Article(id=1325502484143276835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501865651216714, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=1738857600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793954018864, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793954018864, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793954018864, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793954018864, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501865651216714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='457', pageEnd='572 578', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953871404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953871404, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=588, endPage=591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502486555001637, articleId=1325502484143276835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Exploration of muscle mass index and its association with cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the muscle mass index (MMI) among adolescents in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas and its association with cardiovascular risk factors, providing references and basis for the prevention and intervention of cardiovascular diseases among adolescents in these regions.

Methods

From March to July 2023, a total of 1 842 students aged 13-18 years from four middle schools in Yili agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang were selected using cluster random sampling. Measurements of muscle mass, physical indicators, questionnaires, and blood samples were conducted and analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Logistic regression analysis.

Results

There were significant differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose among adolescents with severe, insufficient, good, and sufficient MMI in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas(F=326.78, 634.76, 261.67, 134.56, 80.14, 16.78, 5.84, 21.67, 3.42, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting age and BMI, the risk of cardiovascular risk factors aggregation in adolescents with good (OR=0.55-0.62) and adequate (OR=0.52-0.57) MMI were lower than that in adolescents with insufficient MMI (P < 0.05). After gender stratification, the risk of cardiovascular risk factors aggregation in adolescents with good MMI for boys (OR=0.48-0.62) and with good MMI for girls (OR=0.61) were also lower than that in adolescents with insufficient MMI (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

MMI in adolescents from agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang are positively correlated with cardiovascular health. Future efforts should focus on muscle strength training for adolescents in these areas, as improving MMI can play a positive role in promoting cardiovascular health in adolescents.

, authors=Yali ZHAO1, Weichen LIU*, 2, Shengze LIU3, Alimujiang4, authorsList=Yali ZHAO, Weichen LIU, Shengze LIU, Alimujiang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weichen LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502490799637287, articleId=1325502484143276835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数及其与心血管危险因素的关联, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数(MMI)及其与心血管危险因素之间存在的关联,为农牧区青少年心血管疾病的预防和干预提供参考和依据。

方法

2023年3—7月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取新疆伊犁农牧区4所中学1 842名13~18岁中学生,进行肌肉质量、体格指标、调查问卷和血液样本的检测与分析。采用单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis H检验、Mann-Whitney U检验及Logistic回归进行统计学分析。

结果

新疆农牧区MMI严重不足、不足、良好、充足的青少年体重、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、肌肉质量、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖组间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为326.78,634.76,261.67,134.56,80.14,16.78,5.84,21.67,3.42,P值均<0.01)。Logisitc回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、BMI因素后,总体上MMI良好(OR=0.55~0.62)和充足(OR=0.52~0.57)青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险均低于MMI不足的青少年(P值均<0.05);按性别分层后,男生MMI良好(OR=0.48~0.62)和女生MMI良好(OR=0.61)青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险也均低于MMI不足的青少年(P值均<0.05)。

结论

新疆农牧区青少年MMI与心血管健康呈正相关。应注重农牧区青少年肌肉力量锻炼,提高MMI对促进青少年心血管健康具有积极作用。

, authors=赵亚莉1, 刘玮琛*, 2, 刘圣泽3, 阿力木江4, authorsList=赵亚莉, 刘玮琛, 刘圣泽, 阿力木江, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘玮琛, authorNote=

赵亚莉(1991- ),女,陕西省人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为体育教学与健康促进。

