Article(id=1325530111692526495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325530078536553117, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742313600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-19, revisedDate=1746028800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960605785, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960605785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960605785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960605785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325530078536553117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1217', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960597879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960597879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1277, endPage=1281, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325530111998710688, articleId=1325530111692526495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Follow-up study on the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students, columnId=1259565855189418448, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Mental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the changing trends for associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing smartphone addiction in middle school students.

Methods

From 2022 to 2023, a method of combining convenient sampling with cluster sampling was used to select 8 923 middle school students from 27 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools in a district of Shenzhen City between September 2022 (baseline, T1) and September 2023 (follow-up, T2). The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), Patients Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7) were administered to assess smartphone addiction, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students.

Results

From September 2022 to September 2023, the reported prevalence of smartphone addiction increased from 24.22% to 25.25% (χ2=45.71); and smartphone addiction scores [24.00(16.00, 32.00), 25.00(16.00, 33.00)], anxiety symptom scores [2.00(0.00, 7.00), 3.00(0.00, 7.00)] and depressive symptom scores[3.00(0.00, 8.00), 5.00(0.00, 9.00)] all significantly increased (Z=-17.43, -42.38, -41.57) (all P < 0.05). There were statistically significant difference in the distribution of anxiety and depression symptom levels among middle school students in 2022 and 2023 (χ2=85.15, 106.85, both P < 0.05). After adjusting for covariates such as age, gender and family background, mixed-effects models revealed dose-response associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students: mild anxiety symptom(OR=3.22), moderate-to-severe anxiety symptom (OR=5.36), mild depressive symptom (OR=3.32) and moderate-to-severe depressive symptom (OR=6.13) were significantly associated with higher risks of smartphone addiction (all P < 0.05). Interaction effect analysis found that co-existing anxiety and depressive symptoms synergistically increased addiction risk by 5.60 times (OR=5.60) compared to the asymptomatic group, with 32% of the combined risk attributable to their interaction (S=1.64, AP=0.32)(both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are significantly associated with smartphone addiction, exhibiting a synergistic effect. Attention should be paid to emotional issues and smartphone addiction among middle school students.

, authors=Mingxia JI1, Jie YANG1, Qu JIA1, Ying DONG2, Daosen WANG3, Zhumin LI4, Xiang WEN5, Qifei CHEN3, Xiuhong LI*, 3, authorsList=Mingxia JI, Jie YANG, Qu JIA, Ying DONG, Daosen WANG, Zhumin LI, Xiang WEN, Qifei CHEN, Xiuhong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuhong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325530112552358817, articleId=1325530111692526495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中学生焦虑抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的随访研究, columnId=1259565858817491410, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=心理卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨中学生焦虑、抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的变化趋势,为预防中学生智能手机成瘾提供科学依据。

方法

2022—2023年,采用方便抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法从深圳市某区选取27所初中和3所高中8 923名中学生,分别于2022年9月(基线,T1)和2023年9月(随访,T2)进行调查。采用简版智能手机成瘾量表(SAS-SV)、患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)评估中学生智能手机成瘾及焦虑抑郁症状,使用混合效应模型分析中学生焦虑、抑郁症状和智能手机成瘾的关联性。

结果

2022年9月—2023年9月,中学生智能手机成瘾报告率从24.22%升至25.25%(χ2=45.71),智能手机成瘾得分[24.00(16.00, 32.00),25.00(16.00, 33.00)分]、焦虑症状得分[2.00(0.00, 7.00),3.00(0.00, 7.00)分]和抑郁症状得分[3.00(0.00, 8.00),5.00(0.00, 9.00)分]均升高(Z值分别为-17.43,-42.38,-41.57)(P值均 < 0.05)。中学生焦虑、抑郁症状等级分布在2022和2023年差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为85.15,106.85,P值均 < 0.05)。混合效应模型结果显示,在调整年龄、性别、家庭背景等协变量后,中学生焦虑和抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾存在剂量—反应关联,轻度焦虑症状(OR=3.22)、中重度焦虑症状(OR=5.36)及轻度抑郁症状(OR=3.32)、中重度抑郁症状(OR=6.13)中学生的智能手机成瘾风险均升高;交互效应分析发现,焦虑抑郁症状共存时的中学生智能手机成瘾风险增加至无焦虑抑郁症状组的5.60倍(OR=5.60),32%的联合风险归因于焦虑和抑郁症状协同作用(S=1.64,AP=0.32)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

