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Article(id=1325502422600265820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325502070660407522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025149, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=1740499200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793954004192, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793954004192, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793954004192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793954004192, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325502070660407522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='609', pageEnd='760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953920283, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953920283, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=667, endPage=671, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502423271354461, articleId=1325502422600265820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Drinking water knowledge, attitudes and practices among primary school students in rural areas of China, columnId=1259565859148804482, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Health Education and Promotion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the current status of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding drinking water among primary school students in rural areas of China, so as to provide scientific basis for implementing health interventions related to drinking water.

Methods

From November to December 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 6 354 fourth to sixth grade primary school students in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Gansu for a questionnaire survey. A uniformly designed questionnaire (including basic information, drinking water-related knowledge, attitudes and practices indicators) was distributed and completed by the students themselves. The χ2 test was used to analyze the differences in drinking water-related indicators among students of different gender and boarder, and Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of drinking water practices among students.

Results

Among the indicators of drinking water knowledge, the awareness rate of appropriate daily water intake for respective student age groups was the lowest (27.90%). The awareness rate among nonresident students was significantly higher than that among boarding students (31.29%, 15.49%, χ2=132.75, P < 0.01). Regarding attitudes toward drinking water, 13.33% of the students believed that well water or tap water could be drunk directly, and 9.58% believed that going to the toilet at school was troublesome. Regarding practices, the self-reported water intake among students was 1 000 (600, 1 200) mL. The results of multifactorial Logistic regression showed that higher grades (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.34-1.92), nonresident students (OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.15-1.52), northern region (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.27-1.61), knowledge of appropriate daily water intake (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.24-1.60), drinking temperature (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.28-1.60), scientific hydration methods (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.08-1.44), and adopting scientific hydration methods regularly (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.50-2.04) were the independent influences on daily water intake attainment (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Rural primary school students lack knowledge about healthy drinking water, have cognitive biases about safe drinking water and exhibit unhealthy drinking behavior. It is suggested that health education be carried out in combination with the characteristics of students to enhance their drinking water literacy.

, authors=Yaning ZHANG, Shuai CHENG, Yunting XIA, Jian YU, Hongxing LI*, authorsList=Yaning ZHANG, Shuai CHENG, Yunting XIA, Jian YU, Hongxing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongxing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502423728533598, articleId=1325502422600265820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国农村地区小学生饮水知识态度和行为, columnId=1259565859903779205, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=健康教育与健康促进, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解中国农村地区小学生饮水相关知识、态度和行为现状，为开展饮水健康干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

2023年11—12月，采用分层整群随机抽样方法在山西、浙江、江西、广西和甘肃5地抽取6 354名四至六年级小学生进行问卷调查。采用统一设计的调查问卷(包含基本信息、饮水相关知识、态度和行为指标)，由学生自行填写。采用χ2检验分析不同性别、是否住校学生的饮水相关指标差异，Logistic回归分析学生饮水行为的影响因素。

结果

在饮水知识指标中，学生对自身年龄段日适宜饮水量的知晓率最低(27.90%)，走读生知晓率高于住校生(31.29%，15.49%，χ2=132.75，P < 0.01)。关于饮水态度，13.33%的学生认为井水或自来水可以直接饮用，9.58%的学生认为在学校上厕所很麻烦。学生自述每天饮水量为1 000(600，1 200)mL。多因素Logistic回归结果表明，较高年级(OR=1.60，95%CI=1.34~1.92)、走读生(OR=1.32，95%CI=1.15~1.52)、北方地区(OR=1.43，95%CI=1.27~1.61)、知晓日适宜饮水量(OR=1.41，95%CI=1.24~1.60)、饮水温度(OR=1.43，95%CI=1.28~1.60)、科学补水方式(OR=1.25，95%CI=1.08~1.44)，以及平时采取科学的补水方式(OR=1.75，95%CI=1.50~2.04)是日饮水量达标的独立影响因素(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

农村地区小学生缺乏健康饮水等方面的知识，对安全饮水存在认知偏差，表现出饮水量不足等不良饮水行为。建议结合学生特点开展健康教育，提升饮水素养。

, authors=张雅宁, 程帅, 夏云婷, 于建, 李洪兴*, authorsList=张雅宁, 程帅, 夏云婷, 于建, 李洪兴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李洪兴, authorNote=