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刘玮琛,E-mail:
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MMI distribution among adolescents of different age groups in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄/岁人数严重不足不足良好充足
男13~1532912(3.65)61(18.54)142(43.16)114(34.65)
16~1880644(5.46)259(32.13)358(44.42)145(17.99)
女13~153166(1.90)57(18.04)151(47.78)102(32.28)
16~1839118(4.60)90(23.02)160(40.92)123(31.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502520965071707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新疆农牧区不同年龄段青少年MMI分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄/岁人数严重不足不足良好充足
男13~1532912(3.65)61(18.54)142(43.16)114(34.65)
16~1880644(5.46)259(32.13)358(44.42)145(17.99)
女13~153166(1.90)57(18.04)151(47.78)102(32.28)
16~1839118(4.60)90(23.02)160(40.92)123(31.46)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502521401279324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of each index in adolescents with different muscle mass indices in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang (x ±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MMI分组人数年龄/岁身高/cm体重/kgBMI/(kg·m-2)腰围/cm收缩压/mmHg舒张压/mmHgTC/(mmol·L-1)HDL-C/(mmol·L-1)LDL-C/(mmol·L-1)FPG/(mmol·L-1)TG/(mmol·L-1)a
严重不足8016.03±1.12167.03±8.8146.12±5.3217.24±1.2367.82±4.76107.82±9.1270.12±8.564.06±1.021.54±0.472.16±0.835.02±0.781.02(0.94,1.11)
不足46716.05±1.14168.02±8.5151.21±6.5118.16±1.8769.37±5.03108.67±11.2768.56±7.894.11±0.941.55±0.422.21±0.794.86±0.820.97(0.91,1.02)
良好81116.04±1.12168.08±8.4956.08±9.2721.42±2.3573.67±7.42112.56±11.2367.35±7.563.95±0.921.42±0.372.11±0.844.76±0.760.98(0.92,1.03)
充足48416.03±1.15168.05±8.4370.16±9.3225.68±2.8984.37±10.32119.52±11.8768.72±8.563.96±0.971.36±0.362.24±0.854.81±0.611.19(1.09,1.25)
F/H值17.121.57326.78634.76261.6780.1416.785.8421.672.493.4225.47
P值<0.010.19<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.010.060.02<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502521808126813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

新疆农牧区不同MMI青少年各指标比较(x ±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MMI分组人数年龄/岁身高/cm体重/kgBMI/(kg·m-2)腰围/cm收缩压/mmHg舒张压/mmHgTC/(mmol·L-1)HDL-C/(mmol·L-1)LDL-C/(mmol·L-1)FPG/(mmol·L-1)TG/(mmol·L-1)a
严重不足8016.03±1.12167.03±8.8146.12±5.3217.24±1.2367.82±4.76107.82±9.1270.12±8.564.06±1.021.54±0.472.16±0.835.02±0.781.02(0.94,1.11)
不足46716.05±1.14168.02±8.5151.21±6.5118.16±1.8769.37±5.03108.67±11.2768.56±7.894.11±0.941.55±0.422.21±0.794.86±0.820.97(0.91,1.02)
良好81116.04±1.12168.08±8.4956.08±9.2721.42±2.3573.67±7.42112.56±11.2367.35±7.563.95±0.921.42±0.372.11±0.844.76±0.760.98(0.92,1.03)
充足48416.03±1.15168.05±8.4370.16±9.3225.68±2.8984.37±10.32119.52±11.8768.72±8.563.96±0.971.36±0.362.24±0.854.81±0.611.19(1.09,1.25)
F/H值17.121.57326.78634.76261.6780.1416.785.8421.672.493.4225.47
P值<0.010.19<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.010.060.02<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502523922056030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of MMI and cardiovascular aggregation risk factors in adolescents in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang [OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型自变量心血管危险因素个数1~2心血管危险因素个数≥3
模型1MMI1.39(1.23~1.55)**1.59(1.38~1.83)**
模型2MMI0.75(0.64~0.91)**0.86(0.69~1.09)
模型3正常体重和低MMI1.001.00
正常体重和高MMI0.91(0.72~1.18)0.87(0.61~1.24)
超重肥胖和低MMI6.77(0.74~58.86)5.58(0.86~35.07)
超重肥胖和高MMI2.92(2.14~3.94)**3.08(2.13~4.39)**
), ArticleFig(id=1325502524333097823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

