0.62~1.55)1.04(0.84~1.27)
奶蛋豆类0.59(0.37~0.96)*0.98(0.70~1.39)1.02(0.93~1.12)
零食类0.55(0.33~0.92)*0.98(0.70~1.39)1.02(0.93~1.12)
运动0.63(0.21~1.92)1.85(0.43~7.94)1.96(0.93~4.10)*
久坐0.97(0.79~1.19)0.97(0.58~1.62)0.99(0.97~1.02)
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学龄儿童各种维生素与生活方式因素Logistic回归分析[OR值(95%CI),n=750]

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自变量维生素A边缘性缺乏维生素E边缘性缺乏维生素D缺乏
性别0.99(0.51~1.91)0.80(0.16~4.00)2.65(1.69~4.15)*
经常饮水1.00(1.00~1.02)1.02(1.00~1.04)1.00(1.00~1.01)
经常吃早餐0.52(0.12~2.31)0.95(0.60~1.50)1.00(0.99~1.02)
使用补剂1.00(1.00~1.01)0.99(0.97~1.01)1.00(1.00~1.00)
不健康饮食0.83(0.48~1.44)0.99(0.81~1.23)1.01(0.95~1.06)
主食0.43(0.18~1.02)0.99(0.76~1.29)1.02(0.92~1.13)
动物类食物0.45(0.25~0.81)*0.99(0.81~1.22)0.66(0.45~0.80)
蔬菜水果0.98(0.81~1.18)0.98(0.62~1.55)1.04(0.84~1.27)
奶蛋豆类0.59(0.37~0.96)*0.98(0.70~1.39)1.02(0.93~1.12)
零食类0.55(0.33~0.92)*0.98(0.70~1.39)1.02(0.93~1.12)
运动0.63(0.21~1.92)1.85(0.43~7.94)1.96(0.93~4.10)*
久坐0.97(0.79~1.19)0.97(0.58~1.62)0.99(0.97~1.02)
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小学生血清脂溶性维生素水平与体脂率及生活方式的相关性
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倪一平 1 , 朱波 1 , 游杰 2 , 张雯 3 , 王丽 3 , 纪翔 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 学生营养 2025,46(11): 1564-1568
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中国学校卫生 |学生营养 2025 , 46 (11) : 1564 -1568
小学生血清脂溶性维生素水平与体脂率及生活方式的相关性
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倪一平1, 朱波1, 游杰2, 张雯3, 王丽3, 纪翔*, 1
作者信息
  • 1深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心理化检验科, 广东 518001
  • 2深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心业务管理科
  • 3深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生科
通讯作者:
纪翔,E-mail:
作者简介:

倪一平(1991-),女,四川雅安人,硕士,主管技师,主要从事卫生检验和学校卫生工作

Correlation of serum lipid soluble vitamin levels with body fat mass percentage and lifestyle among primary school students
Yiping NI1, Bo ZHU1, Jie YOU2, Wen ZHANG3, Li WANG3, Xiang JI*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1Physical and Chemical Inspection Department, Shenzhen Luohu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025330
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目的

分析小学生血清维生素A、维生素D、维生素E水平与体脂率(FMP)、生活方式之间的关联, 为探讨小学生维生素营养状况及其潜在影响因素提供参考。

方法

2021年9月1日-10月30日, 采用整群抽样法选择深圳市罗湖区8所小学750名三年级学生为研究对象, 测量其体成分、采集血液样本, 采用质谱仪检测维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的血清水平, 同时通过调查问卷收集受试者的饮食与运动习惯信息。组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验; 相关性分析采用Spearman相关; 生活方式与维生素水平之间的关联使用Logistic回归模型分析。

