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Article(id=1325521026716676130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325521023759691810, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025219, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745424000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-24, revisedDate=1748707200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958439759, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958439759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958439759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958439759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325521023759691810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='7', pageStart='913', pageEnd='1064', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1753372800000', pubDateStr='2025-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958439054, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958439054, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=917, endPage=921, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325521027240964131, articleId=1325521026716676130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Characteristics of cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students and its implications for comprehensive prevention and treatment, columnId=1325500680437375125, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Expert Viewpoint, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With one of the highest rates of Internet penetration in the world, cyberbullying among students in Republic of Korea is typical and complex. The article interprets the characteristics of comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies aimed at cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students, and summarizes Republic of Korea's experience in building "government regulation with laws and policies in parallel, home-school governance with two-way educational intervention, and social co-governance with diversified collaborative empowerment". In recent years, comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China has achieved certain results, but there are still problems. It can learn from Republic of Korea's experience, optimize prevention and treatment system of China, improve laws and regulations, innovate technology empowerment systems, and give play to cultural education mechanisms, so as to promote the comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China.

, authors=Yashan QU1, Yiping WEI*, 2, Yanru WEN2, authorsList=Yashan QU, Yiping WEI, Yanru WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiping WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325521030122450980, articleId=1325521026716676130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=韩国学生网络欺凌特征及综合防治启示, columnId=1325500682912014487, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=专题笔谈, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

韩国作为全球网络普及率最高的国家之一, 其学生网络欺凌具有典型性与复杂性。文章通过对韩国学生网络欺凌综合防治特征进行分析, 总结了韩国构建"法律政策并进的政府规治、双向教育干预的家校同治、多元协同赋能的社会共治"的综合防治经验。近年来, 中国学生网络欺凌综合防治虽取得一定成效, 但仍有不足之处, 可以借鉴韩国经验, 优化中国综合防治体系、完善法律法规、创新技术赋能系统以及发挥文化育人机制, 推进中国学生网络欺凌综合防治工作。

, authors=屈雅山1, 韦义平*, 2, 文彦茹2, authorsList=屈雅山, 韦义平, 文彦茹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=韦义平, authorNote=

屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

, correspAuthorsNote=
韦义平，E-mail：
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屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

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屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

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韩国学生网络欺凌特征及综合防治启示
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屈雅山 1 , 韦义平 *, 2 , 文彦茹 2
中国学校卫生 | 专题笔谈 2025,46(7): 917-921
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中国学校卫生 |专题笔谈 2025 , 46 (7) : 917 -921
韩国学生网络欺凌特征及综合防治启示
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屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

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屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

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屈雅山1, 韦义平*, 2 , 文彦茹2
作者信息
  • 1桂林医科大学人文与管理学院, 广西 541199
  • 2广西师范大学教育学部
通讯作者:
韦义平，E-mail：
作者简介:

屈雅山(1989-)，男，广西宾阳人，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为学生心理健康教育、比较教育

Characteristics of cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students and its implications for comprehensive prevention and treatment
Yashan QU1, Yiping WEI*, 2 , Yanru WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025219
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韩国作为全球网络普及率最高的国家之一, 其学生网络欺凌具有典型性与复杂性。文章通过对韩国学生网络欺凌综合防治特征进行分析, 总结了韩国构建"法律政策并进的政府规治、双向教育干预的家校同治、多元协同赋能的社会共治"的综合防治经验。近年来, 中国学生网络欺凌综合防治虽取得一定成效, 但仍有不足之处, 可以借鉴韩国经验, 优化中国综合防治体系、完善法律法规、创新技术赋能系统以及发挥文化育人机制, 推进中国学生网络欺凌综合防治工作。

因特网  /  暴力  /  韩国  /  学生

With one of the highest rates of Internet penetration in the world, cyberbullying among students in Republic of Korea is typical and complex. The article interprets the characteristics of comprehensive prevention and treatment strategies aimed at cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students, and summarizes Republic of Korea's experience in building "government regulation with laws and policies in parallel, home-school governance with two-way educational intervention, and social co-governance with diversified collaborative empowerment". In recent years, comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China has achieved certain results, but there are still problems. It can learn from Republic of Korea's experience, optimize prevention and treatment system of China, improve laws and regulations, innovate technology empowerment systems, and give play to cultural education mechanisms, so as to promote the comprehensive prevention and treatment of cyberbullying among students in China.