张雅宁(2000-)，女，山西晋城人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为饮水与健康

, correspAuthorsNote=
李洪兴，E-mail：
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张雅宁(2000-)，女，山西晋城人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为饮水与健康

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Ann Nutr Metab, 2015, 66(Suppl 3): 26-30., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325502424143769696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325502424152158305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, companyId=1325502424143769696, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (102200), China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325502424164741219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, companyId=1325502424143769696, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心, 北京 102200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325502435556470921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Awareness rates of drinking water knowledge among students of different genders and on-campus living situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
知识性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
自身年龄段日适宜饮水量989(30.30)784(25.37)19.16< 0.01211(15.49)1 562(31.29)132.75< 0.01
适宜饮水温度为10~40 ℃1 636(50.12)1 466(47.44)4.560.03462(33.92)2 640(52.88)154.01< 0.01
科学的补水行为是少量多次、足量饮水2 415(73.99)2 557(82.75)71.60< 0.011 029(75.55)3 943(78.99)7.420.01
应该少喝或不喝含糖饮料2 096(64.22)2 154(69.71)21.62< 0.01861(63.22)3 389(67.89)10.55< 0.01
经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致龋齿2 762(84.62)2 722(88.09)16.18< 0.011 102(80.91)4 382(87.78)42.74< 0.01
经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致肥胖2 666(81.68)2 696(87.25)37.38< 0.011 040(76.36)4 322(86.58)84.84< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502435845877898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

饮水知识知晓率在不同性别和住校情况学生间比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
知识性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
自身年龄段日适宜饮水量989(30.30)784(25.37)19.16< 0.01211(15.49)1 562(31.29)132.75< 0.01
适宜饮水温度为10~40 ℃1 636(50.12)1 466(47.44)4.560.03462(33.92)2 640(52.88)154.01< 0.01
科学的补水行为是少量多次、足量饮水2 415(73.99)2 557(82.75)71.60< 0.011 029(75.55)3 943(78.99)7.420.01
应该少喝或不喝含糖饮料2 096(64.22)2 154(69.71)21.62< 0.01861(63.22)3 389(67.89)10.55< 0.01
经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致龋齿2 762(84.62)2 722(88.09)16.18< 0.011 102(80.91)4 382(87.78)42.74< 0.01
经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致肥胖2 666(81.68)2 696(87.25)37.38< 0.011 040(76.36)4 322(86.58)84.84< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502435946541195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of holding rates of attitudes to drinking water among students of different genders and on-campus living situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
态度性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
饮水对个人身体健康很重要2 823(86.49)2 758(89.26)11.37< 0.011 189(87.30)4 392(87.98)0.470.50
不渴就没必要喝水377(11.55)227(7.35)32.61< 0.01161(11.82)443(8.87)10.80< 0.01
可以直接饮用井水或自来水467(14.31)380(12.30)5.550.02222(16.30)625(12.52)13.23< 0.01
从家带水去学校很麻烦481(14.74)369(11.94)10.70< 0.01311(22.83)539(10.80)133.79< 0.01
在学校去厕所很麻烦354(10.85)255(8.25)12.32< 0.01178(13.07)431(8.63)24.29< 0.01
在校学习紧张、没有时间喝水409(12.53)327(10.58)5.880.02241(17.69)495(9.92)63.22< 0.01
老师经常提醒我喝水2 097(64.25)1 941(62.82)1.400.24881(64.68)3 157(63.24)0.960.33
家长经常提醒我喝水2 391(73.25)2 272(73.53)0.060.801 040(76.36)3 623(72.58)7.84< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502436022038668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