结果

学龄儿童血清维生素A的总体水平为0.4(0.4, 0.5) mg/L, 缺乏率为0, 边缘缺乏率为5.1%;维生素D水平为26.0(22.0, 30.0) ng/mL, 缺乏率为0.4%, 边缘缺乏率为12.7%;维生素E的水平为11.8(10.1, 13.5) mg/L, 边缘缺乏率为0.8%。Spearman相关分析显示, 总人群、男生、女生、正常体重人群维生素A与FMP相关(r值分别为0.18, 0.18, 0.20, 0.10), 总人群及肥胖人群维生素D和FMP均呈正相关(r值分别为0.08, 0.16)(P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示, 维生素A的边缘性缺乏与食用动物类、零食类和奶蛋豆类食物相关(OR值分别为0.45, 0.55, 0.59);维生素D是否缺乏受性别(OR=2.65)和运动(OR=1.96)的影响(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

学龄儿童维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的水平与FMP相关, 不同体质人群维生素差异较大, 需针对性补充。

维生素A缺乏  /  维生素D缺乏  /  维生素E缺乏  /  体脂肪率  /  人体质量指数  /  回归分析  /  儿童
Objective

To analyze the correlation between the levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E with body fat mass percentage (FMP) as well as lifestyle factors among primary school students, so as to provide references for exploring the vitamin nutritional status of primary school students and its potential influencing factors.

Methods

From September 1 to October 30, 2021, a cluster sampling method was used to select 750 third-grade students from eight primary schools in Luohu District, Shenzhen.Their body composition was measured, and blood samples were collected to detect the serum levels of vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E using a mass spectrometer.Dietary and exercise habits were collected through questionnaires.Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test were used for inter-group comparisons, spearman correlation was used for correlation analysis, and Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between lifestyle and vitamin content.

Results

The overall level of vitamin A in school-aged children was 0.4(0.4, 0.5) mg/L, with a deficiency rate of 0 and a marginal deficiency rate of 5.1%;the level of vitamin D was 26.0(22.0, 30.0) ng/mL, with a deficiency rate of 0.4% and an insufficiency rate of 12.7%;the content of vitamin E was 11.8(10.1, 13.5) mg/L, with an insufficiency rate of 0.8%.Spearman correlation analysis showed that vitamin A was positively correlated with FMP in the total population, boys, girls, and normal weight population (r=0.18, 0.18, 0.20, 0.10), and vitamin D was positively correlated with FMP in the total population and obese population (r=0.08, 0.16)(all P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that marginal deficiency of vitamin A was associated with consumption of animal, snack, and dairy/egg/bean foods (OR=0.45, 0.55, 0.59);whether vitamin D was deficient was influenced by gender (OR=2.65) and exercise (OR=1.96)(all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E levels are associated with body fat percentage, with significant variations in vitamin status among individuals of different body types, necessitating targeted supplementation.