Internet  /  Violence  /  Republic of Korea  /  Students
屈雅山, 韦义平, 文彦茹. 韩国学生网络欺凌特征及综合防治启示. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (7) : 917 -921 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025219
Yashan QU, Yiping WEI, Yanru WEN. Characteristics of cyberbullying among Republic of Korea students and its implications for comprehensive prevention and treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (7) : 917 -921 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025219
正文
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网络欺凌又称“网络欺负”或“网络暴力”，指使用电子邮件、电话、短信、即时通讯、社交网站网页等电子手段反复实施敌意攻击，对他人造成实质或潜在伤害的暴力行为[1]。有研究表明，全球学生受害率为14.0%~57.5%[2]。为此，许多国家从教育学、心理学、法学等学科视角提出解决之道[3]。另外，多项研究虽然认同学生网络欺凌应采取综合防治策略[4-6]，但各有其特殊性。韩国作为世界上首推5G的多元化国家，所采取的综合防治策略亦是如此。原因主要包括以下两方面：(1)韩国自2000年至今，因网络骚扰自杀的多起案件对学生产生极大消极影响[7-8]，尤其是2011年前后韩国发生多起学生网络欺凌案件[9]。(2)韩国学生受制于传统等级制的学业压力、发达网络、传统欺凌向网络蔓延等因素，导致学生网络欺凌有所上升；如韩国通信委员会和国家信息社会局数据显示，韩国学生网络欺凌受害率从2017年的17.4%增至2019年的19.0%[10]。而韩国兼具东方集体主义和西方资本主义意识形态结构[11-12]，故而形成了独具特色的综合防治体系。
据2019年联合国儿童基金会和我国教育部数据显示，我国有约24.0%学生网络欺凌受害者，涉及人数超4 500万，网络欺凌不仅导致学生出现抑郁、焦虑等心理问题，还会引发学生出现打架、诽谤、攻击等暴力行为[13-14]。为此，本文通过对韩国学生网络欺凌特征的梳理分析，总结其综合防治经验，旨在为我国防治学生网络欺凌提供借鉴和启示，进一步优化我国学生网络欺凌综合防治措施。
1　韩国学生网络欺凌特征
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韩国学生网络欺凌特征包括学生网络欺凌类型多样、跨时空性欺凌使受众伤害大和技术使欺凌形式多变3个方面。
1.1　学生网络欺凌类型多样
Chun等[15]将韩国学生网络欺凌分为言语/文本、性/视觉、关系(排外/勒索)欺凌3类。而韩国学界普遍将其分为网络侮辱、网络诽谤、网络跟踪、网络性暴力、信息揭露、网络胁迫、网络排斥和网络骚扰8类[16]。多类型划分不仅凸显韩国综合防治学生网络欺凌的具象化，还表现出多类型欺凌占比特点。如Lee等[17]研究发现，韩国最常见的网络欺凌类型为关系欺凌和言语攻击，同年对25个国家比较分析，发现韩国个人信息揭露率最高，占比高达12.1%。此外，Son等[2]对韩国和日本两国研究发现，韩国学生网络欺凌常与其他犯罪类型出现，如跟踪、虐待和性暴力等。
1.2　跨时空性欺凌使受众伤害大
网络跨时空性欺凌使虚拟与现实伤害无限延伸，即使肇事者是无意、偶然的欺凌也难以立即遏制。Lee等[18]研究显示，网络跨时空性不仅意味着肇事者可匿名身份使其力量和权力失衡，也难以识别追责和控制、容易滋生报复攻击等，还预示着受害者只要连接网络，就有可能受到伤害。此外，跨时空性使学生网络欺凌普遍存在。2021年韩国通信委员会和国家信息社会局调查数据显示[19]，有23.6%青少年学生遭受网络欺凌，约为成年人的2倍；而Ahmed等[20]在研究中发现，网络欺凌受害者比例甚至高达35%~40%。
1.3　技术使欺凌形式多变
网络技术催生了韩国网络欺凌形式多变，主要表现为平台、方式、形式等方面的变化。从平台看，在韩国受害学生多来自Kakao Talk、Line、Facebook或者Twitter平台，肇事者可切换多种平台实施侵害；就方式而言，学生网络欺凌已不再局限于使用短信、邮件或论坛等传统方式，而是扩展为社交媒体、即时通讯、在线游戏等方式。正如Lee等[17]研究结果显示，随着网络技术的发展，通过前者实施欺凌的趋势有所减少，但后者却有所增加。从形式来看，近年来韩国出现“深伪技术犯罪”等新型欺凌形式，给学生造成极大伤害。“深伪技术犯罪”，是由肇事者通过使用人工智能生成技术，将个人声音、面部表情及身体动作拼接成虚假内容所实施的犯罪案件[21]。
