Article(id=1325520983431447411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325520723858568134, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025161, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=1746460800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958429439, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958429439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958429439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958429439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325520723858568134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='761', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958367551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958367551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=903, endPage=907, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325520983934763892, articleId=1325520983431447411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Joint effect of sitting posture habits and screen viewing distance on screening myopia among primary school students, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the association of screening myopia and sitting posture habits as well as screen viewing distance among primary school students, providing a scientific basis for myopia prevention and intervention among primary school students.

Methods

From April to June 2024, a convenient sampling method was used to enroll 1 394 fourth-grade students from four primary schools in a district of Beijing for vision examinations and questionnaire surveys. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship of screening myopia detection and sitting posture habits as well as viewing distance.

Results

The screening myopia prevalence among primary school students was 63.8%. About 13.1% of students self-reported poor sitting posture, and 47.1% self-reported a viewing distance of ≤20 cm. After adjusting for covariates including age, gender, school, sleep quality, parental myopia status, physical fitness level, daily high-intensity physical activity, weekend outdoor activity time and types of after-school services, Logistic regression analysis showed that students with poor sitting posture were more likely to have screening myopia than those with normal sitting posture (OR=1.73, 95%CI=1.03-2.92); students with a viewing distance of ≤20 cm were more likely to have screening myopia than those with a viewing distance of >20 cm(OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.02-1.71)(P < 0.05). The association between sitting posture and screening myopia was more significant among boys(OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.03-3.88, P < 0.05). A multiplicative interaction was observed between sitting posture and viewing distance. Compared to primary school students with normal posture and a viewing distance of >20 cm, those with poor posture and a viewing distance of >20 cm were more likely to have screening myopia (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.12-2.96, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Both sitting posture habits and screen viewing distance are related to screening myopia in primary school students. Poor sitting posture poses a higher risk than screen distance, and the two factors exhibit an interactive effect on myopia risk.

, authors=Ruilan ZHAO1, Tao PENG1, Guoxin ZHEN1, Fangfang ZHAO1, Li LI*, 1, Qingqing SONG1, Fan ZHU2, Yinghua MA*, 2, authorsList=Ruilan ZHAO, Tao PENG, Guoxin ZHEN, Fangfang ZHAO, Li LI, Qingqing SONG, Fan ZHU, Yinghua MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, Yinghua MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325520985209832309, articleId=1325520983431447411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=小学生坐姿习惯与视屏距离对筛查性近视的联合作用, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨小学生筛查性近视与坐姿习惯和视屏距离的关联,为小学生近视预防与干预提供科学依据。

方法

2024年4—6月,采用方便抽样方法选取北京市某区4所小学1 394名四年级学生进行视力检查和问卷调查,采用Logistic回归模型分析小学生筛查性近视与坐姿习惯和视屏距离的关系。

结果

小学生筛查性近视检出率为63.8%;13.1%自我报告坐姿不端,47.1%自我报告视屏距离≤20 cm。Logistic回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、性别、学校、睡眠质量、父母近视情况、体质健康水平、每日中高强度体力活动、周末每天户外活动时间及课后服务类型等协变量后,与坐姿正常的小学生相比,坐姿不端的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.73,95%CI=1.03~2.92);与视屏距离>20 cm的小学生相比,视屏距离≤20 cm的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.32,95%CI=1.02~1.71);坐姿习惯与筛查性近视的关联在男生中更明显(OR=2.00,95%CI=1.03~3.88)(P值均<0.05)。坐姿习惯与视屏距离存在相乘交互作用,与坐姿正常且视屏距离>20 cm相比,坐姿不端且视屏距离>20 cm的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.82,95%CI=1.12~2.96,P<0.05)。

结论

坐姿习惯、视屏距离均与小学生筛查性近视有关,坐姿不端相较于视屏距离有更高的近视风险,两者与小学生筛查性近视风险存在交互作用。

, authors=赵瑞兰1, 彭涛1, 甄国新1, 赵芳芳1, 李莉*, 1, 宋青青1, 朱璠2, 马迎华*, 2, authorsList=赵瑞兰, 彭涛, 甄国新, 赵芳芳, 李莉, 宋青青, 朱璠, 马迎华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莉, 马迎华, authorNote=