Vitamin A deficiency  /  Vitamin D deficiency  /  Vitamin E deficiency  /  Adiposity  /  Body mass index  /  Regression analysis  /  Child
倪一平, 朱波, 游杰, 张雯, 王丽, 纪翔. 小学生血清脂溶性维生素水平与体脂率及生活方式的相关性. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1564 -1568 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025330
Yiping NI, Bo ZHU, Jie YOU, Wen ZHANG, Li WANG, Xiang JI. Correlation of serum lipid soluble vitamin levels with body fat mass percentage and lifestyle among primary school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1564 -1568 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025330
作为人体代谢与生长发育的关键阶段,学龄儿童维生素代谢研究一直是各方关注的重点,脂溶性维生素A、维生素D、维生素E在脂肪代谢、免疫调节及骨骼健康中具有多重作用[1]。研究表明,维生素D缺乏与儿童肥胖存在双向关联[2]。一方面,体脂率(fat mass percentage, FMP)升高会导致维生素D的脂溶性储存增加和生物利用度降低[2-3];另一方面,维生素D水平不足可能通过调节脂肪细胞分化加剧肥胖进程[4]。维生素A与体脂分布的关联研究显示,血清视黄醇水平与内脏脂肪含量呈负相关,尤其在女性群体中,体脂超标者维生素A缺乏风险增加2.6倍[5]。维生素E作为重要抗氧化剂,其水平与肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)均呈负相关,联合维生素A、维生素D检测对儿童生长迟缓具有预测价值[6]。生活方式方面,每天户外活动时间<1 h、屏幕时间>2 h可使维生素D缺乏风险分别增加3.2和1.8倍[7-8],而饮食中维生素D摄入量普遍不足推荐量的20%[9-10]。本研究拟通过量化分析深圳罗湖区小学生血清维生素A、维生素D、维生素E水平与FMP和生活方式指标的关联性,为针对性地控制儿童肥胖的发生提供参考。
2021年9月1日—10月30日,采用抽签法随机抽取深圳市罗湖区下辖10个街道中,8个不同街道内的8所小学,再以整群抽样的方式,以年级为单位,根据纳入和排除标准,纳入750名小学三年级学生进行调查,年龄8~10岁。其中男生415名(55.47%),女生335名(44.53%)。排除标准:(1)患有与体重相关的先天性疾病或慢性疾病者;(2)有认知功能障碍导致无法准确回答调查问题者;(3)由于各种原因长期服药者;(4)拒绝参加调查者。本研究已通过深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会伦理批准(批号:罗疾伦字[2021]第001A号),研究获得学生及其家长知情同意。
根据研究目的并参考相关文献[11]以及中国居民营养素养核心信息及评估工具[12]自行设计食物频率问卷(food frequency questionnaire, FFQ),问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.82,巴特利球形检验P < 0.05,认为该问卷适合做结构效度分析;KMO系数为0.75,说明结构效度可信。学生问卷为纸质问卷,采用面对面调查方式,调查员现场辅助,由学生本人填写。主要内容包括学生基本情况、是否使用补剂(钙片、维生素、鱼油或复合维生素等)、每天饮水量(< 500 mL为偶尔,>500~1 000 mL为一般,>1 500 mL为经常)、运动(每周≥3次,每次≥60 min为经常)和久坐(每次≥45 min,每周≥3次为久坐)、过去3个月食品摄入频次(每周≤2次为偶尔,每周3~5次为正常、每周≥6次为经常)。食品包括不健康饮食(含膨化食品、甜食、含糖饮料、在外就餐、腌制食物、油炸食品等),主食(粗杂粮、米饭、面食、淀粉类蔬菜),动物类食物(家畜肉、家禽肉、鱼类、其他海产品),蔬菜水果(深色与浅色蔬菜、水果),奶蛋豆类(蛋类、纯牛奶及奶制品、大豆及制品),零食类(糖果巧克力、原味坚果)等。
体格检查在安静温暖的房间中进行,室内温度在20 ℃左右。被测量者在测量前1 h内避免剧烈运动、喝饮料、长时间处在温度过低或过高的环境下。由专业工作人员测量体重、身高、腰围、血压。身高测量采用SECA213型机械量高尺,精确到0.1 cm;体重测量采用SECA877型电子台秤,精确到0.01 kg。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。根据《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)[13]中规定的性别年龄超重和肥胖标准,判定儿童是否超重、肥胖;依据《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》(WS/T 456—2014)[14]判定学生轻度消瘦和重度消瘦。
测量前学生空腹2 h,排空大小便,使用TANITA体成分测定仪测定体脂百分比。