此外，韩国学生学业压力与网络欺凌有关。如学生遭受网络欺凌，使其面临巨大课业、考试等学业压力[22]，约30%学生罹患网络成瘾风险、导致情绪不稳定等[23-24]。
2　韩国学生网络欺凌综合防治
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韩国在防治学生网络欺凌的过程中，构建了集“法律政策并进的政府规治、双向联动配合的家校同治、多元协同赋能的社会共治”综合防治经验。
2.1　政府规治，法律政策并进
2.1.1　法律先行，制定规治法律
韩国规治学生网络欺凌的法律主要有3部：《校园暴力预防和对策法》(以下称《对策法》)《青少年保护法》(以下称《保护法》)和《促进信息通信网络利用及信息保护法》(以下称《通信网络法》)。
《对策法》[25]于2004年由韩国国会颁布，至今已历经10余次修订，尽管规治对象为学生，但校内外学生均适用。该法规对学生网络欺凌概念循序渐进完善，其2008年从仅涉及规治“网络传播淫秽暴力信息”，到2012年正式界定，以明确区分学生暴力和传统欺凌。《对策法》还明确规治学生网络欺凌的责任主体，如校方必须成立防治委员会，邀请教师、法官和律师等各类专家提供支持[26]。2011年，韩国国会通过《保护法》[27]，不仅明确要求电信公司、网吧、学校等公共机构需配置过滤有害信息软件，还强制执行“网游宵禁”制度，即禁止在0:00—6:00向16岁及以下学生开放网络游戏。《通信网络法》又称《实名制法》[7, 28]，由韩国国会于2005年开始施行，该法律禁止高流量网站用户匿名发帖，尽管一直受到公众争议，但在一定程度增强了公众防治学生网络欺凌意识。
此外，包括韩国国会颁布的《性暴力犯罪处罚特别法》[29]，规定延长对持有、传播和销售非法录音制品肇事者的惩处刑期，即从5年提至7年，简化受理程序以及提供必要技术支持。此外，韩国国会法制司法委员会不仅拟将未成年学生自主决定权予以提高，即从13岁提至16岁，从而拓展行政诉讼法律适用范围，还将未成年人无需承担刑事犯罪年龄从14岁降至13岁[30]。上述法律规治措施将重击学生网络欺凌肇事者。
2.1.2　政策施行, 研制防治政策
Arstanbekov等[31]研究认为，韩国政府和机构所研制的网络安全战略规划、网络欺凌综合防治政策，增强了本国通过网络治理来防治学生网络欺凌能力。从网络治理角度看，韩国教育部与警察厅签署的《校园暴力联合应对协议》[26, 32]，内容涵盖设立“网络犯罪举报中心”及采取举报侦查等措施。据2022年韩国教育开发院数据显示，98%学校可实现网络欺凌事件“72 h内响应”，从而提高防治效能[27]。另外，2018年韩国教育部推出的《校园暴力事件处理指导手册》政策文件，包含网络欺凌事前预防、应对和处理程序等内容[26, 32]。此外，2019年韩国互联网安全局建立防治网站，提供了各类防治欺凌教育指南，旨在为培养学生网络道德、营造和谐网络文化[33]。
2.2　家校同治，双向教育干预
2.2.1　家庭监测，监控闭环管控机制
Toda等[27]研究发现，包括《保护法》《通信网络法》等要求电信公司强制安装“T青少年网络安全软件”到学生手机，便于监护人监控学生网络欺凌情况，实现涵盖识别、监控、查阅记录、信息筛查、定位、预警和反馈等一体化监控机制。此外，2015年由韩国通信委员会发起的“智慧安全梦想”程序亦有类似功能[27]。
2.2.2　学校参与，传帮带培训和惩戒
传帮带培训助推网络欺凌防治工作开展，如“校园暴力预防示范学校”为学生网络欺凌防治提供培训经费。Jahng等[34]研究发现，由国家信息社会局实施的网络道德教育培训，构建了“专家—教师—志愿者”传帮带培训模式；该模式前期由专家向教师传授网络欺凌知识技能培训，随后对30~40名学生志愿者实施再培训，培训结束后再由志愿者开展各类网络文化建设工作，从而扩大了学生网络欺凌防治辐射面。另外，惩戒作为防治学生网络欺凌重要方式，学校可对肇事者实施不同程度的惩戒，依据严重程度惩戒内容依次为参与社区服务、调班、停学、转学、开除。
2.3　社会共治，多元协同赋能
2.3.1　创设机构，建立防治中心
韩国建立了多个学生网络欺凌防治中心，包括网络成瘾防治中心、网络安全举报中心、校园暴力零容忍中心等，可将网络素养提升、心理辅导、朋辈亲子关系修复、生活支持等一站式防治服务纳入防治工作[35]。
2.3.2　技术赋能，从匿名举报到风险研判
匿名举报是多数国家采取的技术防治手段之一，韩国通过建立网站和开通热线达到这一目的。2012年韩国教育部建立了全国性统一的反欺凌匿名举报网站，第2年启用首尔地方警察厅所研发的“117 Chat”全国匿名举报热线，其中举报热线可联通全国各校校警，并提供24 h匿名举报[19]。随着人工智能发展，越来越多的大数据、AI技术等赋能研判学生网络欺凌风险。如Donnelly等[36]在研究中发现，由韩国电子通信研究院等机构开发的“社交数据挖掘”“决策树”和深度网络学习技术，可对学生网络欺凌进行风险研判。
2.3.3　设立项目，交互体验降低风险