赵瑞兰与彭涛为共同第一作者。

赵瑞兰(1980-),女,北京市人,硕士,副主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童生长与健康促进

彭涛(1979-),男,湖北省人,硕士,医师,主要研究方向为疾病控制

, correspAuthorsNote=
李莉,E-mail:
马迎华,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325520999818593203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=首都卫生发展科研专项项目(2024-2G-7107), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325520987332150134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520987646722935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, companyId=1325520987332150134, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School Health Department, Shunyi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (101300), China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520987684471672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, companyId=1325520987332150134, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科,北京 101300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325520988070347641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520988082930554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, companyId=1325520988070347641, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京大学公共卫生学院/儿童青少年卫生研究所)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325520999445300143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of detection rates of screening myopia among different groups of primary school students

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组别选项人数筛查性近视χ2值P值
学校1266171(64.3)10.350.01
2384267(69.5)
3367214(58.3)
4377238(63.1)
性别男743452(60.8)6.25< 0.01
女651438(67.3)
坐姿习惯正常1 212758(62.5)6.84< 0.01
不端182132(72.5)
视屏距离/cm>20737452(61.3)4.290.03
≤20657438(66.7)
视屏姿势正常1 160694(62.7)2.790.10
异常288196(68.1)
睡眠质量良好1 223794(64.9)5.010.02
不佳17196(56.1)
父亲近视是683472(69.1)16.06< 0.01
否711418(58.8)
母亲近视是818559(68.3)17.31< 0.01
否576331(57.5)
每天中高强度体力≥1512317(61.9)1.310.24
   活动时间/h< 1882573(65.0)
周末每天户外活动≥11 136711(62.6)4.200.04
   时间/h< 1258179(69.4)
是否参加课后服务是744490(65.9)5.220.09
否650400(61.5)
课后服务类型体育类265177(66.8)2.810.02
非体育类385223(57.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1325520999520797616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别小学生筛查性近视检出率比较

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组别选项人数筛查性近视χ2值P值
学校1266171(64.3)10.350.01
2384267(69.5)
3367214(58.3)
4377238(63.1)
性别男743452(60.8)6.25< 0.01
女651438(67.3)
坐姿习惯正常1 212758(62.5)6.84< 0.01
不端182132(72.5)
视屏距离/cm>20737452(61.3)4.290.03
≤20657438(66.7)
视屏姿势正常1 160694(62.7)2.790.10
异常288196(68.1)
睡眠质量良好1 223794(64.9)5.010.02
不佳17196(56.1)
父亲近视是683472(69.1)16.06< 0.01
否711418(58.8)
母亲近视是818559(68.3)17.31< 0.01
否576331(57.5)
每天中高强度体力≥1512317(61.9)1.310.24
   活动时间/h< 1882573(65.0)
周末每天户外活动≥11 136711(62.6)4.200.04
   时间/h< 1258179(69.4)
是否参加课后服务是744490(65.9)5.220.09
否650400(61.5)
课后服务类型体育类265177(66.8)2.810.02
非体育类385223(57.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1325520999596295089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Joint effect of sitting posture and screen viewing distance on screening myopia among primary school students

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组别分类OR值(95%CI)P值
男生坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=743)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.36(0.99~1.87)0.06
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm2.54(1.31~4.91)0.02
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm1.70(0.93~3.91)0.08
女生坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=651)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.26(0.89~179)0.19
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm1.26(0.61~2.58)0.53
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm2.08(0.87~4.95)0.10
整体坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=1 394)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.30(1.03~1.65)0.03
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm1.82(1.12~2.96)0.01
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm1.72(1.06~2.81)0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1325520999659209650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520983431447411, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