焦虑、抑郁症状与中学生智能手机成瘾均存在关联,两者对智能手机成瘾存在协同作用。应提高对中学生情绪问题和智能手机成瘾的关注。

, authors=嵇明霞1, 杨洁1, 贾取1, 董莹2, 王道森3, 李祝敏4, 温翔5, 陈绮菲3, 李秀红*, 3, authorsList=嵇明霞, 杨洁, 贾取, 董莹, 王道森, 李祝敏, 温翔, 陈绮菲, 李秀红, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李秀红, authorNote=

嵇明霞(1983-),女,江苏淮安人,博士,教研员,主要研究方向为儿童青少年心理健康

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李秀红,E-mail:
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Mixed-effects model analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students[β(95%CI), n=8 923]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量选项SA得分是否SA
粗模型调整模型粗模型调整模型
量表得分焦虑症状0.88(0.85~0.91)0.84(0.81~0.87)1.15(1.14~1.16)1.14(1.14~1.15)
抑郁症状0.77(0.75~0.80)0.74(0.71~0.76)1.13(1.13~1.14)1.13(1.12~1.14)
焦虑症状等级轻度7.36(7.02~7.69)7.14(6.80~7.47)3.36(3.11~3.64)3.22(2.97~3.49)
中重度10.13(9.68~10.58)9.86(9.40~10.31)5.55(5.03~6.13)5.36(4.84~5.92)
抑郁症状等级轻度7.17(6.84~7.49)7.00(6.67~7.33)3.46(3.18~3.76)3.32(3.05~3.62)
中重度10.62(10.22~11.02)10.39(9.98~10.79)6.36(5.79~6.98)6.13(5.57~6.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1325530116364981221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530111692526495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中学生焦虑、抑郁症状与SA之间的混合效应模型分析[β值(95%CI),n=8 923]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量选项SA得分是否SA
粗模型调整模型粗模型调整模型
量表得分焦虑症状0.88(0.85~0.91)0.84(0.81~0.87)1.15(1.14~1.16)1.14(1.14~1.15)
抑郁症状0.77(0.75~0.80)0.74(0.71~0.76)1.13(1.13~1.14)1.13(1.12~1.14)
焦虑症状等级轻度7.36(7.02~7.69)7.14(6.80~7.47)3.36(3.11~3.64)3.22(2.97~3.49)
中重度10.13(9.68~10.58)9.86(9.40~10.31)5.55(5.03~6.13)5.36(4.84~5.92)
抑郁症状等级轻度7.17(6.84~7.49)7.00(6.67~7.33)3.46(3.18~3.76)3.32(3.05~3.62)
中重度10.62(10.22~11.02)10.39(9.98~10.79)6.36(5.79~6.98)6.13(5.57~6.74)
), ArticleFig(id=1325530116436284390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530111692526495, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Joint effect of anxiety and depressive symptoms on smartphone addiction among middle school students[OR(95%CI), n=8 923]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量粗模型调整模型
无焦虑症状+无抑郁症状1.001.00
有焦虑症状+无抑郁症状2.21(1.86~2.61)2.16(1.82~2.56)
无焦虑症状+有抑郁症状2.71(2.42~3.05)2.64(2.35~2.97)
有焦虑症状+有抑郁症状5.78(5.13~6.28)5.60(5.13~6.11)
RERI值(95%CI)1.86(1.34~2.38)1.80(1.28~2.31)
AP值(95%CI)0.32(0.24~0.40)0.32(0.24~0.40)
S值(95%CI)1.64(1.39~1.92)1.64(1.39~1.94)
), ArticleFig(id=1325530116524364775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530111692526495, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中学生焦虑与抑郁症状对SA的联合影响[OR值(95%CI),n=8 923]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量粗模型调整模型
无焦虑症状+无抑郁症状1.001.00
有焦虑症状+无抑郁症状2.21(1.86~2.61)2.16(1.82~2.56)
无焦虑症状+有抑郁症状2.71(2.42~3.05)2.64(2.35~2.97)
有焦虑症状+有抑郁症状5.78(5.13~6.28)5.60(5.13~6.11)
RERI值(95%CI)1.86(1.34~2.38)1.80(1.28~2.31)
AP值(95%CI)0.32(0.24~0.40)0.32(0.24~0.40)
S值(95%CI)1.64(1.39~1.92)1.64(1.39~1.94)
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中学生焦虑抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的随访研究
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嵇明霞 1 , 杨洁 1 , 贾取 1 , 董莹 2 , 王道森 3 , 李祝敏 4 , 温翔 5 , 陈绮菲 3 , 李秀红 *, 3
中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2025,46(9): 1277-1281
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中国学校卫生 |心理卫生 2025 , 46 (9) : 1277 -1281
中学生焦虑抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的随访研究
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嵇明霞1, 杨洁1, 贾取1, 董莹2, 王道森3, 李祝敏4, 温翔5, 陈绮菲3, 李秀红*, 3
作者信息
  • 1深圳市光明区教育科学研究院,广东 518000
  • 2南方科技大学附属光明凤凰学校
  • 3中山大学公共卫生学院(深圳)
  • 4中山大学深圳附属学校
  • 5深圳市光明区高级中学
通讯作者:
李秀红,E-mail:
作者简介:

嵇明霞(1983-),女,江苏淮安人,博士,教研员,主要研究方向为儿童青少年心理健康

Follow-up study on the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students
Mingxia JI1, Jie YANG1, Qu JIA1, Ying DONG2, Daosen WANG3, Zhumin LI4, Xiang WEN5, Qifei CHEN3, Xiuhong LI*, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Educational Science of Guangming Branch, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025223
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目的

探讨中学生焦虑、抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的变化趋势,为预防中学生智能手机成瘾提供科学依据。

方法

2022—2023年,采用方便抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法从深圳市某区选取27所初中和3所高中8 923名中学生,分别于2022年9月(基线,T1)和2023年9月(随访,T2)进行调查。采用简版智能手机成瘾量表(SAS-SV)、患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)评估中学生智能手机成瘾及焦虑抑郁症状,使用混合效应模型分析中学生焦虑、抑郁症状和智能手机成瘾的关联性。

结果

2022年9月—2023年9月,中学生智能手机成瘾报告率从24.22%升至25.25%(χ2=45.71),智能手机成瘾得分[24.00(16.00, 32.00),25.00(16.00, 33.00)分]、焦虑症状得分[2.00(0.00, 7.00),3.00(0.00, 7.00)分]和抑郁症状得分[3.00(0.00, 8.00),5.00(0.00, 9.00)分]均升高(Z值分别为-17.43,-42.38,-41.57)(P值均 < 0.05)。中学生焦虑、抑郁症状等级分布在2022和2023年差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为85.15,106.85,P值均 < 0.05)。混合效应模型结果显示,在调整年龄、性别、家庭背景等协变量后,中学生焦虑和抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾存在剂量—反应关联,轻度焦虑症状(OR=3.22)、中重度焦虑症状(OR=5.36)及轻度抑郁症状(OR=3.32)、中重度抑郁症状(OR=6.13)中学生的智能手机成瘾风险均升高;交互效应分析发现,焦虑抑郁症状共存时的中学生智能手机成瘾风险增加至无焦虑抑郁症状组的5.60倍(OR=5.60),32%的联合风险归因于焦虑和抑郁症状协同作用(S=1.64,AP=0.32)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

焦虑、抑郁症状与中学生智能手机成瘾均存在关联,两者对智能手机成瘾存在协同作用。应提高对中学生情绪问题和智能手机成瘾的关注。

焦虑  /  抑郁  /  便携式电话  /  行为,成瘾  /  学生
Objective

To investigate the changing trends for associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students, so as to provide a scientific basis for preventing smartphone addiction in middle school students.