采集儿童空腹静脉血由冷链运送至杭州瑞莱谱医疗科技有限公司进行测定,质控手段包括测定空白样品和内部质控品,准确度在理论值的85%~115%;样品离心取血清,液相色谱-串联质谱法测定维生素A、维生素E、25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]、25-羟基维生素D3[25(OH)D3]。采用AB SCIEX 5500+三重四极杆串联质谱仪测定。其中维生素A≥0.3 mg/L、维生素D>20 ng/mL、维生素E≥7 mg/L判定为正常,维生素A < 0.2 mg/L、维生素D < 12 ng/mL、维生素E < 5 mg/L判定为缺乏,维生素A 0.2~ < 0.3 mg/L、维生素D 12~20 ng/mL、维生素E 5~ < 7 mg/L判定为边缘性缺乏或不足[15]。
所有测试人员在调查前均接受统一培训和考核,测量仪器使用前按标准流程调试校准。在调查准备阶段,严格按照纳入和排除标准选择调查对象。现场调查阶段,每班由2名调查人员配合进行学生问卷的调查;在调查人员进行现场调查时,同组的调查员互为质控员,随时进行监督并对不符合规定的操作行为进行指正。调查员与质控人员对当日完成的所有问卷进行审核,检查是否有漏项、逻辑错误,填写是否清晰等,若发现上述问题,及时就诊并记录在案。不合格调查问卷(漏答率>20%的问题),须重新调查,补齐答案。
运用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计学分析,正态分布资料采用(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。非正态分布的计量资料以M(P25,P75)表示,两组间的比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验,两两比较采用DSCF法;相关性分析采用Spearman相关;生活方式与维生素含量之间的关联使用Logistic回归模型分析。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
结果显示,男生维生素D水平高于女生(Z=-7.22,P < 0.01)。不同BMI学龄儿童FMP比较,差异有统计学意义(H=517.01,P < 0.01)。两两组间比较结果显示,消瘦组(含轻度/重度消瘦人群)的FMP低于正常人群(Z=-13.36);超重肥胖组(含超重和肥胖人群)FMP在各组中均为最高,与正常人群相比差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-8.77,-18.95)(P值均 < 0.01)。与轻度消瘦人群相比,重度消瘦人群FMP较低,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.07);与超重人群相比,肥胖人群FMP较高,差异有统计学意义(Z=-10.45)(P值均 < 0.01)。
不同BMI学龄儿童维生素A、维生素E、维生素D比较,差异均有统计学意义(H值分别为25.50,15.64,12.52,P值均 < 0.01)。两两比较结果显示,消瘦组(含轻度/重度消瘦人群)维生素A水平低于正常人群(Z=-2.68),其中轻度消瘦人群维生素A水平最低(Z=-2.39);消瘦组(含轻度/重度消瘦人群)维生素E水平高于正常人群(Z=-2.77),其中重度消瘦人群维生素E水平最高(Z=-3.23)(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。
总人群维生素A缺乏率为0,边缘缺乏率为5.1%(38名),男、女生边缘缺乏率分别为5.0%(21名),5.1%(17名),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01,P=0.98),正常、消瘦、超重肥胖人群边缘缺乏率分别为5.5%(23名),6.8%(8名),3.3%(7名),组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.28,P=0.32);其中轻度消瘦、重度消瘦边缘缺乏率分别为7.0%(4名),6.6%(4名),超重、肥胖分别为5.8%(6名),0.9%(1名)。维生素D总人群缺乏率为0.4%(3名),男、女生缺乏率分别为0.2%(1名),0.6%(2名),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.03,P=0.44),正常、消瘦、超重肥胖人群缺乏率分别为0.5%(2名),0.8%(1名),0,组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.51,P=0.47);其中轻度消瘦、重度消瘦缺乏率分别为0,1.6%(1名)。总人群维生素D边缘缺乏率为12.7%(95名),男、女生维生素D边缘缺乏率分别为7.9%(33名),18.6%(62名),差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.90,P < 0.01),正常、消瘦、超重肥胖人群边缘缺乏率分别为13.6%(53名),11.9%(14名),13.1%(28名),组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.11,P=0.95);其中轻度消瘦、重度消瘦边缘缺乏率分别为8.8%(5名),14.8%(9名),超重、肥胖率分别为15.5%(16名),12.7%(14名)。维生素E缺乏率为0。维生素E边缘缺乏率总人群为0.8%(6名),男女生分别为0.7%(3名),0.9%(3名),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.01,P=0.79),正常、消瘦、超重肥胖人群边缘缺乏率分别为0.9%(4名),0,0.9%(2名),组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.16,P=0.21);其中超重、肥胖分别为0和2名。
