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Article(id=1325520726794580937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325520723858568134, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=1746979200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958368251, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958368251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958368251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958368251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325520723858568134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='761', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958367551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958367551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=788, endPage=791, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325520727314674634, articleId=1325520726794580937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of health-related lifestyles among primary and secondary school students in nutrition improvement program regions of China between 2021 and 2023, columnId=1259565859148804482, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Health Education and Promotion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the features of unhealthy lifestyle patterns among primary and secondary school students in the nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students (NIPRCES) areas in China in 2021 and 2023, so as to provide data support for lifestyle promotion and healthy development among primary and secondary school students.

Methods

Adopting a cluster random sampling method, data on primary and secondary students aged 7-15 years from nutrition and health surveillance of China NIPRCES in 2021 and 2023 were collected. The prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among primary and secondary students such as physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, excessive screen time, and sleep deprivation by gender, school section, urban/rural, and region were analyzed. The reporting rates of the above indicators among primary and secondary students were compared by Chi-square test.

Results

In 2021 and 2023, the rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity among primary and secondary school students were 79.2% and 80.4%, the rates of outdoor inactivity were 42.8% and 49.3%, the rates of excessive video time were 2.6% and 2.9%, the rates of sleep deprivation were 32.9% and 22.6%, and the differences were statistically significant(χ2=51.86, 1 071.48, 18.36, 3 296.99, P < 0.05). In 2023, the rate of outdoor inactivity for primary and secondary students increased by 6.5 percentage points compared with 2021, and the rate of sleep deprivation decreased by 10.3 percentage points compared with that in 2021. In 2021 and 2023, the reporting rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, and sleep deprivation among girls and junior high school students were higher than those among boys (χ2=174.41, 180.11; 175.75, 85.46;92.22, 151.35) and elementary school students (χ2=136.64, 5.75; 40.55, 4.71;162.80, 3 291.61); the reporting rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity(χ2=194.43, 118.60) and sleep deprivation (χ2=969.66, 983.72) among urban students were higher than those among rural students; the reporting rates of excessive video time for boys and junior high school students were higher than those for girls (χ2=103.62, 84.85) and elementary school students (χ2=810.09, 626.51)(P < 0.05). From a regional distribution perspective, the reporting rates of moderato to vigorous physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, and excessive video time among primary and seconday school students in the central and western regions were lower than those in the eastern region (χ2= 663.44, 302.78; 356.97, 82.10;50.89, 81.83) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Unhealthy lifestyles remain prevalent among primary and secondary students in NIPRCES areas of China. These findings underscore the need to strengthen policy implementation for promoting healthy lifestyles among primary and secondary school students.

, authors=Xiaoning WANG1, Wenshuo YOU1, Wei CAO1, 2, Hongliang WANG1, Mulei CHEN3, Ruihe LUO1, Titi YANG1, Yao LIU4, Hui PAN1, Jianfen ZHANG1, Qian GAN1, Peipei XU1, Qian ZHANG1, 3, Juan XU*, 1, authorsList=Xiaoning WANG, Wenshuo YOU, Wei CAO, Hongliang WANG, Mulei CHEN, Ruihe LUO, Titi YANG, Yao LIU, Hui PAN, Jianfen ZHANG, Qian GAN, Peipei XU, Qian ZHANG, Juan XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325520728539411404, articleId=1325520726794580937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国营养改善计划地区中小学生2021与2023年健康相关生活方式分析, columnId=1259565859903779205, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=健康教育与健康促进, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析中国2021与2023年农村义务教育学生营养改善计划(NIPRCES)地区中小学生不健康生活方式的特点，为改善中小学生生活方式、促进中小学生健康成长提供数据支持。

方法

采用整群随机抽样方法收集2021及2023年中国NIPRCES营养与健康监测中7~15岁中小学生数据，分析不同性别、学段、城乡、地区中小学生身体活动不足、户外活动不足、视屏时长超标、睡眠不足等不健康生活方式的流行特征，采用χ2检验比较2021与2023年中小学生上述指标报告率的变化。

