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Article(id=1325521115195507126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325521023759691810, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025213, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=1735056000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958460853, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958460853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958460853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958460853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325521023759691810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='913', pageEnd='1064', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958439054, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958439054, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=932, endPage=936, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325521116881617336, articleId=1325521115195507126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of pollution of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms caused by using solid-fuels and the influencing factors, columnId=1325521116441215415, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Environmental Exposure and Child & Adolescent Health Series, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and its influencing factors in children's bedrooms using solid fuel, so as to provide evidence for effective strategy to reduce PM2.5 pollution.

Methods

From December 2019 to November 2020, 198 households (108 in the north, 90 in the south) from two pilots in the north(Jiamusi in Heilongjiang Province) and south of China (Mianyang in Sichuan Province) were selected, and status of solid fuels using were obtained through home visits, dynamic changes in PM2.5 concentrations in children's bedrooms were monitored by using real-time online instruments, and the influencing factors of PM2.5 pollution were analyzed by using a mixed-effects model.

Results

During the monitoring period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 78.33 (40.50, 154.80) and 38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3, respectively, exceeding standard rates of 44.57% and 33.22%. During the heating period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 212.50(133.60, 244.10) and 104.42(73.97, 134.90) μg/m3, respectively, with over standard rates of 96.75% and 86.96%. The mixed-effects model analysis results showed that children's bedroom PM2.5 concentrations were associated with solid fuel usage duration, window opening time, room layout (shared entrance door between kitchen and bedroom), indoor smoking, indoor humidity, and solid fuel use in the bedroom (β=0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35, all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Solid fuel combustion significantly comtributes to PM2.5 pollution in children's bedrooms, with more pronounced impacts observed in northern China compared to southern regions.

, authors=Ping ZHENG1, Chunli SHI2, Shuzhi XIN3, Shunqiang CHEN4, Yue SHEN3, Bei ZHANG5, Ning XU1, Qiang WANG*, 1, authorsList=Ping ZHENG, Chunli SHI, Shuzhi XIN, Shunqiang CHEN, Yue SHEN, Bei ZHANG, Ning XU, Qiang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325521124854989245, articleId=1325521115195507126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=固体燃料对儿童卧室PM2.5污染及影响因素分析, columnId=1325521118253154745, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=环境暴露与儿童青少年健康专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解使用固体燃料的家庭儿童卧室PM2.5污染状况及影响因素，为有效降低儿童卧室PM2.5的污染提供依据。

方法

2019年12月—2020年11月，在中国北方(黑龙江省佳木斯市)和南方(四川省绵阳市)选择2个试点，监测198户(北方108户，南方90户)，通过家访了解固体燃料使用情况，采用实时在线监测设备监测儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度动态变化，使用混合效应模型分析儿童卧室PM2.5污染的影响因素。

结果

监测周期内北方和南方试点儿童卧室PM2.5日均值分别为78.33(40.50, 154.80) 和38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3，超标率分别为44.57%和33.22%。取暖期内北方和南方试点PM2.5日均值分别为212.50 (133.60, 244.10) 和104.42 (73.97, 134.90) μg/m3，超标率分别为96.75%和86.96%。混合效应模型分析结果显示，儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度与固体燃料使用时间、开窗时间、房间布局(厨房和卧室共用入户门)、室内吸烟、室内湿度和卧室内使用固体燃料等因素均相关(β值分别为0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35，P值均＜0.05)。

结论

使用固体燃料是儿童卧室内PM2.5污染的重要原因，固体燃料对北方儿童卧室空气质量的影响重于南方。

, authors=郑萍1, 师春立2, 辛淑芝3, 陈顺强4, 沈月3, 张北5, 许宁1, 王强*, 1, authorsList=郑萍, 师春立, 辛淑芝, 陈顺强, 沈月, 张北, 许宁, 王强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王强, authorNote=

郑萍和师春立为共同第一作者。

郑萍(1980-)，女，内蒙古呼伦贝尔人，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为环境卫生学

师春立(1986-)，男，河南周口人，硕士，副主任医师，主要研究方向为环境健康

, correspAuthorsNote=
王强，E-mail:
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注：因南方监测家庭地处山区，监测信号不稳定，2020年1月1—7日监测数据缺失。

, figureFileSmall=iFfwrpJqdkmrKWU0DBiRWQ==, figureFileBig=YkrBVw/VXEkgcx1fQRf0wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325521184409911816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521115195507126, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic characteristics of children's households in the pilot in the north and south