Spearman相关分析发现,总人群、男生、女生以及正常体重人群中,维生素A与FMP的相关性均有统计学意义(r值分别为0.18,0.18,0.20,0.10,P值均 < 0.05);维生素E与FMP的相关性均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);总人群及肥胖人群维生素D和FMP均呈正相关(r值分别为0.08,0.16,P值均 < 0.05)。
以维生素A边缘性缺乏、维生素E边缘性缺乏、维生素D缺乏(均为0=否,1=是)为因变量;以性别(1=男,0=女)、经常饮水(0=否,1=是)、经常吃早餐(0=否,1=是)、使用补剂(0=否,1=是)、不健康饮食(0=否,1=是)、运动(0=否,1=是)、久坐(0=否,1=是)及食物食用频次(主食、动物类食物、蔬菜水果、奶蛋豆类、零食,为连续型变量)为自变量进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示,维生素A的边缘性缺乏与食用动物类食物、零食和奶蛋豆类食物相关,维生素D缺乏与性别和运动相关(P值均 < 0.05)。见表2。
脂溶性维生素作为人体必需的微量营养素,通过与脂肪相互作用,在维持身体正常生理功能方面发挥着不可或缺的作用[1]。本研究结果显示,学龄儿童维生素A的平均水平为0.42(0.36, 0.48)mg/L,该样本人群维生素A缺乏率为0,边缘缺乏率为5.1%。一项系统性评价结果显示,我国0~12岁儿童维生素A缺乏率为5.16%,边缘缺乏率为24.29%[16]。全国中小城市小学生维生素A的总体缺乏率为9.77%,边缘缺乏率为20.56%[17]。2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测结果显示,6~18岁儿童维生素A缺乏率、边缘缺乏率分别为7.69%和19.57%,且大城市高于中小城市[18]。提示该地区小学生维生素A营养状况较全国好,但仍需关注边缘缺乏群体。肥胖人群维生素A含量高于正常组人群,但轻度消瘦组和重度消瘦组与正常组相比,维生素A的含量差异均无统计学意义,可能由于消瘦人群细分类后,人群样本量不足导致的。维生素A与FMP在多个人群分类中均呈正相关。
25(OH)D是维生素D在体内的主要储存形式,也是人体内维生素D营养状况的重要评价指标[2]。有研究显示,与正常儿童相比,肥胖儿童更易发生维生素D缺乏[3]。可能是由于脂肪对维生素D具有储存功能,进而导致维生素D缺乏与肥胖共存。本研究结果显示,学龄儿童维生素D缺乏率为0.4%,边缘缺乏率为12.7%。作为日照时间较长的海滨区域,罗湖区儿童仍面临维生素D普遍不足的现象,应该引起重视。分析维生素D与FMP的关系,发现两者之间存在正相关,进一步分析发现在常规饮食模式下,维生素D是否缺乏与性别和运动相关,提示户外运动对于维生素D吸收的重要性[19]。
维生素E作为脂溶性抗氧化剂,其吸收和代谢高度依赖脂肪环境[6],长期脂肪吸收不良可能导致维生素E的缺乏,这一结果又会加剧脂质过氧化和炎症反应,形成代谢紊乱的恶性循环。本研究中,学龄儿童维生素E边缘缺乏率为0.8%,肥胖和重度消瘦人群维生素E水平均高于正常人群,可能是脂肪摄入和吸收不良导致维生素E代偿性增高[20]。因此,对高体脂率或脂肪代谢异常人群检测维生素E水平,并针对性补充是必要的。
本研究尚存在一定的局限性:首先,仅纳入深圳市罗湖区小学三年级学生,缺乏代表性与完整年龄梯度,导致结果无法直接推广至更大范围学龄儿童群体。其次,研究为横断面研究,只能揭示部分因素与维生素A、维生素D、维生素E之间的关联性,无法进行因果推断,从而限制了研究结论的强度和适用范围。最后,问卷调查部分可能存在回忆偏倚,且食品主要为频次调查,难以掌握实际摄入量,这些因素可能影响研究结果,但也为未来研究提供了思路和方向。

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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025330
  • 接收时间:2025-05-16
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-16
  • 修回日期:2025-09-04
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    1深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心理化检验科, 广东 518001
    2深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心业务管理科
    3深圳市罗湖区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生科

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