新疆农牧区青少年MMI与心血管聚集危险因素Logistic回归分析[OR值(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型自变量心血管危险因素个数1~2心血管危险因素个数≥3
模型1MMI1.39(1.23~1.55)**1.59(1.38~1.83)**
模型2MMI0.75(0.64~0.91)**0.86(0.69~1.09)
模型3正常体重和低MMI1.001.00
正常体重和高MMI0.91(0.72~1.18)0.87(0.61~1.24)
超重肥胖和低MMI6.77(0.74~58.86)5.58(0.86~35.07)
超重肥胖和高MMI2.92(2.14~3.94)**3.08(2.13~4.39)**
), ArticleFig(id=1325502524786082656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Association between MMI and cardiovascular aggregation risk factors in adolescents of different genders in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang[OR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别MMI分组人数心血管危险因素个数1~2心血管危险因素个数≥3
男不足3761.001.00
良好5000.62(0.44~0.85)**0.48(0.31~0.82)**
充足2590.57(0.34~0.97)*0.57(0.29~1.19)
女不足1711.001.00
良好3110.61(0.39~0.92)*0.63(0.36~1.13)
充足2250.59(0.32~1.08)0.47(0.22~1.04)
合计不足5471.001.00
良好8110.62(0.47~0.81)**0.55(0.38~0.81)**
充足4840.57(0.38~0.86)**0.52(0.31~0.88)*
), ArticleFig(id=1325502526077928289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502484143276835, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

新疆农牧区不同性别青少年MMI与心血管危险因素聚集关联[OR值(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别MMI分组人数心血管危险因素个数1~2心血管危险因素个数≥3
男不足3761.001.00
良好5000.62(0.44~0.85)**0.48(0.31~0.82)**
充足2590.57(0.34~0.97)*0.57(0.29~1.19)
女不足1711.001.00
良好3110.61(0.39~0.92)*0.63(0.36~1.13)
充足2250.59(0.32~1.08)0.47(0.22~1.04)
合计不足5471.001.00
良好8110.62(0.47~0.81)**0.55(0.38~0.81)**
充足4840.57(0.38~0.86)**0.52(0.31~0.88)*
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新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数及其与心血管危险因素的关联
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赵亚莉 1 , 刘玮琛 *, 2 , 刘圣泽 3 , 阿力木江 4
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(4): 588-591
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (4) : 588 -591
新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数及其与心血管危险因素的关联
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赵亚莉(1991- ),女,陕西省人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为体育教学与健康促进。

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赵亚莉(1991- ),女,陕西省人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为体育教学与健康促进。

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赵亚莉1, 刘玮琛*, 2 , 刘圣泽3, 阿力木江4
作者信息
  • 1喀什大学体育学院, 新疆 844000
  • 2新疆职业大学公共教学部(体育教学部)
  • 3新疆师范大学体育学院
  • 4新疆伊犁州儿童医院保健科
通讯作者:
刘玮琛,E-mail:
作者简介:

赵亚莉(1991- ),女,陕西省人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为体育教学与健康促进。

Exploration of muscle mass index and its association with cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas
Yali ZHAO1, Weichen LIU*, 2 , Shengze LIU3, Alimujiang4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Physical Education, Kashi University, Kashi (844000), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025105
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目的

探究新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数(MMI)及其与心血管危险因素之间存在的关联,为农牧区青少年心血管疾病的预防和干预提供参考和依据。

方法

2023年3—7月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取新疆伊犁农牧区4所中学1 842名13~18岁中学生,进行肌肉质量、体格指标、调查问卷和血液样本的检测与分析。采用单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis H检验、Mann-Whitney U检验及Logistic回归进行统计学分析。

结果

新疆农牧区MMI严重不足、不足、良好、充足的青少年体重、体质量指数(BMI)、腰围、肌肉质量、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖组间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为326.78,634.76,261.67,134.56,80.14,16.78,5.84,21.67,3.42,P值均<0.01)。Logisitc回归分析结果显示,调整年龄、BMI因素后,总体上MMI良好(OR=0.55~0.62)和充足(OR=0.52~0.57)青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险均低于MMI不足的青少年(P值均<0.05);按性别分层后,男生MMI良好(OR=0.48~0.62)和女生MMI良好(OR=0.61)青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险也均低于MMI不足的青少年(P值均<0.05)。