小学生坐姿习惯与视屏距离对筛查性近视的联合作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别分类OR值(95%CI)P值
男生坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=743)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.36(0.99~1.87)0.06
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm2.54(1.31~4.91)0.02
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm1.70(0.93~3.91)0.08
女生坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=651)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.26(0.89~179)0.19
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm1.26(0.61~2.58)0.53
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm2.08(0.87~4.95)0.10
整体坐姿正常×视屏距离>20 cm1.00
(n=1 394)坐姿正常×视屏距离≤20 cm1.30(1.03~1.65)0.03
坐姿不端×视屏距离>20 cm1.82(1.12~2.96)0.01
坐姿不端×视屏距离≤20 cm1.72(1.06~2.81)0.04
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小学生坐姿习惯与视屏距离对筛查性近视的联合作用
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赵瑞兰 1 , 彭涛 1 , 甄国新 1 , 赵芳芳 1 , 李莉 *, 1 , 宋青青 1 , 朱璠 2 , 马迎华 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(6): 903-907
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (6) : 903 -907
小学生坐姿习惯与视屏距离对筛查性近视的联合作用
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赵瑞兰1, 彭涛1, 甄国新1, 赵芳芳1, 李莉*, 1 , 宋青青1, 朱璠2, 马迎华*, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科,北京 101300
  • 2北京大学公共卫生学院/儿童青少年卫生研究所
通讯作者:
李莉,E-mail:
马迎华,E-mail:
作者简介:

赵瑞兰与彭涛为共同第一作者。

赵瑞兰(1980-),女,北京市人,硕士,副主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童生长与健康促进

彭涛(1979-),男,湖北省人,硕士,医师,主要研究方向为疾病控制

Joint effect of sitting posture habits and screen viewing distance on screening myopia among primary school students
Ruilan ZHAO1, Tao PENG1, Guoxin ZHEN1, Fangfang ZHAO1, Li LI*, 1 , Qingqing SONG1, Fan ZHU2, Yinghua MA*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School Health Department, Shunyi Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (101300), China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025161
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目的

探讨小学生筛查性近视与坐姿习惯和视屏距离的关联,为小学生近视预防与干预提供科学依据。

方法

2024年4—6月,采用方便抽样方法选取北京市某区4所小学1 394名四年级学生进行视力检查和问卷调查,采用Logistic回归模型分析小学生筛查性近视与坐姿习惯和视屏距离的关系。

结果

小学生筛查性近视检出率为63.8%;13.1%自我报告坐姿不端,47.1%自我报告视屏距离≤20 cm。Logistic回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、性别、学校、睡眠质量、父母近视情况、体质健康水平、每日中高强度体力活动、周末每天户外活动时间及课后服务类型等协变量后,与坐姿正常的小学生相比,坐姿不端的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.73,95%CI=1.03~2.92);与视屏距离>20 cm的小学生相比,视屏距离≤20 cm的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.32,95%CI=1.02~1.71);坐姿习惯与筛查性近视的关联在男生中更明显(OR=2.00,95%CI=1.03~3.88)(P值均<0.05)。坐姿习惯与视屏距离存在相乘交互作用,与坐姿正常且视屏距离>20 cm相比,坐姿不端且视屏距离>20 cm的小学生筛查性近视检出风险更高(OR=1.82,95%CI=1.12~2.96,P<0.05)。

结论

坐姿习惯、视屏距离均与小学生筛查性近视有关,坐姿不端相较于视屏距离有更高的近视风险,两者与小学生筛查性近视风险存在交互作用。

坐姿  /  注视,眼  /  近视  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To explore the association of screening myopia and sitting posture habits as well as screen viewing distance among primary school students, providing a scientific basis for myopia prevention and intervention among primary school students.

Methods

From April to June 2024, a convenient sampling method was used to enroll 1 394 fourth-grade students from four primary schools in a district of Beijing for vision examinations and questionnaire surveys. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationship of screening myopia detection and sitting posture habits as well as viewing distance.

Results

The screening myopia prevalence among primary school students was 63.8%. About 13.1% of students self-reported poor sitting posture, and 47.1% self-reported a viewing distance of ≤20 cm. After adjusting for covariates including age, gender, school, sleep quality, parental myopia status, physical fitness level, daily high-intensity physical activity, weekend outdoor activity time and types of after-school services, Logistic regression analysis showed that students with poor sitting posture were more likely to have screening myopia than those with normal sitting posture (OR=1.73, 95%CI=1.03-2.92); students with a viewing distance of ≤20 cm were more likely to have screening myopia than those with a viewing distance of >20 cm(OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.02-1.71)(P < 0.05). The association between sitting posture and screening myopia was more significant among boys(OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.03-3.88, P < 0.05). A multiplicative interaction was observed between sitting posture and viewing distance. Compared to primary school students with normal posture and a viewing distance of >20 cm, those with poor posture and a viewing distance of >20 cm were more likely to have screening myopia (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.12-2.96, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Both sitting posture habits and screen viewing distance are related to screening myopia in primary school students. Poor sitting posture poses a higher risk than screen distance, and the two factors exhibit an interactive effect on myopia risk.

