Article(id=1325529966850622260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325529948685091532, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1751472000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960571253, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960571253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960571253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960571253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529948685091532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1065', pageEnd='1216', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960566921, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960566921, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1070, endPage=1073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325529967098086199, articleId=1325529966850622260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of college students' physical exercise decision-making and intervention strategies from a behavioral economics perspective, columnId=1325500680437375125, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Expert Viewpoint, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, Chinese college students have shown increased awareness of the importance of physical exercise. However, challenges such as insufficient health literacy, declining physical fitness, and low participation rates in physical activity still persist. To address these issues, the study applies behavioral economics theory and incorporates concepts such as anchoring effects, intertemporal decision-making, loss aversion, and herd behavior, to examine the irrational factors and decision-making preferences underlying college students' physical exercise behaviors. By analyzing the cognitive biases in their decision-making processes, the research aims to propose targeted and scientifically validated intervention strategies, so as to provide references for improving college students' engagement in physical exercise and promoting their overall well-being.

, authors=Peilin SU1, Tongtong SHENG*, 1, 2, Guofeng YUE*, 3, authorsList=Peilin SU, Tongtong SHENG, Guofeng YUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tongtong SHENG, Guofeng YUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325529967706260280, articleId=1325529966850622260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=行为经济学视角下大学生体育锻炼决策分析及干预策略, columnId=1325500682912014487, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=专题笔谈, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,中国大学生对于体育锻炼的重视程度有所提升,但是仍存在健康素养不高、身体素质降低、体育锻炼参与度不足等问题。为改善这一现状,文章基于行为经济学理论,结合锚定效应、跨期决策、损失厌恶以及羊群效应,探讨大学生体育锻炼决策背后的非理性因素和决策偏好,分析其认知偏差的内在机制,进而有针对性地提出科学有效的干预策略,为改善大学生体育锻炼现状、促进其全面发展提供参考。

, authors=苏沛琳1, 盛彤彤*, 1, 2, 岳国峰*, 3, authorsList=苏沛琳, 盛彤彤, 岳国峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=盛彤彤, 岳国峰, authorNote=

苏沛琳(2000-),女,江苏无锡人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为高校思想政治教育

, correspAuthorsNote=
盛彤彤,E-mail:
岳国峰,E-mail:
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行为经济学视角下大学生体育锻炼决策分析及干预策略
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苏沛琳 1 , 盛彤彤 *, 1, 2 , 岳国峰 *, 3
中国学校卫生 | 专题笔谈 2025,46(8): 1070-1073
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中国学校卫生 |专题笔谈 2025 , 46 (8) : 1070 -1073
行为经济学视角下大学生体育锻炼决策分析及干预策略
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苏沛琳1, 盛彤彤*, 1, 2 , 岳国峰*, 3
作者信息
  • 1南京医科大学马克思主义学院,江苏 211166
  • 2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3南京医科大学医政学院
通讯作者:
盛彤彤,E-mail:
岳国峰,E-mail:
作者简介:

苏沛琳(2000-),女,江苏无锡人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为高校思想政治教育

Analysis of college students' physical exercise decision-making and intervention strategies from a behavioral economics perspective
Peilin SU1, Tongtong SHENG*, 1, 2 , Guofeng YUE*, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marxism, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025245
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近年来,中国大学生对于体育锻炼的重视程度有所提升,但是仍存在健康素养不高、身体素质降低、体育锻炼参与度不足等问题。为改善这一现状,文章基于行为经济学理论,结合锚定效应、跨期决策、损失厌恶以及羊群效应,探讨大学生体育锻炼决策背后的非理性因素和决策偏好,分析其认知偏差的内在机制,进而有针对性地提出科学有效的干预策略,为改善大学生体育锻炼现状、促进其全面发展提供参考。

身体锻炼  /  干预  /  健康促进  /  学生

In recent years, Chinese college students have shown increased awareness of the importance of physical exercise. However, challenges such as insufficient health literacy, declining physical fitness, and low participation rates in physical activity still persist. To address these issues, the study applies behavioral economics theory and incorporates concepts such as anchoring effects, intertemporal decision-making, loss aversion, and herd behavior, to examine the irrational factors and decision-making preferences underlying college students' physical exercise behaviors. By analyzing the cognitive biases in their decision-making processes, the research aims to propose targeted and scientifically validated intervention strategies, so as to provide references for improving college students' engagement in physical exercise and promoting their overall well-being.