Methods

From 2022 to 2023, a method of combining convenient sampling with cluster sampling was used to select 8 923 middle school students from 27 junior high schools and 3 senior high schools in a district of Shenzhen City between September 2022 (baseline, T1) and September 2023 (follow-up, T2). The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), Patients Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale (GAD-7) were administered to assess smartphone addiction, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students.

Results

From September 2022 to September 2023, the reported prevalence of smartphone addiction increased from 24.22% to 25.25% (χ2=45.71); and smartphone addiction scores [24.00(16.00, 32.00), 25.00(16.00, 33.00)], anxiety symptom scores [2.00(0.00, 7.00), 3.00(0.00, 7.00)] and depressive symptom scores[3.00(0.00, 8.00), 5.00(0.00, 9.00)] all significantly increased (Z=-17.43, -42.38, -41.57) (all P < 0.05). There were statistically significant difference in the distribution of anxiety and depression symptom levels among middle school students in 2022 and 2023 (χ2=85.15, 106.85, both P < 0.05). After adjusting for covariates such as age, gender and family background, mixed-effects models revealed dose-response associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students: mild anxiety symptom(OR=3.22), moderate-to-severe anxiety symptom (OR=5.36), mild depressive symptom (OR=3.32) and moderate-to-severe depressive symptom (OR=6.13) were significantly associated with higher risks of smartphone addiction (all P < 0.05). Interaction effect analysis found that co-existing anxiety and depressive symptoms synergistically increased addiction risk by 5.60 times (OR=5.60) compared to the asymptomatic group, with 32% of the combined risk attributable to their interaction (S=1.64, AP=0.32)(both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are significantly associated with smartphone addiction, exhibiting a synergistic effect. Attention should be paid to emotional issues and smartphone addiction among middle school students.