Sitting position  /  Fixation, ocular  /  Myopia  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
赵瑞兰, 彭涛, 甄国新, 赵芳芳, 李莉, 宋青青, 朱璠, 马迎华. 小学生坐姿习惯与视屏距离对筛查性近视的联合作用. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (6) : 903 -907 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025161
Ruilan ZHAO, Tao PENG, Guoxin ZHEN, Fangfang ZHAO, Li LI, Qingqing SONG, Fan ZHU, Yinghua MA. Joint effect of sitting posture habits and screen viewing distance on screening myopia among primary school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (6) : 903 -907 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025161
近年来,全球儿童青少年近视问题日益加剧[1],尤其是在中国,青少年近视发病率呈逐年上升趋势[2],且存在着发病年龄提前以及低龄化的风险。近视高发已经成为一个重大的公共健康问题[3],不仅影响儿童的学业表现和生活质量,还可能导致更严重的视力问题[4]。现有研究表明,近视的发生与多种行为和环境因素密切相关,其中坐姿不端、视屏使用距离过近是重要的影响因素[5]。研究表明,坐姿不端大多与头部和颈部姿势异常相关,致使眼睛处于不自然的聚焦角度,增加眼外肌的负担,从而加速近视的发生[1]。视屏距离过近会使眼睛长时间处于近距离调节状态,导致睫状肌持续紧张,进而引发眼球轴长的异常增长[6]。因此,本研究在北京市某区4所小学四年级学生中,结合性别、生活习惯及环境因素,探讨坐姿习惯和视屏距离对筛查性近视的影响,为小学生的近视预防与干预提供科学依据。
2024年4—6月,通过方便抽样方法选取北京市某区4所小学四年级学生1 590名作为研究对象,其中1 536名学生及其家长同意参与,参与率为96.6%。研究包括问卷调查和身体测量2个部分,其中问卷调查由家长和学生共同参与,身体测量仅学生参与。共有1 440名学生及其家长完成问卷调查,应答率93.8%;1 536名学生完成身体测量。在本研究中,排除46份填写不完整的问卷,最终纳入1 394名学生,有效率为96.8%。其中男生743名(53.3%),女生651名(46.7%);平均年龄(9.6±0.5)岁。本调查已获得所有学生及其家长的知情同意,并通过北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会的伦理审查(批件号:2024032802)。
依据《儿童青少年近视防控适宜技术指南(更新版)》[7]进行视力检查。视力检查通过裸眼远视力检测和非睫状肌麻痹状态下的电脑验光筛查,若研究对象任一只眼的裸眼远视力低于5.0,并且非睫状肌麻痹下的电脑验光等效球镜(spherical equivalent,SE)≤-0.50 D,则判定为筛查性近视。身高采用机械式身高计测量,体重采用电子体重计测量,研究对象身穿轻薄衣物光脚测量、直视前方,待仪器数值稳定后读数,取2次测量平均值。根据身高体重计算体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。
使用自行编制的小学生健康行为调查问卷(包括家长版和学生版),问卷包含基本信息(学校、性别等)、近视相关行为(坐姿习惯、视屏距离、视屏姿势等)及影响因素(睡眠质量、父母近视情况、运动情况等)等部分。该问卷经过专家商定及预调查,问卷Cronbach α系数为0.93,KMO值为0.95,本文仅用部分数据进行分析。正常坐姿指研究对象自我报告坐姿习惯符合“一拳、一寸、一尺”标准,即定义为坐姿正常,如有任一项不符合则定义为坐姿不端[8]。视屏距离指研究对象自我报告在日常使用各类电子屏幕时与屏幕之间的距离;参考既往研究[9],分为≤20和>20 cm。睡眠质量根据研究对象自我报告过去7 d内起床后的疲惫感,当有≥4 d醒来后仍感到疲惫,则定义为睡眠质量不佳[10]。户外阳光活动指在阳光照射下进行的户外体力活动。课后服务参与情况由家长报告,指研究对象每天下午放学后自愿在校参加各类由学校组织的服务课程,包括体育类课程和非体育类课程;每日中高强度体力活动时长由学生自我报告,并根据世界卫生组织标准,按是否达到每日60 min进行分类[11]。