饮水态度持有率在不同性别和住校情况学生间比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
态度性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
饮水对个人身体健康很重要2 823(86.49)2 758(89.26)11.37< 0.011 189(87.30)4 392(87.98)0.470.50
不渴就没必要喝水377(11.55)227(7.35)32.61< 0.01161(11.82)443(8.87)10.80< 0.01
可以直接饮用井水或自来水467(14.31)380(12.30)5.550.02222(16.30)625(12.52)13.23< 0.01
从家带水去学校很麻烦481(14.74)369(11.94)10.70< 0.01311(22.83)539(10.80)133.79< 0.01
在学校去厕所很麻烦354(10.85)255(8.25)12.32< 0.01178(13.07)431(8.63)24.29< 0.01
在校学习紧张、没有时间喝水409(12.53)327(10.58)5.880.02241(17.69)495(9.92)63.22< 0.01
老师经常提醒我喝水2 097(64.25)1 941(62.82)1.400.24881(64.68)3 157(63.24)0.960.33
家长经常提醒我喝水2 391(73.25)2 272(73.53)0.060.801 040(76.36)3 623(72.58)7.84< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502436265308301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of formation rates of drinking water behaviors among students of different genders and on-campus living situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
最常饮用的饮品
  白水2 186(66.97)2 096(67.83)0.530.47822(60.35)3 460(69.31)39.08< 0.01
  其他(饮料、奶类等)1 078(33.03)994(32.17)540(39.65)1 532(30.69)
平常的饮水习惯
  少量多次、足量饮水2 239(68.60)2 362(76.44)48.88< 0.01929(68.21)3 672(73.56)15.33< 0.01
  其他(口渴才喝、集中大量喝)1 025(31.40)728(23.56)433(31.79)1 320(26.44)
喝生水的频率
  经常769(23.56)573(18.54)28.86< 0.01325(23.86)1 017(20.37)35.13< 0.01
  偶尔919(28.16)852(27.57)439(32.23)1 332(26.68)
  从不1 576(48.28)1 665(53.88)598(43.91)2 643(52.94)
进餐时大量饮水频率
  经常1 039(31.83)873(28.25)25.51< 0.01458(33.63)1 454(29.13)11.03< 0.01
  偶尔1 594(48.84)1 704(55.15)661(48.53)2 637(52.82)
  从不631(19.33)513(16.60)243(17.84)901(18.05)
喝含糖饮料的频率
  经常904(27.70)618(20.00)51.64< 0.01381(27.97)1 141(22.86)15.38< 0.01
  偶尔1 671(51.19)1 745(56.47)693(50.88)2 723(54.55)
  从不689(21.11)727(23.53)288(21.15)1 128(22.60)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502436449857678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

饮水行为形成率在不同性别和住校情况学生间比较

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行为性别是否住校
男生(n=3 264)女生(n=3 090)χ2值P值住校生(n=1 362)走读生(n=4 992)χ2值P值
最常饮用的饮品
  白水2 186(66.97)2 096(67.83)0.530.47822(60.35)3 460(69.31)39.08< 0.01
  其他(饮料、奶类等)1 078(33.03)994(32.17)540(39.65)1 532(30.69)
平常的饮水习惯
  少量多次、足量饮水2 239(68.60)2 362(76.44)48.88< 0.01929(68.21)3 672(73.56)15.33< 0.01
  其他(口渴才喝、集中大量喝)1 025(31.40)728(23.56)433(31.79)1 320(26.44)
喝生水的频率
  经常769(23.56)573(18.54)28.86< 0.01325(23.86)1 017(20.37)35.13< 0.01
  偶尔919(28.16)852(27.57)439(32.23)1 332(26.68)
  从不1 576(48.28)1 665(53.88)598(43.91)2 643(52.94)
进餐时大量饮水频率
  经常1 039(31.83)873(28.25)25.51< 0.01458(33.63)1 454(29.13)11.03< 0.01
  偶尔1 594(48.84)1 704(55.15)661(48.53)2 637(52.82)
  从不631(19.33)513(16.60)243(17.84)901(18.05)
喝含糖饮料的频率
  经常904(27.70)618(20.00)51.64< 0.01381(27.97)1 141(22.86)15.38< 0.01
  偶尔1 671(51.19)1 745(56.47)693(50.88)2 723(54.55)
  从不689(21.11)727(23.53)288(21.15)1 128(22.60)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502436529549455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of self-reported water consumption among primary school students in rural areas(n=6 354)

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自变量选项β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
地区北方0.180.0335.311.43(1.27~1.61)< 0.01
是否住校走读生0.140.0414.851.32(1.15~1.52)< 0.01
年级五0.170.0416.201.60(1.34~1.92)< 0.01
六0.120.064.281.53(1.21~1.92)0.04
是否知晓日适宜饮水量是0.170.0328.501.41(1.24~1.60)< 0.01
是否知晓适宜饮水温度是0.180.0337.761.43(1.28~1.60)< 0.01
是否知晓科学的补水方式是0.110.049.221.25(1.08~1.44)< 0.01
平常的饮水习惯集中大量喝0.190.077.201.75(1.39~2.21)< 0.01
少量多次，足量饮水0.190.0515.101.75(1.50~2.04)< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502436600852624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502422600265820, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