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试点家庭数父母文化程度*父母是否了解室内PM2.5污染的危害*父母对室内PM2.5污染情况的认知*卧室内使用固体燃料
小学初中高中大学及以上听说过很多听说过一些不了解不知道有很多有但不多几乎没有没有
北方1088(7.4)88(81.5)10(9.3)2(1.8)1(0.9)18(16.7)89(82.4)4(3.7)35(32.4)31(28.7)37(34.3)1(0.9)19(17.6)
南方908(8.9)50(55.5)26(28.9)6(6.7)2(2.2)15(16.7)73(81.1)46(51.4)22(24.3)12(13.5)8(9.0)2(1.8)50(55.6)
χ2值31.16
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
试点家庭数取暖燃料类型*做饭燃料类型*厨房和卧室共用入户门室内吸烟室内种植绿植
固体燃料清洁燃料固体和清洁燃料不取暖固体燃料清洁燃料固体和清洁燃料
北方108101(93.5)2(1.9)5(4.6)035(32.4)22(20.4)51(47.2)95(88.0)64(59.3)63(58.3)
南方9031(34.4)24(26.7)7(7.8)28(31.1)1(1.1)089(98.9)7(7.8)55(61.1)12(13.3)
χ2值126.370.0742.25
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.79＜0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521186926494218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521115195507126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北方和南方试点儿童家庭基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试点家庭数父母文化程度*父母是否了解室内PM2.5污染的危害*父母对室内PM2.5污染情况的认知*卧室内使用固体燃料
小学初中高中大学及以上听说过很多听说过一些不了解不知道有很多有但不多几乎没有没有
北方1088(7.4)88(81.5)10(9.3)2(1.8)1(0.9)18(16.7)89(82.4)4(3.7)35(32.4)31(28.7)37(34.3)1(0.9)19(17.6)
南方908(8.9)50(55.5)26(28.9)6(6.7)2(2.2)15(16.7)73(81.1)46(51.4)22(24.3)12(13.5)8(9.0)2(1.8)50(55.6)
χ2值31.16
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
试点家庭数取暖燃料类型*做饭燃料类型*厨房和卧室共用入户门室内吸烟室内种植绿植
固体燃料清洁燃料固体和清洁燃料不取暖固体燃料清洁燃料固体和清洁燃料
北方108101(93.5)2(1.9)5(4.6)035(32.4)22(20.4)51(47.2)95(88.0)64(59.3)63(58.3)
南方9031(34.4)24(26.7)7(7.8)28(31.1)1(1.1)089(98.9)7(7.8)55(61.1)12(13.3)
χ2值126.370.0742.25
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.79＜0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521189375967755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521115195507126, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Result of mixed effect model of influencing factors of PM2.5 concentration in children's bedroom(n=198)

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自变量β值标准误t值P值
固体燃料使用时间/h0.190.012.310.02
开窗时间/h-0.050.02-3.55＜0.01
卧室内使用固体燃料0.350.152.290.02
厨房和卧室共用入户门1.200.167.66＜0.01
室内吸烟0.430.123.60＜0.01
卧室内种植植物0.060.130.450.66
室内湿度/%0.020.0021.61＜0.01
室内温度/℃-0.000.00-1.220.22
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儿童卧室PM2.5水平影响因素的混合效应模型分析(n=198)

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自变量β值标准误t值P值
固体燃料使用时间/h0.190.012.310.02
开窗时间/h-0.050.02-3.55＜0.01
卧室内使用固体燃料0.350.152.290.02
厨房和卧室共用入户门1.200.167.66＜0.01
室内吸烟0.430.123.60＜0.01
卧室内种植植物0.060.130.450.66
室内湿度/%0.020.0021.61＜0.01
室内温度/℃-0.000.00-1.220.22
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固体燃料对儿童卧室PM2.5污染及影响因素分析
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郑萍 1 , 师春立 2 , 辛淑芝 3 , 陈顺强 4 , 沈月 3 , 张北 5 , 许宁 1 , 王强 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 环境暴露与儿童青少年健康专栏 2025,46(7): 932-936
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中国学校卫生 |环境暴露与儿童青少年健康专栏 2025 , 46 (7) : 932 -936
固体燃料对儿童卧室PM2.5污染及影响因素分析
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郑萍1, 师春立2, 辛淑芝3, 陈顺强4, 沈月3, 张北5, 许宁1, 王强*, 1
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所, 北京 100050
  • 2四川省疾病预防控制中心环境与学校卫生消毒所
  • 3黑龙江省佳木斯市桦川县疾病预防控制中心
  • 4四川省绵阳市安州区疾病预防控制中心
  • 5卡尔顿大学化学系
通讯作者:
王强，E-mail:
作者简介:

郑萍和师春立为共同第一作者。

郑萍(1980-)，女，内蒙古呼伦贝尔人，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为环境卫生学

师春立(1986-)，男，河南周口人，硕士，副主任医师，主要研究方向为环境健康

Analysis of pollution of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms caused by using solid-fuels and the influencing factors
Ping ZHENG1, Chunli SHI2, Shuzhi XIN3, Shunqiang CHEN4, Yue SHEN3, Bei ZHANG5, Ning XU1, Qiang WANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025213
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摘要
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目的

了解使用固体燃料的家庭儿童卧室PM2.5污染状况及影响因素，为有效降低儿童卧室PM2.5的污染提供依据。

方法

2019年12月—2020年11月，在中国北方(黑龙江省佳木斯市)和南方(四川省绵阳市)选择2个试点，监测198户(北方108户，南方90户)，通过家访了解固体燃料使用情况，采用实时在线监测设备监测儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度动态变化，使用混合效应模型分析儿童卧室PM2.5污染的影响因素。

结果

监测周期内北方和南方试点儿童卧室PM2.5日均值分别为78.33(40.50, 154.80) 和38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3，超标率分别为44.57%和33.22%。取暖期内北方和南方试点PM2.5日均值分别为212.50 (133.60, 244.10) 和104.42 (73.97, 134.90) μg/m3，超标率分别为96.75%和86.96%。混合效应模型分析结果显示，儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度与固体燃料使用时间、开窗时间、房间布局(厨房和卧室共用入户门)、室内吸烟、室内湿度和卧室内使用固体燃料等因素均相关(β值分别为0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35，P值均＜0.05)。

结论

使用固体燃料是儿童卧室内PM2.5污染的重要原因，固体燃料对北方儿童卧室空气质量的影响重于南方。

矿物燃料  /  颗粒物  /  环境污染  /  线性模型  /  儿童
Objective

To investigate the indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and its influencing factors in children's bedrooms using solid fuel, so as to provide evidence for effective strategy to reduce PM2.5 pollution.

Methods

From December 2019 to November 2020, 198 households (108 in the north, 90 in the south) from two pilots in the north(Jiamusi in Heilongjiang Province) and south of China (Mianyang in Sichuan Province) were selected, and status of solid fuels using were obtained through home visits, dynamic changes in PM2.5 concentrations in children's bedrooms were monitored by using real-time online instruments, and the influencing factors of PM2.5 pollution were analyzed by using a mixed-effects model.

Results

During the monitoring period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 78.33 (40.50, 154.80) and 38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3, respectively, exceeding standard rates of 44.57% and 33.22%. During the heating period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 212.50(133.60, 244.10) and 104.42(73.97, 134.90) μg/m3, respectively, with over standard rates of 96.75% and 86.96%. The mixed-effects model analysis results showed that children's bedroom PM2.5 concentrations were associated with solid fuel usage duration, window opening time, room layout (shared entrance door between kitchen and bedroom), indoor smoking, indoor humidity, and solid fuel use in the bedroom (β=0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35, all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Solid fuel combustion significantly comtributes to PM2.5 pollution in children's bedrooms, with more pronounced impacts observed in northern China compared to southern regions.