Anxiety  /  Depression  /  Cellular phone  /  Behavior, addictive  /  Students
嵇明霞, 杨洁, 贾取, 董莹, 王道森, 李祝敏, 温翔, 陈绮菲, 李秀红. 中学生焦虑抑郁症状与智能手机成瘾关联的随访研究. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (9) : 1277 -1281 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025223
Mingxia JI, Jie YANG, Qu JIA, Ying DONG, Daosen WANG, Zhumin LI, Xiang WEN, Qifei CHEN, Xiuhong LI. Follow-up study on the association of anxiety and depressive symptoms with smartphone addiction among middle school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (9) : 1277 -1281 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025223
智能手机成瘾(smartphone addiction, SA)是一种行为成瘾,表现为对智能手机的过度使用导致日常生活功能受损[1]。随着移动互联网的快速发展,智能手机已成为中学生日常生活的重要组成部分[2]。流行病学调查显示,我国高达20%的中学生有SA[3]。焦虑和抑郁是青少年群体最常见的2种情绪障碍,我国青少年中情绪障碍的患病率高达17.5%,且有40%~60%的抑郁障碍患者共存焦虑障碍, 对青少年的身心发展、人际关系、社会适应等产生严重影响[4]。研究表明,有焦虑、抑郁症状等心理健康问题的学生倾向于过度使用手机,进而引发成瘾行为[5]。部分研究揭示了两者之间的潜在心理机制,如焦虑和抑郁情绪可能导致社交孤立,进一步加剧SA[6]。现有研究多聚焦于单一时间点的关联分析,缺乏对动态趋势及焦虑抑郁症状对手机成瘾的联合影响的追踪监测探讨。基于此,本研究旨在通过监测设计,明确深圳市中学生SA与焦虑、抑郁症状的演变趋势及交互作用,揭示高风险群体特征,为家庭、学校和社会制定多维度干预策略提供依据和指导。
2022年9月—2023年9月,采用方便抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法在深圳市某区选取27所初中和3所高中作为样本。2022年9月(T1),对所选学校初一、初二、高一、高二年级所有班级的学生进行基线问卷调查,各班级在学校心理老师的指导下参与调查;2023年9月(T2),以同样的程序进行后续调查和随访。将2年的调查结果根据学校、姓名、性别、出生日期进行匹配,共有8 964名学生完成2轮调查;为确保数据的质量和完整性,剔除答卷不完整或无效的问卷,最终共有8 923名学生的调查结果被纳入分析。其中男生4 797名,女生4 126名;初中生7 252名,高中生1 671名;父亲学历为大专及以上2 845名,高中及以下6 078名;母亲学历为大专及以上2 745名,高中及以下6 178名;独生子女1 495名,非独生子女7 428名;单亲家庭369名,非单亲家庭8 554名;平均年龄为(13.41±1.28)岁。本研究获得中山大学公共卫生学院生物医学研究伦理审查委员会的伦理批准(编号:2021-052),所有参与者及其父母或监护人均知情同意。
包括年龄、性别、是否早产、父母学历、是否独生子女、是否单亲家庭等。
基于简版智能手机成瘾量表(Smartphone Addition Scale-Short Version,SAS-SV)进行评估[7]。该量表包含10个条目,每个条目均采用Likert 6级评分,“严重不同意”~“严重同意”分别计1~6分。总分10~60分,分数越高表示SA的危险程度越高,总分>32分被认为SA状况阳性。该量表内部一致性信度为0.86,重测信度为0.74,可以用于中国青少年SA症状筛查[7]。
基于中文版患者健康问卷(Patients Health Questionnaire-9 Item,PHQ-9)中的抑郁量表进行评估[8]。该量表包含9个条目,评估过去2周青少年抑郁症状的发生频率。PHQ-9每个条目采用4级评分,“完全没有”~“几乎每天都有”分别计0~3分。总分越高表示青少年抑郁症状程度越重,其中总分0~4分为无抑郁症状,5~9分为轻度抑郁症状,10~14分为中度抑郁症状,15~19分为中重度抑郁症状,20~27分为重度抑郁症状。该量表内部一致性信度为0.86,重测信度为0.86,可用于青少年抑郁症状评估。抑郁症状初始等级1为无,2为轻度,3为中度,4为中重度,5为重度[8];本研究中将等级3~5合并,最终为1为无,2为轻度,3为中重度。