体质健康水平采用北京市学生体质健康调查数据。其中,四年级学生的体测项目包括50 m跑(s)、跳绳(个)、体前屈(cm)和1 min仰卧起坐(个)。体能测试由全区统一组织,评分标准依据教育部制定的《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》[12]。将体考中各体测项目的成绩转化为Z分数,计算体能指数,代表研究对象的体质健康水平,体能指数=Z跳绳+Z仰卧起坐+Z肺活量+Z体前屈-Z50 m跑,为方便表述,本研究将体能指数转化为百分制分数[13]。
问卷调查采用电子问卷,由统一培训的调查员组织调查,向学生说明调查目的和填写说明,班主任和任课教师回避;通过班级微信群向家长发放问卷二维码及问卷说明。此外,问卷中设计了注意力检查题,以确保受访者认真作答。体格检查由经统一培训的人员进行,每天体检前对所有使用的仪器设备进行严格校准,确保测量结果的精确性。体检数据的录入采用双重录入的方式,确保录入数据的准确性和完整性。
应用R4.2.1软件进行分析,计数资料以频数和构成比表示,符合正态分布的定量资料以(x±s)表示;采用χ2检验和单因素方差分析进行组间比较。使用Logistic回归模型,分析小学生筛查性近视与坐姿习惯及视屏距离的相关性,并对不同性别进行亚组分析。将学校作为随机效应项纳入模型,调整学校的聚集效应。基于坐姿习惯和视屏距离变量生成坐姿习惯与视屏距离的相乘交互项,采用Logistic回归分析探讨两者对筛查性近视的交互效应。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
检出890名小学生(63.8%)为筛查性近视,其中182名(13.1%)自我报告坐姿不端,657名(47.1%)自我报告视屏距离≤20 cm。不同学校、性别、坐姿习惯、视屏距离、睡眠质量、父母亲近视情况、周末每天户外活动时间以及课后服务类型的小学生筛查性近视检出率差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。非筛查性近视和筛查性近视小学生的平均年龄[(9.6±0.5)(9.6±0.5)岁]、BMI[(19.3±4.0)(19.4±4.2)kg/m2]差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为0.23,-0.23,P值均>0.05),体质健康水平(84.2±6.6,83.4±7.3)差异有统计学意义(t=2.18,P < 0.05)。
以小学生坐姿习惯(坐姿正常=0,坐姿不端=1)、视屏距离(>20 cm=0, ≤20 cm=1)为自变量,以是否筛查性近视(否=0,是=1)为因变量,同时按照性别分层进行Logistic回归分析。结果显示,模型1仅调整年龄、性别(在亚组分析中未调整性别变量)和学校因素,分析结果显示,相比坐姿正常的小学生、坐姿正常的男生,坐姿不端的小学生、坐姿不端的男生筛查性近视风险更高(OR值分别为1.61,1.79,95%CI分别为1.14~2.29,1.15~2.81,P值均<0.05);相比视屏距离>20 cm的小学生,视屏距离≤20 cm的小学生筛查性近视风险更高(OR=1.27,95%CI=1.08~1.58,P<0.05)。男生视屏距离≤20 cm(OR=1.31,95%CI=0.94~1.44)、女生坐姿不端(OR=1.51,95%CI=0.96~3.71)和视屏距离≤20 cm(OR=1.14,95%CI=0.70~1.87)与筛查性近视风险关联均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。模型2在模型1的基础上调整了睡眠质量、父母亲近视情况、体质健康水平、每日中高强度体力活动时间、周末每天户外活动时间及课后服务类型等因素。调整后结果与模型1一致,相比坐姿正常的小学生、坐姿正常的男生,坐姿不端的小学生、坐姿不端的男生筛查性近视风险更高(OR值分别为1.73,2.00,95%CI分别为1.03~2.92,1.03~3.88);相比视屏距离>20 cm的小学生,视屏距离≤20 cm的小学生筛查性近视风险更高(OR=1.32,95%CI=1.02~1.71)(P值均 < 0.05)。