结果

2021和2023年，中小学生中高强度身体活动不足报告率分别为79.2%和80.4%；户外活动不足报告率分别为42.8%和49.3%；视屏时长超标率分别为2.6%和2.9%；睡眠不足报告率分别为32.9%和22.6%，差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为51.86，1 071.48，18.36，3 296.99，P < 0.05)；其中2023年中小学生户外活动不足报告率比2021年增加6.5百分点，睡眠不足报告率较2021年下降10.3百分点。2021和2023年，女生、初中生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及睡眠不足报告率均高于男生(χ2值分别为174.41，180.11；175.75，85.46；92.22，151.35)、小学生(χ2值分别为136.64，5.75；40.55，4.71；162.80，3 291.61)；城镇学生中高强度身体活动不足(χ2值分别为194.43，118.60)及睡眠不足报告率(χ2值分别为969.66，983.72)均高于乡村学生；男生、初中生视屏时长超标报告率均高于女生(χ2值分别为103.62，84.85)、小学生(χ2值分别为810.09，626.51)；从地区分布来看，中、西部地区中小学生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及视屏时长超标报告率均低于东部地区(χ2值分别为663.44, 302.78；356.97, 82.10；50.89, 81.83)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

中国NIPRCES地区中小学生不健康生活方式较为普遍。应促进中小学生健康生活方式政策措施的落实，帮助其建立健康生活方式。

, authors=王晓宁1, 由文烁1, 曹薇1, 2, 王宏亮1, 陈慕磊3, 罗瑞鹤1, 杨媞媞1, 刘瑶4, 潘慧1, 张建芬1, 甘倩1, 徐培培1, 张倩1, 3, 许娟*, 1, authorsList=王晓宁, 由文烁, 曹薇, 王宏亮, 陈慕磊, 罗瑞鹤, 杨媞媞, 刘瑶, 潘慧, 张建芬, 甘倩, 徐培培, 张倩, 许娟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许娟, authorNote=

王晓宁(1999-)，女，河北省人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为学生营养与健康

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许娟，E-mail:
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Comparison of health-related lifestyle reporting rates for students from NIPRCES areas, 2021 and 2023

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组别选项统计值2021年2023年
人数中高强度身体活动不足户外活动不足视屏时长超标睡眠不足人数中高强度身体活动不足户外活动不足视屏时长超标睡眠不足
性别男68 05552 927(77.8)27 893(41.0)2 074(3.0)21 564(31.7)59 30746 756(78.8)28 431(47.9)2 003(3.4)12 518(21.1)
女66 82153 919(80.7)29 774(44.6)1 446(2.2)22 815(34.1)57 67647 268(81.9)29 208(50.6)1 424(2.5)13 909(24.1)
χ2值174.41175.75103.6292.22180.1185.4684.85151.35
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
学段小学78 70461 489(78.1)33 080(42.0)1 231(1.6)24 811(31.5)67 81454 344(80.1)33 596(49.5)1 274(1.9)11 269(16.6)
初中56 17245 357(80.7)24 587(43.8)2 289(4.1)19 568(34.8)49 16939 680(80.7)24 043(48.9)2 153(4.4)15 158(30.8)
χ2值136.6440.55810.09162.805.754.71626.513 291.61
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.020.03＜0.01＜0.01
学校所在地城镇40 57833 098(81.6)18 363(45.3)1 072(2.6)15 816(39.0)33 02227 207(82.4)16 325(49.4)829(2.5)9 479(28.7)
乡村94 29873 748(78.2)39 304(41.7)2 448(2.6)28 563(30.3)83 96166 817(79.6)41 314(49.2)2 598(3.1)16 948(20.2)
χ2值194.43147.970.13969.66118.600.5028.41983.72
P值＜0.01＜0.010.72＜0.01＜0.010.48＜0.01＜0.01
地区东部22 88718 877(82.5)10 035(43.8)752(3.3)8 068(35.3)16 33113 556(83.0)8 430(51.6)659(4.0)4 126(25.3)
中部47 68738 938(81.7)21 800(45.7)1 212(2.6)17 422(36.5)32 93527 206(82.6)16 574(50.3)894(2.7)8 150(24.7)
西部64 30249 031(76.3)25 832(40.2)1 556(2.4)18 889(29.4)67 71753 262(78.6)32 635(48.2)1 874(2.8)14 151(20.9)
χ2值663.44356.9750.89704.40302.7882.1081.83265.30
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
合计134 876106 846(79.2)57 667(42.8)3 520(2.6)44 379(32.9)116 98394 024(80.4)57 639(49.3)3 427(2.9)26 427(22.6)
), ArticleFig(id=1325520747615105066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520726794580937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