结论

新疆农牧区青少年MMI与心血管健康呈正相关。应注重农牧区青少年肌肉力量锻炼,提高MMI对促进青少年心血管健康具有积极作用。

肌肉质量指数  /  心血管疾病  /  回归分析  /  青少年  /  少数民族
Objective

To explore the muscle mass index (MMI) among adolescents in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas and its association with cardiovascular risk factors, providing references and basis for the prevention and intervention of cardiovascular diseases among adolescents in these regions.

Methods

From March to July 2023, a total of 1 842 students aged 13-18 years from four middle schools in Yili agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang were selected using cluster random sampling. Measurements of muscle mass, physical indicators, questionnaires, and blood samples were conducted and analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Logistic regression analysis.

Results

There were significant differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose among adolescents with severe, insufficient, good, and sufficient MMI in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas(F=326.78, 634.76, 261.67, 134.56, 80.14, 16.78, 5.84, 21.67, 3.42, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting age and BMI, the risk of cardiovascular risk factors aggregation in adolescents with good (OR=0.55-0.62) and adequate (OR=0.52-0.57) MMI were lower than that in adolescents with insufficient MMI (P < 0.05). After gender stratification, the risk of cardiovascular risk factors aggregation in adolescents with good MMI for boys (OR=0.48-0.62) and with good MMI for girls (OR=0.61) were also lower than that in adolescents with insufficient MMI (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

MMI in adolescents from agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang are positively correlated with cardiovascular health. Future efforts should focus on muscle strength training for adolescents in these areas, as improving MMI can play a positive role in promoting cardiovascular health in adolescents.