Exercise movement techniques  /  Intervention  /  Health promotion  /  Students
苏沛琳, 盛彤彤, 岳国峰. 行为经济学视角下大学生体育锻炼决策分析及干预策略. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1070 -1073 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025245
Peilin SU, Tongtong SHENG, Guofeng YUE. Analysis of college students' physical exercise decision-making and intervention strategies from a behavioral economics perspective[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1070 -1073 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025245
近年来,随着健康中国战略和全民健身计划的深入实施,我国大学生对于体育锻炼的重视程度有所提升,但仍存在健康素养不高、身体素质降低、体育锻炼参与度不足等问题[1-2]。研究表明缺乏体育锻炼的大学生患肥胖疾病的风险比积极参与体育锻炼的大学生高1.25倍[3]。大学生作为国家的未来和民族的希望,其体育锻炼情况和健康状态与“健康中国”和“体育强国”目标密切相关[4]。2023年,一项针对全国2.5万名大学生的调查发现,近五成大学生每周运动不足3次[4],未能契合《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》提出的“确保学生每周参与体育活动达到中等强度3次以上”[5]。因此,如何改善大学生体育锻炼行为已成为研究者关注的重要课题。目前,我国对于大学生体育锻炼的研究多注重于分析其行为影响因素,如社会支持、自我效能感等[6],少有研究从个体决策层面对大学生体育锻炼的心理因素进行解释。为此,本研究以行为经济学理论为基础,剖析大学生体育锻炼决策的非理性因素和认知偏差,并提出优化策略,以期为改善大学生体育锻炼现状、促进其全面发展提供指导。
传统经济学中的“理性人”假设认为,个体在决策时具备完全的理性,能够充分获取信息、精确计算成本与收益,并做出最优选择[7]。然而,高校学生作为中国社会压力最大的群体之一[8],久坐不动的生活方式成为常态,体质健康状况堪忧[9]。大学生体育锻炼的决策受个人偏好、时间管理、群体影响等多重因素制约,决策过程中难以理性地整合复杂信息,往往追求“满意解”而非“最优解”[7],这与“理性人”的假设相悖。
行为经济学理论很好地弥补了传统经济学与现实脱离的缺陷[10]。虽然该理论在体育锻炼领域的应用相对较新,但是其具有心理学和经济学交叉学科的融合优势[11],可以合理解读大学生体育锻炼的决策偏好,为改善大学生体育锻炼行为提供新的视角与思路。其次,行为经济学揭示了影响个体的行为决策偏差是系统、可预测的,可以利用决策偏差的可预测性来创造可介入的干预机会。应用行为经济学理论提供的相应策略,能够激发大学生体育锻炼的内在动机,提高体育锻炼的参与度和认同感。此外,基于行为经济学理论的干预策略具有较高的可行性和可推广性,有助于为高校体育教育和健康管理提供科学依据和实践指导。因此,本研究尝试构建了基于行为经济学的大学生体育锻炼决策及干预策略。