农村营养改善计划地区学生2021和2023年健康相关生活方式报告率比较

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组别选项统计值2021年2023年
人数中高强度身体活动不足户外活动不足视屏时长超标睡眠不足人数中高强度身体活动不足户外活动不足视屏时长超标睡眠不足
性别男68 05552 927(77.8)27 893(41.0)2 074(3.0)21 564(31.7)59 30746 756(78.8)28 431(47.9)2 003(3.4)12 518(21.1)
女66 82153 919(80.7)29 774(44.6)1 446(2.2)22 815(34.1)57 67647 268(81.9)29 208(50.6)1 424(2.5)13 909(24.1)
χ2值174.41175.75103.6292.22180.1185.4684.85151.35
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
学段小学78 70461 489(78.1)33 080(42.0)1 231(1.6)24 811(31.5)67 81454 344(80.1)33 596(49.5)1 274(1.9)11 269(16.6)
初中56 17245 357(80.7)24 587(43.8)2 289(4.1)19 568(34.8)49 16939 680(80.7)24 043(48.9)2 153(4.4)15 158(30.8)
χ2值136.6440.55810.09162.805.754.71626.513 291.61
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.020.03＜0.01＜0.01
学校所在地城镇40 57833 098(81.6)18 363(45.3)1 072(2.6)15 816(39.0)33 02227 207(82.4)16 325(49.4)829(2.5)9 479(28.7)
乡村94 29873 748(78.2)39 304(41.7)2 448(2.6)28 563(30.3)83 96166 817(79.6)41 314(49.2)2 598(3.1)16 948(20.2)
χ2值194.43147.970.13969.66118.600.5028.41983.72
P值＜0.01＜0.010.72＜0.01＜0.010.48＜0.01＜0.01
地区东部22 88718 877(82.5)10 035(43.8)752(3.3)8 068(35.3)16 33113 556(83.0)8 430(51.6)659(4.0)4 126(25.3)
中部47 68738 938(81.7)21 800(45.7)1 212(2.6)17 422(36.5)32 93527 206(82.6)16 574(50.3)894(2.7)8 150(24.7)
西部64 30249 031(76.3)25 832(40.2)1 556(2.4)18 889(29.4)67 71753 262(78.6)32 635(48.2)1 874(2.8)14 151(20.9)
χ2值663.44356.9750.89704.40302.7882.1081.83265.30
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
合计134 876106 846(79.2)57 667(42.8)3 520(2.6)44 379(32.9)116 98394 024(80.4)57 639(49.3)3 427(2.9)26 427(22.6)
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中国营养改善计划地区中小学生2021与2023年健康相关生活方式分析
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王晓宁 1 , 由文烁 1 , 曹薇 1, 2 , 王宏亮 1 , 陈慕磊 3 , 罗瑞鹤 1 , 杨媞媞 1 , 刘瑶 4 , 潘慧 1 , 张建芬 1 , 甘倩 1 , 徐培培 1 , 张倩 1, 3 , 许娟 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 健康教育与健康促进 2025,46(6): 788-791
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中国学校卫生 |健康教育与健康促进 2025 , 46 (6) : 788 -791
中国营养改善计划地区中小学生2021与2023年健康相关生活方式分析
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王晓宁1, 由文烁1, 曹薇1, 2, 王宏亮1, 陈慕磊3, 罗瑞鹤1, 杨媞媞1, 刘瑶4, 潘慧1, 张建芬1, 甘倩1, 徐培培1, 张倩1, 3, 许娟*, 1
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所，北京 100050
  • 2国家卫生健康委员会公共营养与健康重点实验室
  • 3中国疾病预防控制中心教育培训处
  • 4中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生管理处
通讯作者:
许娟，E-mail:
作者简介:

王晓宁(1999-)，女，河北省人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为学生营养与健康

Analysis of health-related lifestyles among primary and secondary school students in nutrition improvement program regions of China between 2021 and 2023
Xiaoning WANG1, Wenshuo YOU1, Wei CAO1, 2, Hongliang WANG1, Mulei CHEN3, Ruihe LUO1, Titi YANG1, Yao LIU4, Hui PAN1, Jianfen ZHANG1, Qian GAN1, Peipei XU1, Qian ZHANG1, 3, Juan XU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (100050), China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178
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摘要
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目的

分析中国2021与2023年农村义务教育学生营养改善计划(NIPRCES)地区中小学生不健康生活方式的特点，为改善中小学生生活方式、促进中小学生健康成长提供数据支持。

方法

采用整群随机抽样方法收集2021及2023年中国NIPRCES营养与健康监测中7~15岁中小学生数据，分析不同性别、学段、城乡、地区中小学生身体活动不足、户外活动不足、视屏时长超标、睡眠不足等不健康生活方式的流行特征，采用χ2检验比较2021与2023年中小学生上述指标报告率的变化。