基于中文版广泛性焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale,GAD-7)进行评估[9]。该量表包含7个条目,评估最近2周7种焦虑症状的严重程度和功能影响。每个条目采用4级评分,“完全不会”~“几乎每天”分别计0~3分。总分越高表示青少年焦虑症状程度越重,总分0~4分为无焦虑症状,5~9分为轻度焦虑症状,10~14分为中度焦虑症状,15~21分为重度焦虑症状。该量表内部一致性信度为0.90,重测信度为0.86,可用于中国青少年焦虑症状评估[9]。焦虑症状初始等级1为无,2为轻度,3为中度,4为重度[9];在本研究中将等级3与4合并,最终为1为无,2为轻度,3为中重度。
通过问卷星制作电子问卷,根据题目内容设置填写范围、逻辑跳转,列明问卷调查中的注意事项。调查人员为心理教师,接受统一培训;组织学生统一在学校计算机教室内独立填写问卷星问卷,并在完成后提交。
采用R 4.2.2软件对数据进行统计分析。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验对计量资料进行正态性检验,年龄符合正态分布,用(x±s)描述;焦虑、抑郁症状及手机成瘾量表得分不符合正态分布,用M(P25,P75)进行统计描述,使用配对样本Wilcoxon秩和检验进行组间比较。分类变量以频数和百分比描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。本研究基于整群抽样获取样本数据,数据结构具有多水平结构特征,采用混合效应模型分别分析中学生是否具有焦虑抑郁症状及其量表得分与中学生是否SA及其量表得分之间的关联;粗模型未调整任何协变量;调整模型以学校为随机截距项,以调查年份为随机斜率项,以中学生年龄、性别、是否早产、父亲学历、母亲学历、是否独生子女、是否单亲家庭为协变量。考虑到中学生焦虑及抑郁症状之间潜在的加法交互效应,本研究中同时使用3个指标即交互作用超额相对危险度(relative excess risk due to interaction,RERI)、交互作用归因比(attributable proportion due to interaction,AP)、协同指数(synergy index,S)来确定是否存在有统计学意义的协同或拮抗效应。具体而言,RERI和AP均>0,且95%CI不包括0,S>1且95%CI不包括1时,表明两变量存在有统计学效应的交互作用,且为协同作用;当RERI和AP均 < 0、且95%CI不包括0,S < 1且95%CI不包括1时,表明两变量存在有统计学效应的交互作用,且为拮抗作用[10]。检验水准α=0.05。
2022—2023年中学生SA报告率从24.22%(2 161名)升至25.25%(2 253名)(χ2=45.71,P < 0.01);SA[24.00(16.00, 32.00),25.00(16.00, 33.00)分]、焦虑症状[2.00(0.00, 7.00),3.00 (0.00, 7.00)分]和抑郁症状得分[3.00(0.00, 8.00),5.00(0.00, 9.00)分]均升高(Z值分别为-17.43,-42.38,-41.57,P值均 < 0.05)。2022和2023年中学生无、轻度、中重度焦虑症状比例分别为62.45%(5 572名)、25.42%(2 268名)、12.14%(1 083名)和57.86%(5 163名)、29.31%(2 615名)、12.83%(1 145名),2022和2023年中学生无、轻度、中重度抑郁症状比例分别为55.69%(4 969名)、28.20%(2 516名)、16.12%(1 438名)和49.74%(4 438名)、32.25%(2 878名)、18.01%(1 607名),中学生焦虑、抑郁症状等级分布在2022和2023年差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为85.15,106.85,P值均 < 0.01)。
见表1。
以中学生SA得分(连续型变量)和是否SA(否=0,是=1)为因变量,以中学生焦虑、抑郁症状得分(连续型变量)和其等级(无=0,轻度=1,中重度=2)为自变量进行混合效应模型分析。结果显示,调整协变量后,与无焦虑、抑郁症状的中学生相比,有焦虑、抑郁症状的中学生SA的风险更高;且随着焦虑、抑郁症状的得分和等级提高,SA的风险越高,其中中重度焦虑和抑郁症状的中学生SA风险最高(P值均 < 0.05)。
以SA(否=0,是=1)为因变量,以焦虑与抑郁症状联合情况为自变量进行混合效应模型分析,调整协变量后,焦虑与抑郁症状共存时,中学生SA风险是无焦虑、抑郁症状中学生的5.60倍(P < 0.05)。焦虑和抑郁症状共同作用的额外风险高于其单独作用的总和,32%的联合风险可归因于焦虑和抑郁症状的交互效应;S值为1.64,进一步支持交互作用的存在。见表2。