Fossil fuels  /  Particulate matter  /  Environmental pollution  /  Linear models  /  Child
郑萍, 师春立, 辛淑芝, 陈顺强, 沈月, 张北, 许宁, 王强. 固体燃料对儿童卧室PM2.5污染及影响因素分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (7) : 932 -936 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025213
Ping ZHENG, Chunli SHI, Shuzhi XIN, Shunqiang CHEN, Yue SHEN, Bei ZHANG, Ning XU, Qiang WANG. Analysis of pollution of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms caused by using solid-fuels and the influencing factors[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (7) : 932 -936 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025213
正文
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固体燃料(煤炭、木柴、稻草秸秆等)现阶段仍然是许多地区用来取暖、做饭的主要能源。根据世界卫生组织报告显示，全球仍有21亿人口使用固体燃料[1]。固体燃料燃烧会排放大量有害物质，包括颗粒物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物等，使用固体燃料引起的室内空气污染是全球过早死亡的主要危险因素之一[2-4]。2017年，我国因室内固体燃料燃烧导致的空气污染引起的死亡人数达27.1万[5]。细颗粒物(fine particulate matter, PM2.5)作为固体燃料燃烧产生的主要有害物质之一，被认为是混合污染物的指示物，与多种疾病相关，包括中风、心血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等[6-7]。2019年，中国城市因人类暴露于室内PM2.5而导致的死亡人数为39.4万[8]。
现阶段，我国农村家庭烹饪和取暖使用固体燃料占总能源消耗的61%和15%[9]。本研究于2019年12月至2020年11月，在我国南、北方地区选择2个典型的使用固体燃料的地区，以PM2.5指示固体燃料的污染水平，使用实时在线监测设备监测使用固体燃料家庭儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度，分析儿童卧室内PM2.5污染影响因素，为进一步制定室内空气污染干预策略提供依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
结合我国南北方气候、人们生活习惯等特点，本项目在我国北方(黑龙江省佳木斯市)和南方(四川省绵阳市)地区选择仍然主要使用固体燃料做饭、取暖的2个区县作为试点，调查儿童卧室PM2.5污染状况。纳入标准：被调查家庭使用固体燃料做饭或/和取暖，每个家庭至少有1名14岁以下儿童(不包括住校学生)。本研究使用R软件pwr包，根据采暖季和非采暖季室内PM2.5差异计算样本量，效应值设为0.8，显著性水平设为0.05，功效值设为0.8，计算所得样本量应大于25个家庭。最后共纳入198户固体燃料使用家庭，其中北方试点108户，南方试点90户，试点家庭共有233名儿童。研究仅对儿童卧室空气PM2.5浓度进行监测。研究经中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所伦理审查委员会批准(编号：201920)，所有调查对象均签署书面知情同意书。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　问卷调查
基于联合国儿童基金会推荐的“传播促进发展”理论[10]设计调查问卷，调查儿童父母文化程度、父母对室内PM2.5污染情况的了解程度、家庭固体燃料使用情况、通风换气情况、房屋布局、室内吸烟情况、室内种植绿植情况等基本信息。问卷针对室内吸烟情况进行重复设计，2次问卷一致率为93.5%，Cronbach α系数为0.91，调查结果具有良好的信度。
1.2.2　儿童卧室PM2.5监测方法
选择PM2.5环境监测仪(B5型号，众清科技, 北京)自2019年12月至2020年11月连续在线监测儿童卧室PM2.5水平。监测仪采用PM2.5激光散射传感器，量程为0~1 000 μg/m3, 灵敏度为1 μg/m3，准确性为±10%。监测仪每5 min采集测量1次室内PM2.5质量体积浓度并无线传输至云平台。实时监测仪器采用云校准专利技术，通过校准平台使用标准设备进行校准，对存在参数误差的传感器进行在线刷新。依据《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2022)采样布点原则[11]，结合儿童身高及活动特点、室内无线传输信号等情况，在每间儿童卧室放置1台监测仪，位置为距地面高度1 m，避开通风口和热源，距离墙壁>0.5 m，距离门窗>1 m，避免外界因素干扰，室内传输信号稳定。
1.3　统计学分析
使用R 4.2.2软件进行统计分析。计量资料经Anderson-Darling检验，不符合正态分布，使用M(P25，P75)表示，使用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析；分类资料采用频数和率描述，使用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验进行分析。使用混合效应模型分析固体燃料引起的室内PM2.5污染的影响因素。以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　儿童家庭基本情况