结果

2021和2023年，中小学生中高强度身体活动不足报告率分别为79.2%和80.4%；户外活动不足报告率分别为42.8%和49.3%；视屏时长超标率分别为2.6%和2.9%；睡眠不足报告率分别为32.9%和22.6%，差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为51.86，1 071.48，18.36，3 296.99，P < 0.05)；其中2023年中小学生户外活动不足报告率比2021年增加6.5百分点，睡眠不足报告率较2021年下降10.3百分点。2021和2023年，女生、初中生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及睡眠不足报告率均高于男生(χ2值分别为174.41，180.11；175.75，85.46；92.22，151.35)、小学生(χ2值分别为136.64，5.75；40.55，4.71；162.80，3 291.61)；城镇学生中高强度身体活动不足(χ2值分别为194.43，118.60)及睡眠不足报告率(χ2值分别为969.66，983.72)均高于乡村学生；男生、初中生视屏时长超标报告率均高于女生(χ2值分别为103.62，84.85)、小学生(χ2值分别为810.09，626.51)；从地区分布来看，中、西部地区中小学生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及视屏时长超标报告率均低于东部地区(χ2值分别为663.44, 302.78；356.97, 82.10；50.89, 81.83)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

中国NIPRCES地区中小学生不健康生活方式较为普遍。应促进中小学生健康生活方式政策措施的落实，帮助其建立健康生活方式。

营养调查  /  生活方式  /  农村人口  /  学生
Objective

To analyze the features of unhealthy lifestyle patterns among primary and secondary school students in the nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students (NIPRCES) areas in China in 2021 and 2023, so as to provide data support for lifestyle promotion and healthy development among primary and secondary school students.

Methods

Adopting a cluster random sampling method, data on primary and secondary students aged 7-15 years from nutrition and health surveillance of China NIPRCES in 2021 and 2023 were collected. The prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles among primary and secondary students such as physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, excessive screen time, and sleep deprivation by gender, school section, urban/rural, and region were analyzed. The reporting rates of the above indicators among primary and secondary students were compared by Chi-square test.

Results

In 2021 and 2023, the rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity among primary and secondary school students were 79.2% and 80.4%, the rates of outdoor inactivity were 42.8% and 49.3%, the rates of excessive video time were 2.6% and 2.9%, the rates of sleep deprivation were 32.9% and 22.6%, and the differences were statistically significant(χ2=51.86, 1 071.48, 18.36, 3 296.99, P < 0.05). In 2023, the rate of outdoor inactivity for primary and secondary students increased by 6.5 percentage points compared with 2021, and the rate of sleep deprivation decreased by 10.3 percentage points compared with that in 2021. In 2021 and 2023, the reporting rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, and sleep deprivation among girls and junior high school students were higher than those among boys (χ2=174.41, 180.11; 175.75, 85.46;92.22, 151.35) and elementary school students (χ2=136.64, 5.75; 40.55, 4.71;162.80, 3 291.61); the reporting rates of moderate to vigorous physical inactivity(χ2=194.43, 118.60) and sleep deprivation (χ2=969.66, 983.72) among urban students were higher than those among rural students; the reporting rates of excessive video time for boys and junior high school students were higher than those for girls (χ2=103.62, 84.85) and elementary school students (χ2=810.09, 626.51)(P < 0.05). From a regional distribution perspective, the reporting rates of moderato to vigorous physical inactivity, outdoor inactivity, and excessive video time among primary and seconday school students in the central and western regions were lower than those in the eastern region (χ2= 663.44, 302.78; 356.97, 82.10;50.89, 81.83) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Unhealthy lifestyles remain prevalent among primary and secondary students in NIPRCES areas of China. These findings underscore the need to strengthen policy implementation for promoting healthy lifestyles among primary and secondary school students.