韩国学生网络欺凌项目具有交互体验已达到防治目的的特点，设立了包括“愤怒的爸爸”“数字公民”“网络欺凌僵尸攻击”“星石”“网络欺凌疫苗”和“善帖运动”等项目[27, 37]。Toda等[27]研究发现，上述项目的设立，获得92.3%受访者的肯定，并认为相较于单纯播放视频、开展讲座，交互体验式项目成效最为显著，且学生更乐于参与。
3　对推进我国综合防治学生网络欺凌的启示
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近年来，我国学生网络欺凌防治取得一定成效。如聚焦2015和2018年国际学生评估项目数据，我国学生网络欺凌发生率、欺凌指数和经常受欺凌学生三大指标均呈大幅下降[38]。这得益于我国全方位打击学生网络欺凌，尤其是自2017年以来我国相继发布相关防治政策、开展专项行动等[39]。如2021年我国中央网信办启动“清朗·暑期未成年人网络环境整治”专项行动，严厉查处学生网络欺凌相关行为[40]。然而，总体来看，我国未能普遍实施网络安全教育及采取有效防治措施、提供网络欺凌相关有效知识和技能，导致学生未能意识到网络欺凌的危害[41]；并且依然存在学生网络欺凌频发等问题[42]。因此，针对学生网络欺凌，未来我国需构建综合防治体系、完善法律法规防治、创新技术赋能系统以及发挥文化育人机制。
3.1　构建综合防治体系
根据我国国情，建议从制度顶层设计着手，循序渐进、分层分类构建学生网络欺凌综合防治体系。近年来，包括2017年我国颁布的《加强中小学生欺凌综合治理方案》[43]，2023和2024年施行的“惩治网络暴力违法犯罪”和“网络暴力信息治理”防治工作，均体现防治体系正在从传统欺凌、暴力到网络欺凌的逐步建立，但如何使其体系化、系统化和规范化尚需进一步落实[44-45]。
3.2　完善法律法规防治
我国可探讨将防治学生网络欺凌相关法律予以分层分类，并依据严重程度进行判处。另外，应结合学生特点，逐步实现将学生网络暴力案件公诉标准予以明确。如2023年我国最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部联合发布的《关于依法惩治网络暴力违法犯罪的指导意见》[46]，其突出亮点是明确了网络暴力案件公诉标准，为司法解释提供重要实践基础。
3.3　创新技术赋能系统
我国可契合人工智能技术发展，加大智能技术投入力度，创新技术赋能防治学生网络欺凌系统，加强“监测—检测—追踪—反馈”一体化系统的设计、研发到落地的实施进度，实现先发制人屏蔽非法内容、智能技术研判欺凌风险，以减少学生受害、有效降低维护学生身心健康的社会成本。
3.4　发挥文化育人机制
结合我国实际，可从以下3个方面开展工作：(1)家庭应正确引导学生健康上网、有效管控学生网络设备，避免引发亲子冲突、培育和谐亲子关系。(2)学校应及时与家庭联动，加强师生网络欺凌防治培训，对校内肇事者予以有效惩戒，对校外肇事者也应配合相关部门进行防治；另外，学校还应加强评估和调研，从传统欺凌、校园暴力内容延伸到学生网络欺凌[47]。(3)社会应协同治理，重视国际合作，构建“清朗网络生态体系”。(4)政府、家庭、学校、社会等主体需最大限度协同防治，共同构建学生身心健康网络生态。综上所述，“重防轻罚”是综合防治学生网络欺凌的理念，政府规治、家校同治、社会共治，均需在综合多方力量基础上平衡“防”与“治”的关系，秉持“防主治辅，防治兼顾”理念，以提高学生网络欺凌综合防治的效果。
基金
收起
  • 广西教育科学规划课题项目(RZ1900002145);2025年广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCBZ2025104);2023年陕西省社会科学基金项目(2023P021)
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2025年第46卷第7期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025219
  • 接收时间：2025-04-24
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-24
  • 修回日期：2025-06-01
基金
广西教育科学规划课题项目(RZ1900002145);2025年广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCBZ2025104);2023年陕西省社会科学基金项目(2023P021)
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    1桂林医科大学人文与管理学院, 广西 541199
    2广西师范大学教育学部

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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