相乘交互作用分析结果表明,相比坐姿正常且视屏距离>20 cm的小学生,坐姿正常且视屏距离≤20 cm、坐姿不端且视屏距离>20 cm、坐姿不端且视屏距离≤20 cm的小学生筛查性近视风险均更高(OR值分别为1.30,1.82,1.72,P值均 < 0.05)。在男生组中,仅坐姿不端且视屏距离>20 cm的组合筛查性近视风险升高(OR=2.54,P < 0.05);女生组中,所有坐姿与视屏距离组合与筛查性近视风险关联均无统计学意义(OR=1.26~2.08,P值均>0.05)。见表2。
本研究中筛查性近视检出率(63.8%)与北京市近视筛查结果相近(59.3%)[14],但高于其他省市的调查结果(51.0%)[15];本研究中13.1%的小学生自我报告坐姿不端,低于刘志浩等[16]在中国六省市的调查结果(75.8%),视屏距离≤20 cm的报告率(47.1%)与其相近(56.9%)[17]。可能是由不同研究中的调查方法、地区间教育环境与生活习惯等差异引起的。
研究表明,坐姿习惯和视屏距离均与小学生筛查性近视有关。未调整模型中,坐姿不端的小学生近视风险为参照组的1.61倍,调整混杂因素后,这一风险增加至1.73倍。对于视屏距离,相较于距离>20 cm的参照组,距离≤20 cm的小学生未调整模型中的筛查性近视风险增加了27%,调整模型中风险增加了32%。交互作用显示,当仅存在视屏距离≤20 cm时风险增加30%,仅存在坐姿不端时风险增加82%,而同时存在两种问题时风险增加72%,结果进一步强调了坐姿不端和视屏距离过近对小学生近视带来的危害[18],与既往研究一致[19-21]。不良的读写姿势往往导致学生习惯于近距离用眼,如趴着写作业,长时间近距离用眼会引起眼睛的睫状肌持续紧张,增加眼睛的调节负担,进而引发或加剧近视。坐姿不端与筛查性近视的关联在男生中更为显著,可能是由于男生在学习和生活中更倾向于长时间保持不良坐姿,且对用眼习惯的关注度较低。
本研究发现,坐姿不端与视屏距离对筛查性近视存在相乘交互作用。数据显示,坐姿正常且视屏距离>20 cm的小学生作为参照组,当坐姿不端但视屏距离>20 cm时,近视风险上升了82%。因此,即便维持适当的视屏距离,坐姿不端仍是近视重要的风险因素。此外,坐姿不端且视屏距离≤20 cm小学生的近视风险虽未达到最高,但也显著提升了72%。这一结果强调了不良坐姿和过近视屏距离的叠加效应会进一步增加近视发生的风险。这种交互作用可能与不良坐姿和视屏距离过近共同导致的眼调节负荷增加有关,读写时存在不良坐姿往往伴随着不良的视屏行为,不良坐姿可能会使学生将电子设备放置得离双眼更近,从而引起长时间近距离用眼;不良坐姿还可能使头部和上身前倾,进一步减少视屏距离,同时不良坐姿容易引起肌肉疲劳,将更难保持合适的视屏距离,从而增加用眼负担[22]。相关研究也表明,不良用眼习惯的叠加可能会增加近视风险[18]。
综上所述,本研究揭示了坐姿习惯和视屏距离对筛查性近视的交互影响,建议学校通过优化教室环境、推广护眼法则和定期视力筛查等措施改善学生用眼习惯;家长应加强监督、优化家庭学习环境并限制电子设备使用时间。同时,教育部门应出台相关政策,推广护眼措施和健康教育,加强多部门合作,共同构建学生视力保护的长效机制,为降低近视发生率提供有力支持。
本研究存在一定的局限性:在视屏距离的分类标准上,本研究参考了既往研究中读写距离的20 cm标准,可能导致与其他采用25 cm作为近距离视屏距离标准的研究之间可比性不足;横断面调查不能验证坐姿习惯及视屏距离与筛查性近视之间的因果关系;因屈光采集的筛查性近视为非散瞳数据,可能存在一定的测量偏倚;坐姿习惯与视屏距离均通过问卷收集,可能存在回忆和报告偏倚。
  • 首都卫生发展科研专项项目(2024-2G-7107)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025161
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-06
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首都卫生发展科研专项项目(2024-2G-7107)
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    1北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科,北京 101300
    2北京大学公共卫生学院/儿童青少年卫生研究所

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