Nutrition surveys  /  Life style  /  Rural population  /  Students
王晓宁, 由文烁, 曹薇, 王宏亮, 陈慕磊, 罗瑞鹤, 杨媞媞, 刘瑶, 潘慧, 张建芬, 甘倩, 徐培培, 张倩, 许娟. 中国营养改善计划地区中小学生2021与2023年健康相关生活方式分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (6) : 788 -791 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178
Xiaoning WANG, Wenshuo YOU, Wei CAO, Hongliang WANG, Mulei CHEN, Ruihe LUO, Titi YANG, Yao LIU, Hui PAN, Jianfen ZHANG, Qian GAN, Peipei XU, Qian ZHANG, Juan XU. Analysis of health-related lifestyles among primary and secondary school students in nutrition improvement program regions of China between 2021 and 2023[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (6) : 788 -791 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178
正文
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儿童和青少年时期是形成健康生活方式的关键时期，身体活动缺乏、过度使用电子产品、睡眠不足等不健康的生活方式可能增加其肥胖、近视、抑郁和焦虑的发生风险，同时还会对儿童和青少年认知、注意力以及社会适应等产生不良影响[1-4]。研究表明，儿童和青少年普遍存在身体活动不足、屏幕时间过长、睡眠不足等问题[1-2, 5]。本研究依据中国2021和2023年农村义务教育学生营养改善计划(Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students，NIPRCES)实施地区开展的营养与健康监测，采集该地区学生2021和2023年健康相关主要生活方式指标数据，分析其除膳食营养之外的主要生活方式指标，聚焦“身体活动-屏幕时间-睡眠”这一24 h行为周期核心要素，并比较2023与2021年相关指标的差异，为较准确评估营养改善计划地区学生不健康生活方式水平，促进政策制定从营养保障向全面健康管理升级提供参考依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2021和2023年，采用整群随机抽样方法，在中国实施NIPRCES的160个重点监测县常规监测学校范围内，兼顾供餐模式比例和区域分布，采用直接抽选法选取县城有代表性的小学和初中各1所，农村小学和初中各3所，每个县共8所学校。在选取学校的7~15岁儿童中，小学三年级至初中三年级每个年级采用直接抽选法各抽取1个班，班级作为整体纳入调查。2021和2023年分别发放问卷213 910，176 501份，本研究纳入有完整学生调查问卷信息结果的数据，2021年共纳入134 876名中小学生，其中男生68 055名，小学生78 704名，乡村学生94 298名，西部地区学生64 302名；2023年调查的116 983名学生中，男生59 307名，小学生67 814名，乡村学生83 961名，西部地区学生67 717名。本研究已通过中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理委员会批准(批号：2021-018)，参与调查的中小学生及家长均签署知情同意书。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　问卷调查
学生调查问卷收集内容包括社会人口学特征(性别、年龄、地区等)、平均每日中高强度身体活动情况、每日户外活动情况、每日视屏时长及睡眠时长，由学生自行填写。
1.2.2　指标定义
参考《中国儿童青少年身体活动指南》推荐[6]，将学生每日中高强度身体活动时间小于60 min定义为中高强度身体活动不足；将学生每天看电视、手机、电脑、平板电脑等电子设备的时间≥120 min定义为视屏时长超标，将学生每日户外活动时长＜60 min定义为户外活动不足。根据中国学龄儿童膳食指南(2022版)推荐[7]，分别将7~12岁学生睡眠时长＜9 h, 13~15岁学生＜8 h定义为睡眠不足。
1.3　质量控制
调查前统一培训调查员。问卷调查时，调查员现场以统一指导语讲解后，学生当场独立完成。调查员现场收回并核查每一份问卷，发现缺漏项或逻辑错误时及时补充更正；现场调查工作结束后调查员再次对问卷进行核查，及时返回问题问卷进行补充填写。
1.4　统计学分析
采用“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划营养健康状况监测评估系统”进行录入上报，采用SAS 9.4统计软件进行数据清理及统计分析。计数资料采用频数(N)和百分比(%)描述，采用χ2检验进行组间比较。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　不同组别7~15岁中小学生健康相关生活方式比较
2021和2023年调查结果中，对于中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及睡眠不足报告率，两年均呈现女生高于男生、初中生高于小学生，城镇学生中高强度身体活动不足和睡眠不足报告率均高于乡村学生，而男生、初中生视屏时长超标报告率较高(P值均＜0.05)；从地区分布来看，中、西部地区中小学生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足及视屏时长超标报告率均低于东部地区(P值均＜0.05)。见表1。