农村地区小学生自述饮水量Logistic回归分析(n=6 354)

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自变量选项β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
地区北方0.180.0335.311.43(1.27~1.61)< 0.01
是否住校走读生0.140.0414.851.32(1.15~1.52)< 0.01
年级五0.170.0416.201.60(1.34~1.92)< 0.01
六0.120.064.281.53(1.21~1.92)0.04
是否知晓日适宜饮水量是0.170.0328.501.41(1.24~1.60)< 0.01
是否知晓适宜饮水温度是0.180.0337.761.43(1.28~1.60)< 0.01
是否知晓科学的补水方式是0.110.049.221.25(1.08~1.44)< 0.01
平常的饮水习惯集中大量喝0.190.077.201.75(1.39~2.21)< 0.01
少量多次，足量饮水0.190.0515.101.75(1.50~2.04)< 0.01
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中国农村地区小学生饮水知识态度和行为
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张雅宁 , 程帅 , 夏云婷 , 于建 , 李洪兴 *
中国学校卫生 | 健康教育与健康促进 2025,46(5): 667-671
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中国学校卫生 |健康教育与健康促进 2025 , 46 (5) : 667 -671
中国农村地区小学生饮水知识态度和行为
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张雅宁, 程帅, 夏云婷, 于建, 李洪兴*
作者信息
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心, 北京 102200
通讯作者:
李洪兴，E-mail：
作者简介:

张雅宁(2000-)，女，山西晋城人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为饮水与健康

Drinking water knowledge, attitudes and practices among primary school students in rural areas of China
Yaning ZHANG, Shuai CHENG, Yunting XIA, Jian YU, Hongxing LI*
Affiliations
  • National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (102200), China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025149
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摘要
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目的

了解中国农村地区小学生饮水相关知识、态度和行为现状，为开展饮水健康干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

2023年11—12月，采用分层整群随机抽样方法在山西、浙江、江西、广西和甘肃5地抽取6 354名四至六年级小学生进行问卷调查。采用统一设计的调查问卷(包含基本信息、饮水相关知识、态度和行为指标)，由学生自行填写。采用χ2检验分析不同性别、是否住校学生的饮水相关指标差异，Logistic回归分析学生饮水行为的影响因素。

结果

在饮水知识指标中，学生对自身年龄段日适宜饮水量的知晓率最低(27.90%)，走读生知晓率高于住校生(31.29%，15.49%，χ2=132.75，P < 0.01)。关于饮水态度，13.33%的学生认为井水或自来水可以直接饮用，9.58%的学生认为在学校上厕所很麻烦。学生自述每天饮水量为1 000(600，1 200)mL。多因素Logistic回归结果表明，较高年级(OR=1.60，95%CI=1.34~1.92)、走读生(OR=1.32，95%CI=1.15~1.52)、北方地区(OR=1.43，95%CI=1.27~1.61)、知晓日适宜饮水量(OR=1.41，95%CI=1.24~1.60)、饮水温度(OR=1.43，95%CI=1.28~1.60)、科学补水方式(OR=1.25，95%CI=1.08~1.44)，以及平时采取科学的补水方式(OR=1.75，95%CI=1.50~2.04)是日饮水量达标的独立影响因素(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

农村地区小学生缺乏健康饮水等方面的知识，对安全饮水存在认知偏差，表现出饮水量不足等不良饮水行为。建议结合学生特点开展健康教育，提升饮水素养。

饮水  /  健康知识，态度，实践  /  回归分析  /  学生  /  农村人口
Objective

To investigate the current status of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding drinking water among primary school students in rural areas of China, so as to provide scientific basis for implementing health interventions related to drinking water.

Methods

From November to December 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 6 354 fourth to sixth grade primary school students in Shanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Gansu for a questionnaire survey. A uniformly designed questionnaire (including basic information, drinking water-related knowledge, attitudes and practices indicators) was distributed and completed by the students themselves. The χ2 test was used to analyze the differences in drinking water-related indicators among students of different gender and boarder, and Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of drinking water practices among students.