锚定效应是行为决策中的一种认知偏差,常发生在不确定情境下[12]。当个体难以对某一事项做出准确判断时,他们往往会将以往对该事项的印象或接收到的相关信息作为判断的基准,即所谓的“锚点”[13]。这些“锚点”的形成并非孤立发生,而是受到内外因素的共同作用。内在锚点源自个人认知体系,如经验定式、情感记忆等;外在锚点则基于社会环境参照,受到社会规范、外部信息的影响[14]。内外锚点作为有影响力的信息,能够引起行为改变[15]。(1)内在锚点层面。当大学生对是否要体育锻炼进行决策时,其以往的锻炼经验会形成内部参照。如果他们曾在锻炼中感受过快乐、满足或社交的乐趣,这些积极情绪会提升他们体育锻炼的内在驱动力[16];反之,倘若学生把锻炼和痛苦、乏味或挫败感相关联,这些负面情绪便会削减他们的锻炼意愿。(2)外在锚点层面。大学生通过接受学校、社交媒体的健康宣教以及亲友的互动反馈,逐步建构对体育锻炼的认知框架,从而倾向于主动了解并参与体育锻炼。此外,大学生体育锻炼决策也会受到教师的影响。研究显示,教师在学年初始阶段为学生提供的情感支持越多,学生的体育锻炼内在动机便越强,其一学年中体育锻炼的频次也会随之提升[17]。
跨期决策的实质在于决策者对时间与损益的权衡与判断[18]。个体在跨期决策过程中所表现出的具有明显倾向性的偏好被称作跨期决策偏好[19]。跨期决策的双曲贴现模型表明,行为主体呈现近视型偏好,更注重短期选择[20];说明人们会更偏好即时的回报,而忽视长远的效益。体育锻炼作为典型的延迟满足行为,其效果显现需依赖长期投入与坚持不懈;这种“先投入后获益”的特性,恰是许多个体难以维持规律锻炼的原因。人们在跨期决策中会主观评估选项所伴随的时间延迟,延迟时间越长,个体对延迟结果的主观现值越小,此现象被称作“时间折扣”[21]。大学生在当下成本(时间/体力消耗)与未来收益(健康提升)的权衡中,因时间不一致性而更倾向于短期效用最大化,对于体力活动则想尽量延后。未来的健康结果对大学生来说是不确定的,健康效应相对滞后且需要调整生活方式的体育锻炼行为就会偏离大学生的优先选择,表现为高时间折扣率、低未来取向[22],很难长期坚持。
根据损失厌恶心理,人们在同时面临损失和获得时,对可能的“损失”比对“获得”更敏感[23]。研究表明,同等损失给人们带来的负面价值是同等收益带来正面价值的两倍多[24]。大学生常期望通过锻炼实现体重减轻、体质增强、体态变好等目标。然而,当锻炼效果未达预期,甚至出现身体疲劳、肌肉拉伤等不适时,他们会主观放大这些负面体验,将其视为“损失”,进而减少体育锻炼的频次。研究发现,疲劳与大学生的锻炼周数及体育锻炼量呈负相关[25],即大学生感到越疲惫、其体育锻炼的次数越少。其次,由于部分大学生的健康素养相对较低,对体育锻炼相关信息的理解能力和辨别能力不足,在面对不确定风险的体育锻炼时,大学生更容易产生维持现状的偏好。有研究发现,大学生由于缺少对体育锻炼促进身心健康和学习效果的认知,会认为体育锻炼耽误文化课学习[26],从而对体育锻炼产生怠慢情绪,不愿打破日常习惯去参与体育锻炼,以换取未来不确定的健康回报,进而造成了体育锻炼不足的结果。
羊群效应,即群体性的模仿和跟随现象,是个体在面对不确定信息时,追随身边人做出决策的从众行为[14]。初具独立思辨能力的大学生还无法全面评估自己的身体素质、运动基础是否适合某些热门的锻炼方式,他们的行为在很大程度上会受同伴影响[27]。研究表明,“朋友的邀请和参与”与大学生进行中、大强度的体育锻炼呈正比[28]。周围人参与体育锻炼的比例与个体的体育锻炼意愿呈正相关[29],即当身边多数人都投身体育锻炼时,人们往往会受到从众心理驱使,进而也参与体育锻炼中。因此,跟随同伴的体育锻炼决策并非总是盲目消极的羊群效应结果,也可以被视为一种积极的学习模仿行为,有助于减少信息不对称、降低认知不确定性[14]。体育锻炼常被大学生视为一种正向的社会行为,其不仅是保持身体健康的有效手段,更是一个与同学互动交流、建立社交关系的绝佳机会[30]。大学阶段是大学生养成健康生活方式的关键时期,可利用羊群效应对群体性认知进行正确引导,助推更多人参与体育锻炼,使他们在运动中收获友谊、健康与快乐,为未来生活打下坚实的基础。
加强大学生体育锻炼、提升身体素质和健康素养是促进全面发展、实现健康中国战略的重要举措[4]。结合对大学生体育锻炼决策的行为经济学分析,可从以下几个方面探索促进策略。