2.2　2021与2023年7~15岁中小学生健康相关生活方式比较
表1结果显示，2023年，49.3%的中小学生户外活动不足，比2021年(42.8%)高6.5百分点；2023年有80.4%的中小学生中高强度身体活动不足，比2021年(79.2%)高1.2百分点；2023年2.9%的中小学生视屏时长超标，比2021年(2.6%)高0.3百分点；2023年中小学生睡眠不足报告率为22.6%，比2021年(32.9%)低10.3百分点，差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为1 071.48，51.86，18.36，3 296.99，P值均＜0.05)。
3　讨论
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本研究中，中小学生身体活动不足问题突出，大部分学生未达到身体活动指南所推荐的标准。与2019年学生体质调研结果中82.06%的中小学生中高强度身体活动不足率相近[1]，儿童中高强度身体活动亟需改善。此外，2023年2.9%的中小学生日均视屏时长超过2 h，相比近年国内外研究中14%~45%的报告率较低[8-10]，差异可能来源于调查学生群体不同，本次调查的学生有近70%来自乡村，而研究显示乡村初中生电子屏幕时间低于城市儿童[11]。本研究中2023年睡眠不足的中小学生占比达22.6%，低于我国浙江和北京市的调查结果(41.8%~90.7%)[12-14]，这些差异可能与调查地区的经济水平有关：一方面，东部发达地区中小学生可能因更为丰富的日常娱乐活动以及教育竞争压力，而导致睡眠时长被进一步压缩；另一方面，经济较发达地区可能存在更多的环境干扰，如噪音污染、光污染等，这些因素可能会影响儿童的睡眠质量[15]。
从性别差异来看，2021和2023年女生的中高强度身体活动不足报告率和睡眠不足报告率均高于男生，与国内外多项研究结果相似[16-18]。有研究显示，女生对体育活动的渴望低于男生[19]，且女生在月经来潮后，体内性激素变化可能会引发月经前和月经期出现睡眠障碍，也可能导致睡眠时间减少[20]。男生的视屏时长超标报告率高于女生，可能与男生在闲暇时间中更倾向于参与电子竞技和电脑游戏有关[21]。从学段来看，初中生的视屏时长超标报告率及睡眠不足报告率均高于小学生。相较小学生，初中阶段面临学科增多、学习压力增加，一方面可能使其睡眠时长缩短，还有部分学生将使用电子设备娱乐作为减压方式[22]。此外，本研究中乡村和西部地区中小学生的中高强度身体活动达标报告率均高于城镇和东中部地区中小学生。农村与西部地区的自然环境更为开阔，空间资源丰富，儿童和青少年有更多机会参与户外活动；而城市地区由于人口密集、土地资源紧张，并且非体力性的娱乐活动选择更多，儿童和青少年活动可能更多地集中在室内环境中，限制了身体活动的开展[23]。美国一项研究结果显示[24]，城市儿童缺少进行身体活动的空间，并且存在虽有活动空间但无法使用的现象，提示儿童身体活动空间的可及性与更多的身体活动开展机会相关。
本研究还发现，2023年中小学生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足和视屏时长超标报告率均高于2021年，而睡眠不足报告率较2021年水平有较明显的下降，国内外研究结果也显示出类似的变化[25-27]。现代生活方式的转变是导致身体活动不足和视屏时长增加的关键因素，其中电子设备的普及为中小学生提供了大量娱乐内容，如短视频、电子游戏等，导致中小学生将大量闲暇时间消耗在屏幕前，挤占了体育活动时间，加剧了身体活动不足和视屏时长超标。中小学生睡眠不足得到改善的情况，可能得益于近年来教育部颁布的一系列政策，如“双减”政策等，有效减轻了学生的学业负担，从而保障了休息时间[28]。总体上看，2023年相较于2021年NIPRCES地区中小学生睡眠不足报告率有所下降，但中小学生中高强度身体活动不足、户外活动不足和睡眠不足状况仍较为突出。不健康的生活方式可能会削弱膳食营养改善的效果，如身体活动不足导致能量消耗减少、增加肥胖风险；睡眠不足可能影响身体的新陈代谢和生长发育，降低营养物质的吸收利用效率等[29]。今后仍需加强社会、学校和家庭多方协同合作，进一步完善政策保障，严格落实学生体育课与户外活动的开展、限制视屏使用时间，平衡学业与身心健康发展，全面关注学生的营养摄入和健康生活方式的培养，从根本上提高营养改善计划地区学生的健康水平，促进学生全面发展。
基金
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  • 国家财政项目“学生营养健康状况及相关疾病防控项目”(102393220020070000015)
文献
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178
  • 接收时间：2025-03-24
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-24
  • 修回日期：2025-05-12
基金
国家财政项目“学生营养健康状况及相关疾病防控项目”(102393220020070000015)
作者信息
    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所，北京 100050
    2国家卫生健康委员会公共营养与健康重点实验室
    3中国疾病预防控制中心教育培训处
    4中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生管理处

通讯作者:

许娟，E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgxxws/CN/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025178
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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