本研究发现,2022—2023年深圳市中学生焦虑、抑郁症状及SA报告率均上升,该趋势与全球青少年心理健康问题的恶化趋势一致[11]。深圳市学业竞争激烈,叠加疫情反复导致的社交隔离,这些因素可能共同加剧了青少年的情绪问题[12-14]。同时,中学生的SA报告率也在上升,可能与在线学习常态化、娱乐应用过度使用相关[15-17],应重点关注中学生的心理健康状况和SA问题。此外,本研究中,深圳市中学生轻度及以上焦虑抑郁症状报告率达40%~50%,与既往研究相似。在一项对95 455名自贡市青少年的焦虑抑郁患病症状的横断面调查中发现,轻度及以上焦虑抑郁患病率分别为48.9%,57.6%[18]。此外,本研究中2022和2023年深圳市中学生中重度焦虑、抑郁症状报告率分别为12.14%,16.12%和12.83%,18.01%,高于既往研究[19-20]。
本研究证实了中学生焦虑、抑郁症状与SA之间存在相关性,与Elhai等[21]在其综述中的发现一致。研究表明,焦虑、抑郁等情绪问题可能促使中学生通过智能手机寻求即时满足;而过度使用手机则可能带来一系列负面后果,包括加剧社交孤立和睡眠障碍,进一步加重焦虑、抑郁情绪,形成恶性循环[3, 6, 13]。焦虑和抑郁症状程度较高的青少年更容易出现手机成瘾行为,反之亦然。一项针对黎巴嫩大学生的研究发现,抑郁和焦虑独立促进了手机成瘾水平[22]。此外,王欣[23]研究发现,女生对焦虑、抑郁的内化倾向更强,更容易通过社交媒体等平台寻求情感支持和缓解压力,这使她们发生SA风险普遍高于男生。因此,针对有焦虑、抑郁症状的中学生应得到更多关注,以减少其对SA的潜在影响;同时,应针对不同性别的差异性需求,制定更加个性化的预防和干预策略,有助于应对青少年群体中的SA问题。
本研究通过分析焦虑和抑郁症状与中学生SA之间的关系,揭示了心理健康问题在SA风险中的重要作用。结果显示,焦虑和抑郁症状得分在粗模型和调整模型中与SA得分均呈正相关,表明焦虑和抑郁症状是SA的独立风险因素,且程度越高风险越大;同时,中重度焦虑和抑郁症状的中学生SA的风险均高于无焦虑和无抑郁症状者[24]。此外,交互效应分析进一步表明,焦虑与抑郁症状共存对SA的风险具有叠加效应,提示焦虑和抑郁症状的联合存在不仅增加了中学生面临的情绪负担,还可能加剧他们对智能手机的依赖性,从而使得SA的风险进一步上升。这些结果支持焦虑与抑郁症状通过影响中学生情绪调节能力和心理负担,进而加剧其对智能手机依赖的观点[25-26]。
本研究还发现,焦虑与抑郁症状的联合作用可能通过损害执行功能间接影响手机成瘾。一项中国大学生横断面研究表明,执行功能障碍在焦虑与手机成瘾、抑郁与手机成瘾关系中分别起完全和部分中介作用[27]。具体而言,焦虑通过执行功能下降导致成瘾行为失控,而抑郁则直接加剧对手机的依赖性,这种双重路径提示干预需同时关注认知训练与情绪管理。已有研究发现,焦虑与抑郁症状的共存对负性情绪信息存在注意偏向,这种认知特征会强化手机成瘾的维持机制[28]。手机成瘾者对负性图片的反应时缩短,且这种注意偏向与社交焦虑水平呈正相关[28]。因此,在针对中学生SA的预防和干预过程中,应特别关注焦虑抑郁症状共存中学生的需求,进行综合性的心理健康干预,减轻他们的情绪困扰,从而降低过度依赖智能手机的风险。
本研究也存在一定局限性:首先,样本仅来自深圳市单一行政区,代表性有限,未来研究可考虑扩大样本范围;其次,研究使用了2022—2023年的数据,近几年受新型冠状病毒感染疫情影响较大,学生心理状态波动较大。
  • 广东省教育科学规划专项资助课题项目(2021YQJK580);广东省教育科学规划中小学德育专项课题项目(2023ZXDY028)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025223
  • 接收时间:2025-03-19
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-19
  • 修回日期:2025-05-01
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广东省教育科学规划专项资助课题项目(2021YQJK580);广东省教育科学规划中小学德育专项课题项目(2023ZXDY028)
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    1深圳市光明区教育科学研究院,广东 518000
    2南方科技大学附属光明凤凰学校
    3中山大学公共卫生学院(深圳)
    4中山大学深圳附属学校
    5深圳市光明区高级中学

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