100%入组家庭使用固体燃料取暖或做饭，但儿童家长对室内PM2.5污染情况了解不足。北方家庭取暖燃料主要为煤(93.5%，101户)，其次为稻草秸秆(50.0%，54户)等，其中46.3%(50户)的家庭同时使用煤和稻草秸秆；南方家庭取暖使用的固体燃料主要为木柴(41.1%，37户)和碳(17.8%，16户)。南、北方试点家庭做饭时均有使用清洁燃料，南方使用家庭比例高于北方(P＜0.01)；北方卧室和厨房共用入户门的家庭和室内种植绿植的家庭多于南方(P值均＜0.01)。见表1。北方家庭冬季通风时间[0 (0, 0.5)h/d]低于南方[8.0 (4.5, 8.5)h/d]，差异有统计学意义(Z=90.61，P＜0.01)；2个试点室内做饭时长[北方3.0(2.0, 3.0)h/d, 南方3.0(3.0, 3.0)h/d]差异无统计学意义(Z=1.62，P＞0.05)。见表1。
2.2　儿童卧室PM2.5污染情况
2.2.1　儿童卧室PM2.5水平年度分布特征
调查共获得11个月的儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度监测数据，由图1可见，PM2.5质量体积浓度1，2月最高，从3月开始逐渐下降，7，8月降至最低，10月开始逐渐升高。北方试点PM2.5质量体积浓度日均值的平均值为(103.73±78.25)μg/m3，最高值为350.68 μg/m3，最低值为10.53 μg/m3，M(P25，P75)为78.33(40.50，154.80)μg/m3；南方试点PM2.5质量体积浓度日均值的平均值为(47.73±30.79)μg/m3，最高值为165.96 μg/m3，最低值为11.15 μg/m3，M(P25，P75)为38.54 (26.20，58.46)μg/m3。北方试点室内空气PM2.5质量体积浓度日均值高于南方试点(Z=282.21，P＜0.01)。根据我国《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2022)室内PM2.5限值(50 μg/m3)[11]，监测周期内北方试点家庭PM2.5水平日均值超标率为51.77%(8 062/15 573)，南方试点家庭超标率为33.22%(1 473/4 434)。
2.2.2　儿童卧室PM2.5水平日间分布特征
根据在线监测结果，研究选取室内PM2.5污染最重的2020年1月[PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)：北方212.5(133.6，244.1)μg/m3，南方104.42(73.97，134.90)μg/m3]，超标率分别为96.75%(1 397/1 444)和86.96%(960/1 104)。首先按照是否采用固体燃料取暖分层分析儿童卧室PM2.5水平日间变化情况，然后对使用固体燃料取暖的家庭按照是否在室内吸烟进一步进行分层分析。
1月北方儿童卧室PM2.5水平M(P25，P75)为252.39(155.89，315.79)μg/m3，均超过50 μg/m3，其中使用固体燃料和清洁燃料取暖的家庭PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)分别为253.42(157.97，319.68)，121.05(77.73，170.54)μg/m3，日均21 h均超过100 μg/m3。经配对Wilcoxon检验，使用固体燃料取暖家庭PM2.5水平日均值中位数高于使用清洁燃料取暖家庭(Z=4.27，P＜0.01)。
1月北方儿童卧室使用固体燃料取暖且有人在室内吸烟的家庭室内PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为299.61(182.93，372.48)μg/m3；使用固体燃料但不在室内吸烟家庭的室内PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为182.15(103.79，249.16)μg/m3，均超过100 μg/m3。经配对Wilcoxon检验，在室内吸烟且使用固体燃料取暖的家庭PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)高于不在室内吸烟的家庭(Z=4.27，P＜0.01)。
1月南方儿童卧室PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为111.97(86.15, 141.12)μg/m3，均超过50 μg/m3，其中使用固体燃料家庭PM2.5水平M(P25，P75)为97.54(72.15，121.30)μg/m3，日均10 h均超过100 μg/m3；使用清洁燃料取暖家庭PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为115.29(89.54，148.62)μg/m3，日均23 h均超过100 μg/m3，使用固体燃料家庭室内PM2.5污染与使用清洁燃料家庭差异有统计学意义(Z=4.16，P＜0.01)。
1月南方儿童卧室使用固体燃料取暖且有人在室内吸烟的家庭PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为89.50(70.56, 118.18)μg/m3，日均10 h均超过100 μg/m3；使用固体燃料但不在室内吸烟的家庭室内PM2.5水平日均值M(P25，P75)为100.14(67.80，123.55)μg/m3，日均10 h超过100 μg/m3，经配对Wilcoxon检验，吸烟对使用固体燃料家庭室内PM2.5污染影响无统计学意义(Z=1.87，P=0.06)。