Muscle mass index  /  Cardiovascular diseases  /  Regression analysis  /  Adolescent  /  Minority groups
赵亚莉, 刘玮琛, 刘圣泽, 阿力木江. 新疆农牧区青少年肌肉质量指数及其与心血管危险因素的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (4) : 588 -591 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025105
Yali ZHAO, Weichen LIU, Shengze LIU, Alimujiang. Exploration of muscle mass index and its association with cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents in Xinjiang's agricultural and pastoral areas[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (4) : 588 -591 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025105
研究表明,心血管危险因素聚集问题在青少年中高发,并且早期暴露于某个或多个心血管危险因素会导致成年期心血管疾病发生风险的急剧增高,对健康发展带来严重威胁[1-4]。研究发现,身体成分中的肌肉质量较低可能是青少年代谢失调的一个重要因素[5-7]。青少年肌肉量较高者与胰岛素抵抗水平较高有关,对保持机体稳定状态具有积极作用,而较低的肌肉量会导致代谢紊乱,对健康产生负面影响[8];青少年肌肉量与代谢综合征的发生也存在关联[9-10]。考虑到身高对肌肉质量的影响,本研究采用肌肉质量指数(muscle mass index, MMI)使评价更为客观准确[11],通过探究新疆农牧区青少年MMI及其与心血管危险因素之间的关联,为农牧区青少年心血管疾病的预防和干预提供参考和依据。
采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2023年3—7月抽取新疆伊犁农牧区的4所初中,以年级分层,每个年级采用随机数字表法抽取2个教学班级,以班级为抽样单位,共抽取初一至高三年级48个班级1 917名13~18岁中学生进行测评。排除标准为青少年患有较为严重的慢性疾病,如血液疾病、肾脏疾病等;有先天心脏病者;近半年患有各类急性疾病者。剔除无效数据后,最终获得有效数据1 842份(96.09%)。其中男生1 135名,女生707名;平均年龄(15.62±1.41)岁。调查前得到监护人的知情同意,并签订书面知情同意书。本研究获得新疆伊犁哈萨克自治州儿童医院人类受试者保护委员会的审批(批号:3478218)。
问卷调查主要涉及学生的学校、班级、编号、性别、年龄等基本人口学信息等,体格项目的调查主要包括身高、体重、腰围、血压等。身高、体重、腰围使用全国学生体质健康调研要求的仪器和设备进行测评[12],身高和腰围精确到0.1 cm,体重精确到0.1 kg。血压采用欧姆龙电子血压计(HEM-7012型)进行测试,依据全国学生体质健康调研要求的方法测试3次,以后2次测试结果的均值作为被试最终的血压值。血压偏高的判定标准依据“中国儿童青少年血压参照标准”,即收缩压或舒张压高于同年龄性别和身高的P95[13]。
采用韩国产的InBody 370身体成分测试仪对被试瘦体重、骨量进行测试。全身肌肉质量=瘦体重-骨量,MMI=全身肌肉质量(kg)/[身高(m)]2[14]。依据有关研究参考标准[15],本研究将农牧区青少年MMI分为充足、良好、不足和严重不足4个等级;充足和良好为高MMI,不足和严重不足为低MMI。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2,本研究依据《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)判定青少年的超重和肥胖[16]。
检测分析设备为美国AU480型分析仪,分析指标包括空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、三酰甘油(total cholesterol,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、总胆固醇(triglyceride,TC)等。要求青少年于早晨空腹抽取肘部静脉血约3 mL于促凝管中,采用TDL-5型离心机离心10 min,3 000 r/min,离心半径为17.9 cm,将留取血清放置于医用冰箱中。异常判定标准依据美国儿科学会标准[17],即FPG>5.6 mmol/L为异常;TG≥1.47 mmol/L判定为高三酰甘油血症;HDL-C≤1.04 mmol/L为低HDL-C血症;LDL-C≥3.37 mmol/L为高LDL-C血症;TC≥5.18 mmol/L为高TC血症。青少年心血管危险因素的聚集为高血压、FPG异常、高TG、低HDL-C血症、高LDL-C血症、高TC血症的个数(1~2,≥3组)。
问卷调查要求学生依据自身实际自行填写调查问卷,问卷填写后立即收回。体格测试时要求学生尽量穿轻薄衣物,以保障测试结果的准确性。血压测试前要求学生静坐10 min后进行测试。
数据采用EpiData 3.1软件进行录入,SPSS 25.0软件进行分析。正态分布的计量资料采用(x ±s)表示,非正态分布采用M(P25,P75)表示。不同MMI青少年间各变量的比较采用单因素方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis H检验、Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料采用频数和率描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。以心血管危险因素是否聚集作为因变量,以MMI作为自变量进行Logistic回归分析。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