Results

Among the indicators of drinking water knowledge, the awareness rate of appropriate daily water intake for respective student age groups was the lowest (27.90%). The awareness rate among nonresident students was significantly higher than that among boarding students (31.29%, 15.49%, χ2=132.75, P < 0.01). Regarding attitudes toward drinking water, 13.33% of the students believed that well water or tap water could be drunk directly, and 9.58% believed that going to the toilet at school was troublesome. Regarding practices, the self-reported water intake among students was 1 000 (600, 1 200) mL. The results of multifactorial Logistic regression showed that higher grades (OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.34-1.92), nonresident students (OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.15-1.52), northern region (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.27-1.61), knowledge of appropriate daily water intake (OR=1.41, 95%CI=1.24-1.60), drinking temperature (OR=1.43, 95%CI=1.28-1.60), scientific hydration methods (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.08-1.44), and adopting scientific hydration methods regularly (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.50-2.04) were the independent influences on daily water intake attainment (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Rural primary school students lack knowledge about healthy drinking water, have cognitive biases about safe drinking water and exhibit unhealthy drinking behavior. It is suggested that health education be carried out in combination with the characteristics of students to enhance their drinking water literacy.

Drinking  /  Health knowledge, attitudes, practice  /  Regression analysis  /  Students  /  Rural population
张雅宁, 程帅, 夏云婷, 于建, 李洪兴. 中国农村地区小学生饮水知识态度和行为. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (5) : 667 -671 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025149
Yaning ZHANG, Shuai CHENG, Yunting XIA, Jian YU, Hongxing LI. Drinking water knowledge, attitudes and practices among primary school students in rural areas of China[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (5) : 667 -671 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025149
正文