2.3　儿童卧室PM2.5污染的影响因素分析
根据家访和基线监测结果，采用混合效应模型分析采暖季固体燃料燃烧引起的室内PM2.5污染的影响因素，以经自然对数转换的PM2.5水平为因变量，以固体燃料使用时间(h)、开窗时间(h)、卧室内使用固体燃料(是/否)、厨房和卧室公用入户门(是/否)、室内吸烟(是/否)、卧室内种植植物(是/否)、室内湿度(%)。室内温度(℃)为自变量进行混合效应模型分析。结果显示，固体燃料使用时间、卧室内使用固体燃料、厨房和卧室共用入户门、室内吸烟以及室内湿度与室内PM2.5水平均呈正相关；冬季开窗时间与室内PM2.5水平呈负相关(P值均＜0.05)；室内种植绿植和室内温度对PM2.5影响均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。见表2。
3　讨论
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本研究在我国南、北方选择2个典型的使用固体燃料的试点地区，进行为期1年的儿童卧室空气PM2.5污染情况监测，发现使用固体燃料是儿童卧室PM2.5污染的重要来源，除了固体燃料使用，室内烟草烟雾及开窗通风时间也是影响儿童卧室PM2.5的重要因素。
首先根据在线监测数据发现，固体燃料燃烧是试点儿童家庭室内PM2.5污染的主要来源。从时间分布上看，试点家庭的儿童卧室PM2.5水平的年度高峰时间和日高峰时间都与固体燃料取暖和做饭时间一致，而且用清洁燃料取暖家庭儿童卧室PM2.5水平低于用固体燃料取暖家庭。虽然2020年1月数据未发现南方试点使用固体燃料取暖家庭室内PM2.5污染重于使用清洁燃料取暖家庭，但是本研究利用固体燃料取暖和做饭的加权时间评估固体燃料使用量，对整个取暖周期的数据进行分析后，显示固体燃料使用量仍是影响儿童卧室内PM2.5污染的主要因素之一。
本研究发现固体燃料取暖对北方儿童卧室PM2.5污染影响更大。采暖季(2020年1月)，北方和南方试点室外PM2.5水平差异不大，但北方室内PM2.5水平高于南方达2倍以上。原因可能是北方采暖时间长、固体燃料用量大，且冬季时几乎每家每户都会用塑料密封窗户，导致严重通风不良，产生的PM2.5长时间在室内滞留，采暖季北方儿童卧室PM2.5全天24 h均超过我国《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T 18883—2022)[11]。另外，北方家庭卧室兼具客厅功能，是冬季家人活动的主要场所，室内“烧炕”和吸烟等活动加重PM2.5污染。而南方家庭冬季室外温度相对较高、取暖时间短，固体燃料用量相对较少，且多数家庭全年24 h开窗通风；另外家庭成员白天在室外和客厅活动居多，包括烤火盆和吸烟等活动也多在客厅进行等，因此固体燃料使用对儿童卧室PM2.5污染的影响相对北方低。
本研究还发现家庭儿童卧室与厨房的布局也与固体燃料对儿童卧室PM2.5水平的影响有关。通过家访发现北方的房屋布局基本为入户门-厨房-卧室，即厨房和卧室只有一门之隔，厨房中取暖和做饭使用固体燃料产生的PM2.5更容易进入卧室。而多数南方家庭厨房与卧室不相通，固体燃料燃烧对卧室PM2.5污染的影响相对较小。
综上所述，减少固体燃料使用量是控制室内PM2.5污染的有效手段，但是北方冬季采暖时间长达半年，使用清洁能源取暖费用昂贵，现阶段完全替代固体燃料存在一定难度。但加强室内通风是一项经济实用的手段，研究证明通风可以改善室内空气质量[12]，因此应鼓励居民增加开窗换气的时间，或者安装换气设备，如换气扇、引风机等。现有研究显示使用空气净化器也可以有效降低因固体燃料使用引起的室内PM2.5污染[13]，在北方寒冷的冬季也可以选择使用空气净化器。
本研究存在一定的局限性：限于一氧化碳及二氧化硫等固体燃料污染物连续在线监测设备的成本和可获得性，研究仅监测了固体燃料污染相关的PM2.5，而固体燃料对儿童卧室一氧化碳及二氧化硫污染仍待监测。
基金
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  • 国家卫生健康委和联合国儿童基金会合作项目
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参考文献 引证文献
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CHEN C F, HSU C H, CHANG Y J, et al. Efficacy of HEPA air cleaner on improving indoor particulate matter 2.5 concentration[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 9(18): 11517.
2025年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025213
  • 接收时间：2024-12-02
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-02
  • 修回日期：2024-12-25
基金
国家卫生健康委和联合国儿童基金会合作项目
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所, 北京 100050
    2四川省疾病预防控制中心环境与学校卫生消毒所
    3黑龙江省佳木斯市桦川县疾病预防控制中心
    4四川省绵阳市安州区疾病预防控制中心
    5卡尔顿大学化学系

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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