新疆农牧区不同性别青少年MMI分布差异有统计学意义(χ2=26.47,P<0.01), 其中男生严重不足、不足、良好、充足占比分别为4.93%(56/1 135),28.19%(320/1 135),44.05%(500/1 135),22.82%(259/1 135);女生分别为3.39%(24/707),20.79%(147/707),43.99%(311/707),31.82%(225/707)。男生和女生不同年龄组MMI人数分布相比较,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为530.75,343.66,P值均<0.01)。见表1。
新疆农牧区不同MMI组别青少年体重、BMI、腰围、收缩压、TG、舒张压、TC、HDL-C和FPG,组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。见表2。
模型1未调整协变量,分析结果显示,MMI与心血管危险因素个数1~2组和≥3组均呈正相关(P值均<0.01)。模型2调整年龄、性别和BMI后,MMI与心血管危险因素个数1~2组呈负相关(P<0.01)。模型3以正常体重和低MMI组为参照,超重肥胖和高MMI组与心血管危险因素个数1~2组(OR=2.92, 95%CI=2.14~3.94)和≥3组(OR=3.08, 95%CI=2.13~4.39)均呈正相关(P值均<0.01)。见表3。
以是否存在心血管危险因素聚集(否=0,是=1)作为因变量,以MMI各组作为自变量,进行Logisitc回归分析,因MMI严重不足的人数较少,因此并入不足组作为参照。模型调整年龄、BMI因素后,结果显示,总体上MMI良好和充足青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险均低于MMI不足的青少年;按性别分层后,男生MMI良好和女生MMI良好青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险也均低于MMI组别不足的青少年(P值均<0.05)。见表4。
既往研究结果显示,高肌肉质量对降低成年人骨质疏松具有积极作用,并对心血管健康起到积极影响[18-20]。本研究结果显示,对新疆农牧区青少年的年龄、性别和BMI调整后分析发现,MMI良好和充足的青少年心血管危险因素聚集的发生风险均降低。可见在青少年时期保持较好的肌肉质量对心血管危险因素聚集的发生及未来成年期心血管健康具有积极的影响。一项针对西藏地区青少年的调查结果显示,男生骨骼肌质量及骨骼肌增长速度均高于女生,与本研究结论一致[21]。本研究中,新疆农牧区青少年男生的MMI高于女生,可能与性别差异带来的激素分泌水平不同有关,随着青春期的到来,男生雄性激素的分泌使得肌肉快速增长,而女生相对滞后[22]。本研究结果还显示,农牧区16~18岁男生MMI不足的比例高于13~15岁男生,可能因为随着年龄的增长,青少年主要以身高的增长为主,加之能量消耗较大、营养不均衡等问题的发生,导致肌肉质量与身高的增长不相适应,从而导致高年龄段青少年MMI不足的比例较高。
本研究结果显示,新疆农牧区青少年MMI水平与心血管危险因素聚集之间为正相关,然而在调整BMI以后,两者的关系转变为负相关。可能因为BMI也是心血管危险因素聚集的危险因素,BMI与MMI呈正相关,因此未调整BMI时,MMI与心血管危险因素聚集呈现正相关[23];校正相关协变量后,MMI越高的青少年心血管危险因素聚集的风险越低。
本研究结果还发现,与MMI不足的青少年相比,MMI良好及充足的青少年发生心血管危险因素聚集的风险均降低。有关研究发现,与肌肉质量正常者相比,肌肉质量较低者更易发生肥胖及各类代谢疾病,从而导致慢性心血管疾病的发生[24]。一项对西班牙青少年的调查结果显示,肌肉健康与心血管代谢危险因素的聚集呈负相关,表明保持一定的肌肉质量对预防心血管疾病的发生具有积极作用[25]。针对青少年肌肉质量对心血管健康的积极作用机制,还可能因为肌肉质量的增加往往与积极的体育锻炼存在关联。而积极的体育锻炼能够促进身体的健康发展,降低各类心血管疾病的发生[26]。相反,有些青少年在成长过程中受到饮食行为不良、作息不规律影响,体内激素分泌失调,也会导致肌肉质量不足或肌肉受损情况的发生,对血脂、血糖产生不利影响,从而引起心血管危险因素的聚集[27]。本研究中新疆农牧区青少年MMI水平与心血管危险因素聚集之间的关系在性别之间存在差异。可能因为男生与女生相比,其身体脂肪的分布不同,而腹部脂肪的堆积更易导致心血管疾病的发生,是其重要的危险性因素[28]。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:首先,研究为横断面研究,无法确定因果,未来应进行队列研究,以更好地分析因果关联。其次,仅对农牧区中学生进行了评估,年龄和参与者测试范围有限,推广至其他年龄段或群体时需谨慎。最后,调整的协变量有限,未来应增加体力活动、生活方式、饮食行为等变量,以更为准确地分析结果。
综上所述,新疆农牧区青少年在调整BMI后,MMI较低者可能会导致心血管危险因素聚集风险的增加。未来应加强农牧区青少年体育锻炼,尤其以抗阻锻炼为主,提高肌肉质量水平,对降低心血管危险因素的聚集、提高青少年心血管健康水平具有积极帮助。

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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025105
  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
  • 修回日期:2025-02-07
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    1喀什大学体育学院, 新疆 844000
    2新疆职业大学公共教学部(体育教学部)
    3新疆师范大学体育学院
    4新疆伊犁州儿童医院保健科

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