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水是生命所必需的物质，对人体的各个系统和生理代谢活动至关重要[1]。少年儿童处于生长发育的关键期，饮水直接影响他们的体力、脑力活动以及健康状态[2]。《2015—2017年中国居民营养与健康状况监测报告》显示[3]，我国农村地区7~17岁学龄儿童饮水不足率高达65.4%。关于儿童饮水现状的研究已有诸多报道[4-7]，由于缺少系统的健康教育和科学饮水指导，学生往往未能充分认识到饮水的重要性。为了解农村儿童饮水现状，发现饮水认知体系中的薄弱环节，进而为制定更加精准、科学有效的饮水健康宣教与干预措施提供科学依据，课题组于2023年11—12月在中国五省六县(区)的乡镇小学开展饮水知识、态度和行为调查，报道如下。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2023年11—12月，采用简单随机抽样和整群抽样方法，综合考虑可实施性、地理位置、气候以及经济等因素选择调查省份，南方地区选取浙江省、江西省、广西壮族自治区，北方地区选取甘肃省和山西省。在此基础上，各项目省依据当地的经济水平和气候条件选取1~2个县，在选定的县内，由各地省级疾控项目工作组依据项目方案，随机抽取2~3个乡镇的小学作为调查点；通过整群抽样方法对选取学校的四至六年级的学生进行调查。样本量计算公式为：N=(Z1-α/22pq)/d2，依据本课题组2022年10月在广西的调查结果[8]，小学生健康饮水知识的总体知晓率为p=37.36%，d=0.1p，q=1-p，考虑整群抽样的抽样误差较大，故在单纯随机抽样的样本量估算基础上增加50%，最终计算得出样本量为967人。共发放6 354份问卷，全部回收，经清洗后，所有问卷均符合有效性标准，问卷回收率与有效率均为100%。其中男生3 264名，女生3 090名；住校生1 362名，走读生4 992名。平均年龄(10.70±1.00)岁。本研究得到了中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心伦理审查委员会的批准(批号：2023002)，调查对象本人及其监护人均签署知情同意书。
1.2　方法
参照《中国学龄儿童膳食指南(2022)》中饮水相关内容设计调查问卷[9]。以班级为单位，在由经过培训的疾病预防控制中心工作人员指导下，采用考试形式由学生自行填写问卷。对个别理解、考试能力有欠缺的学生，采用调查员一对一调查方式。问卷Cronbach α系数为0.67，KMO值为0.76。问卷内容：(1)学生基本信息，包括性别、年龄、年级、是否住校、是否为独生子女；(2)饮水相关知识，包括学龄儿童各年龄段日适宜饮水量、适宜的饮水温度、科学的补水方式、含糖饮料与健康；(3)饮水相关态度，包括饮水对健康的重要性、课业压力与饮水、家长和老师的饮水提醒等；(4)饮水相关行为，包括饮水量，最常饮用的饮品、平常的饮水习惯、喝含糖饮料的频率等。知识知晓率(%)=(每题回答正确的人数/该题应答总人数)×100%；通过某途径获取饮水知识的比例(%)=(该途径被选择的次数/所有途径被选择的总次数)×100%；态度持有率(%)=(持有某种态度选择人数/该题应答人数)×100%(使用Likert 5分类，呈现对某态度持同意观点的部分)；行为形成率(%)=(形成某种行为人数总和/应答人数总和)×100%。
1.3　质量控制
填写问卷时，每个班级至少有1名调查员解答学生疑惑，至少1名任课老师管理纪律。填写完成后，现场进行问卷核查。在数据录入环节，采用双录入并执行严格的一致性检验，以确保数据的准确性。数据清洗阶段对数据进行逻辑审核和异常值检查，及时反馈修改，保证数据的可靠性。
1.4　统计学分析
使用R 4.3.2进行数据分析。学生自述饮水量为偏态分布(Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验结果：D=0.19，P < 0.01，且Q-Q图中高端数据点明显偏离参考线)，采用中位数M(Q1，Q3)描述数据的集中趋势和离散趋势。采用χ2检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验比较调查对象饮水相关指标在性别、是否住校等特征上的差异。进行单因素分析后，选择有意义的自变量采用逐步回归(模型纳入和排除变量的显著性水平分别设置为α=0.10和α=0.05)的方法建立二元Logistic回归模型，探寻学生自述饮水量合格的关联因素。以自述饮水量是否满足本年龄段日适宜饮水量(7~10岁饮水量≥1 000 mL、11~13岁男生饮水量≥1 300 mL和11~13岁女生饮水量≥1 100 mL为合格=1，不合格=0)为因变量，以地区(南方=1，北方=2)、性别(男=1，女=2)、是否住校(是=1，否=2)、是否为独生子女(是=1，否=2)、饮水相关知识(回答正确=1，错误=0)、饮水相关态度(十分不同意=1，不同意=2，中立=3，同意=4，十分同意=5)、平常的饮水习惯(口渴才喝=1，集中大量喝=2，少量多次，足量饮水=3)、饮水相关行为的频率指标(经常=1，偶尔=2，从不=3)为自变量。以双侧检验P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　小学生饮水相关知识
在各项饮水知识指标中，学生对自身年龄段日适宜饮水量的知晓率最低，仅为27.90%(1 773名)，男生知晓率(30.30%)高于女生(25.37%)，差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。其他饮水知识的知晓率如下：适宜的饮水温度为10~40 ℃(48.82%)，饮水不足可能导致便秘(61.27%)，应该少喝或不喝含糖饮料(66.89%)，饮水不足可能会皮肤干燥(70.51%)，科学的补水方式是少量多次、足量饮水(78.25%)，经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致肥胖(84.39%)，经常喝含糖饮料可能会导致龋齿(86.31%)，以上所有饮水知识指标知晓率在性别之间的差异均有统计学意义；走读生在各项目上的知晓率均高于住校生(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。
2.2　小学生饮水相关态度
87.83%的学生认为饮水对个人身体健康很重要，90.49%认为不能等到口渴了才喝水。但有13.33%的学生认为可以直接饮用井水或自来水，11.58%感到住校学习紧张、没有时间喝水。对于“从家带水去学校很麻烦”和“家长经常提醒我喝水”的观点，分别有13.38%和73.39%的调查对象表示同意，住校生在这两个问题上的持有率高于走读生，差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。见表2。