大学生体育锻炼决策时受到内外锚点的影响,应发挥家庭、学校、社会三方合力的作用。(1)家庭层面。父母在促进子女身体活动方面发挥重要作用,父母在言传之外应积极开展身教,以自身的体育锻炼行为与经验带动子女参与体育锻炼[31]。(2)学校层面。应构建多元体育课程体系,组织丰富多样的体育竞赛与活动,激发学生的锻炼兴趣;加强校园体育设施建设,提升学生体育锻炼的可及性;教师需关注大学生群体特点及个体差异、因材施教,兼顾不同运动技能水平的学生,并在体育锻炼中给予指导与支持。(3)社会层面。大力倡导全民体育、终身体育的发展理念,高度重视体育强国建设的舆论导向;借助新闻平台、视频号、微信公众号等媒介,生动形象地科普体育知识,深化大学生对体育锻炼的理解与认同,积极主动进行体育锻炼。
在健康生活方式塑造中,需要建立奖励机制、设计阶梯化训练方案,将大目标细化为小目标、循序渐进,并及时给予正向反馈,以增强信心与自我效能感[32]。从跨期决策对体育锻炼行为的影响机制来看,时间折扣率较高的大学生更倾向于追求即时的奖励。针对此类“缺乏耐心”的大学生,需要在训练中给予更多的即时奖励措施,以提升大学生成就感和满足感,增强体育锻炼的积极性。此外,对于那些自认为“运动能力欠佳而延迟体育锻炼”的大学生,提供一些准入门槛较低的锻炼项目,并给予他们灵活的锻炼时间安排和短时高效的锻炼规划,使他们感受到体育锻炼是人人都能够参与的活动,逐步克服大学生对于长远目标的恐惧与焦虑,帮助其养成坚持锻炼的习惯,从而实现健康目标。
同一事物或问题的不同呈现方式会导致截然不同的决策判断[13],因此采用损益框架促进大学生体育锻炼行为应该注意区分不同情境。大学生体育锻炼决策过程中,信息收益框架是指“如果你选择进行体育锻炼,将会获得哪些益处”,而损失框架则是“如果你不进行体育锻炼,将会错过什么或面临哪些损失”[33]。损失厌恶心理认为,在面临风险时,多数人是风险偏好型,倾向于承受未来损失;面临收益时,多数人是风险规避型,倾向于选择即时获利,不改变生活方式[34]。当大学生因体育锻炼导致短期身体疲劳而产生风险规避心理时,宜采用收益框架进行劝导;通过强调科学合理的体育锻炼对个人身心健康的重要性,使大学生认识到锻炼带来的积极变化;当体育锻炼未在大学生群体中引起足够重视,大学生健康素养较低并产生维持现状心理时,则需要采用损失框架进行提醒。通过强调损失,指出缺乏体育锻炼作为一种威胁健康的行为,容易增加人们罹患慢性病甚至死亡的风险[35-36],激发大学生的健康危机感和锻炼紧迫感,助推他们积极参与体育锻炼。
大学生体育锻炼决策具有社会属性,会受到周围人群的影响,可以发挥榜样作用,打造线上线下互动模式,提升大学生体育锻炼的内在动力。可邀请校园中的优秀运动员、学术优异的朋辈以及其他具有广泛影响力的同龄人,分享他们借助体育锻炼提升学习效率、减缓压力、保持健康的经验[30],以此作为激励大学生的鲜活案例。此外,打造线上线下运动社群互动模式,将体育锻炼与愉快的社交体验相结合,增强个体的积极情感,加深其对所在群体的归属感。一方面可以策划系列富有趣味性的集体活动,如团体竞技比赛、户外拓展训练等,在拓展锻炼形式的同时注入娱乐元素,有效调动学生参与体育锻炼的积极性。另一方面利用社交媒体平台来扩大体育锻炼社群的影响力,方便大学生随时随地交流和分享锻炼心得,展示社群的活力和成果,并带动更多人参与体育锻炼,共同营造积极向上的校园体育锻炼氛围。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(72174092)
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025245
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-07-03
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(72174092)
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    1南京医科大学马克思主义学院,江苏 211166
    2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
    3南京医科大学医政学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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