2.3　小学生饮水相关行为
农村小学生自述每天饮水量为1 000(600，1 200)mL，其中男生的自述饮水量为1 000(700，1 300)mL，女生的自述饮水量为1 000(550，1 100)mL，差异有统计学意义(Z=35.63，P < 0.01)。48.99%的学生有饮用生水的习惯，男生经常饮用生水的比例高于女生，住校生高于走读生，组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。见表3。
2.4　小学生饮水量的Logistic回归分析
回归模型总体成立(χ2=1 131.04，P < 0.01)，模型拟合优度效果较好(χ2=8.04，P=0.43)。走读生饮水量合格概率是住校生的1.32倍；北方学生达标概率较南方学生提高43%；在补水行为方面，采取集中大量饮水和少量多次足量饮水的学生，其每日饮水量合格的可能性高于口渴才喝水的学生(P值均 < 0.05)。见表4。
3　讨论
收起
知信行模式是健康传播和行为改变领域中一个重要的理论框架，知识的积累与态度的积极转变是培养良好行为习惯的基础。本次调查结果显示，在健康饮水相关知识掌握方面，87.83%的学生认为饮水对个人身体健康很重要，与陈聪[7]的研究结果相近，表明近几年饮水健康教育取得一定成效，农村小学生的饮水健康意识正逐渐接近城市小学生水平。走读生在饮水知识水平上优于住校生，且每日饮水量合格概率是住校生的1.32倍，可能是因为走读生有更多的机会受到家庭成员的饮水监督以及社区等多渠道的健康饮水知识教育。《中国学龄儿童膳食指南(2022)》提出了足量饮水、饮水时机、个性化饮水等内容[9]，本次调查显示，具备日饮水量推荐标准认知的学生日饮水量达标概率较未掌握者提升41%，但仅27.90%的学生知晓自身所处年龄段的日适宜饮水量，表明目前有关新指南的科普宣教不足，学生对指南中的相关知识还未掌握。网络为公众提供了传播饮水知识的新途径，但也成为虚假信息的重灾区。学生年龄较小，辨别能力较差，易受到网络不实信息和评论影响，获取到具有误导性的饮水知识[10]。因此，应加强新指南的科普推广，特别是提高学生对饮水相关知识的知晓率，采用学生感兴趣的方式和正规途径开展健康教育。
卫生设施和供水设施的可及性在降低儿童死亡率以及通过延长预期寿命来改善生活质量方面发挥着至关重要的作用[11]。此次调查发现，学生对饮水水质知识缺乏且重视程度不够，超过1/10的学生认为可以直接饮用井水和自来水，近一半的学生有饮用生水的习惯，且寄宿生饮用生水的频率总体高于走读生。目前部分农村学校饮用水仍存在未经过消毒处理或消毒不规范导致的微生物指标超标的情况[12]，一旦被病原微生物感染，就可能引发介水传染病，增加饮水安全风险。本次调查中有13.07%的寄宿生认为在学校去厕所很麻烦，高于走读生的比例，表明学校现有厕所设施可能导致部分学生对使用厕所产生抵触情绪，不仅会对学生的排尿习惯产生影响，增加泌尿系统疾病的发生风险[13]，还可能间接改变他们的饮水习惯。学校应积极改善饮水和卫生设施，安装水处理和过滤系统，确保供应的水质达到安全标准，并为学生提供安全卫生的厕所条件。
短期水分摄入不足会导致青少年的身体功能与认知能力下降，长期来看，缺水与泌尿系统和心血管系统疾病的发生密切相关[14]。本次调查中学生的自述饮水量较低，且大部分学生未满足膳食指南推荐的日适宜饮水量，但与谭龙等[15]的研究相比，学生的饮水量已有所增加，反映出近年来对农村儿童饮水习惯培养和重视程度的提升。此外，北方地区学生饮水量达标概率较南方学生高，与毕小艺等[16]的研究结果一致。在补水行为方面，采取少量多次、足量饮水的学生每日饮水量合格概率较口渴才喝水的学生提升75%。学生能否在学校获得安全卫生的饮用水影响着他们的饮水习惯和健康，可通过改善水的可获得性增加日均水摄入量，比如放置瓶装水在教室、食堂和操场等学生活动频繁的区域[17]。80%以上的学生清楚含糖饮料可能导致龋齿和肥胖等健康问题，但实际不喝含糖饮料的比例只有22.29%。表明形成认知与行为转化之间的不平衡，可将行为改变的阶段模型与知信行理论模型有机结合，采取有效的干预措施缩小差距，推动知识教育与饮水健康干预措施的深度融合，高效实现饮水健康教育的目标。
本研究提示了农村地区儿童在饮水知识、态度和习惯方面的薄弱环节，为提升农村儿童饮水健康知识传播提供了重要依据。建议结合指南推荐饮水量以及饮水行为等相关知识，创新形式开展针对性的健康教育与健康促进，促进儿童健康饮水素养的提升。同时，学校应加强饮水和卫生设施建设，提供清洁的卫生环境，确保水质安全，减少饮水不安全风险，为儿童的健康成长提供保障。

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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025149
  • 接收时间：2025-01-07
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-07
  • 修回日期：2025-02-26
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    中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心, 北京 102200

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Number of
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Number of
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total species (%)		 属
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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