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Article(id=1325502148393443752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325502070660407522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953938815, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953938815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953938815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953938815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325502070660407522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='609', pageEnd='760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953920283, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953920283, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=741, endPage=745, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502150196994473, articleId=1325502148393443752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Trends analysis of first-dose influenza vaccination coverages among teachers and students in Shandong Province, 2015-2024, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the institutional and regional differences in influenza vaccination for teachers and students, so as to provide a basis for influenza prevention and control in campus.

Methods

Influenza vaccination data for teachers and students in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from Immunization Information Systems. Joinpoint regression models were used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) in first-dose vaccination rates.

Results

The vaccination coverages for the first dose of influenza vaccine among teachers in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.15%, 0.29%, 0.60%, 2.06%, 1.64%, 2.27%, 3.00%, and 2.43%, with a turning point in 2020. For preschools, primary/secondary schools, and higher education institutions, APCs during 2015-2020 were 163.36%, 162.09%, and 174.94%, respectively(P < 0.01), declining to 9.53%, 9.92%, and 8.14% during 2020-2024(P>0.05). Corresponding AAPCs were 78.32%, 78.13%, and 81.61%(P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions exhibited APCs of 173.84%, 162.75%, and 136.67% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 5.77%, 13.92%, and 11.86% during 2020-2024(P>0.05), with AAPCs of 79.42%, 81.23%, and 69.63%(P < 0.01), respectively. Among students, vaccination coverage ranged from 1.59% to 7.20%. Preschool students showed no turning points, with an AAPC of 18.73%(P < 0.01). Primary/secondary students had turning points in 2018 and 2022, APCs were -32.59% during 2015-2018(P < 0.01), 48.45% during 2018-2022(P < 0.01), and -26.25% during 2022-2024(P=0.04), yielding an AAPC of -2.32%(P=0.45). Higher education students had a turning point in 2020, with APCs of 63.27% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 4.31% during 2020-2024 (P=0.77), and the AAPC was 33.79% during 2015-2024 (P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions for students showed no turning points, with AAPCs of 10.46%(P=0.18), 13.67%(P=0.01), and 10.42%(P=0.05), respectively.

Conclusions

The influenza vaccination rate among teachers and students in Shandong Province has shown an upward trend from 2015 to 2024, but the overall level is still relatively low. However, continued efforts are needed to enhance health education on influenza and vaccination, to further improve the vaccination rate of teachers and students.

, authors=Guijie LUAN1, 2, Yao LIU1, Shaonan LIU1, Huifeng SUN1, Weiyan ZHANG1, Liang SUN*, 1, authorsList=Guijie LUAN, Yao LIU, Shaonan LIU, Huifeng SUN, Weiyan ZHANG, Liang SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liang SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502154131251634, articleId=1325502148393443752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=山东省2015—2024年师生首剂流感疫苗接种率趋势分析, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析教师和学生流感疫苗接种的机构和地区差异，为校园的流感防控提供参考。

方法

通过山东省预防接种信息系统收集2015—2024年山东省教师和学生群体中流感疫苗的接种数据，利用Joinpoint回归模型分析接种率年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。

结果

2015—2024年山东省教师首剂流感疫苗接种率分别为0.01%，0.02%，0.15%，0.29%，0.60%，2.06%，1.64%，2.27%，3.00%，2.43%，接种率转折点为2020年；托幼机构、中小学、高等学校教师2015—2020年APC分别为163.36%，162.09%，174.94%(P值均 < 0.01)，2020—2024年APC分别为9.53%，9.92%，8.14%(P值均>0.05)，AAPC分别为78.32%，78.13%，81.61%(P值均 < 0.01)；高、中、低国内生产总值(GDP)地区2015—2020年APC分别为173.84%，162.75%，136.67%(P值均 < 0.01)，2020—2024年APC分别为5.77%，13.92%，11.86%(P值均>0.05)，AAPC分别为79.42%，81.23%，69.63%(P值均 < 0.01)。学生首剂流感疫苗接种率为1.59%~7.20%；托幼机构学生无转折点，2015—2024年AAPC为18.73%(P < 0.01)；小学和中学学生转折点为2018和2022年，2015—2018，2018—2022，2022—2024年APC分别为-32.59%(P < 0.01)，48.45%(P < 0.01)，-26.25%(P=0.04)，AAPC为-2.32%(P=0.45)；高等学校学生转折点为2020，2015—2020，2020—2024年APC分别为63.27%(P < 0.01)，4.31%(P=0.77)，2015—2024年接种率AAPC为33.79%(P < 0.01)；高、中、低GDP地区学生均无转折点，AAPC分别为10.46%(P=0.18)，13.67%(P=0.01)，10.42%(P=0.05)。

结论

2015—2024年山东省教师和学生流感疫苗接种率呈上升趋势，但整体水平仍然较低。需继续加强流感疾病和疫苗相关知识健康教育，进一步提升师生疫苗接种率。

, authors=栾桂杰1, 2, 刘尧1, 刘少楠1, 孙辉峰1, 张伟燕1, 孙靓*, 1, authorsList=栾桂杰, 刘尧, 刘少楠, 孙辉峰, 张伟燕, 孙靓, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙靓, authorNote=

栾桂杰(1987-)，男，山东招远人，博士，主管医师，主要从事免疫规划工作

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孙靓，E-mail:
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栾桂杰(1987-)，男，山东招远人，博士，主管医师，主要从事免疫规划工作

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栾桂杰(1987-)，男，山东招远人，博士，主管医师，主要从事免疫规划工作

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The number and vaccination rate of influenza vaccines for teachers in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024

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年份学段地区总体
托幼机构中小学高校高GDP中GDP低GDP
20154(0.01)25(0.01)3(0.01)17(0.01)7(0.01)8(0.01)32(0.01)
201635(0.02)177(0.02)24(0.02)142(0.03)51(0.01)43(0.02)236(0.02)
2017263(0.15)1 284(0.15)186(0.15)766(0.18)578(0.12)389(0.14)1 733(0.15)
2018556(0.29)2 569(0.29)360(0.29)1 259(0.28)1 335(0.28)890(0.32)3 484(0.29)
20191 326(0.60)5 450(0.59)806(0.61)2 992(0.64)2 684(0.53)1 906(0.63)7 582(0.60)
20205 198(2.16)19 790(2.07)3 232(2.32)12 190(2.52)10 018(1.89)6 012(1.70)28 220(2.06)
20214 445(1.65)15 891(1.60)2 649(1.83)9 492(1.90)8 577(1.51)4 826(1.48)22 895(1.64)
20226 314(2.24)22 284(2.22)3 651(2.43)12 846(2.53)12 794(2.21)6 609(1.99)32 249(2.27)
20237 594(2.97)29 757(2.92)5 265(3.22)16 656(3.21)17 163(2.99)8 797(2.70)42 616(3.00)
20245 648(2.45)24 907(2.41)4 309(2.52)12 749(2.45)14 567(2.54)7 548(2.21)34 864(2.43)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502159697093097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502148393443752, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山东省2015—2024年教师流感疫苗接种人数和接种率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份学段地区总体
托幼机构中小学高校高GDP中GDP低GDP
20154(0.01)25(0.01)3(0.01)17(0.01)7(0.01)8(0.01)32(0.01)
201635(0.02)177(0.02)24(0.02)142(0.03)51(0.01)43(0.02)236(0.02)
2017263(0.15)1 284(0.15)186(0.15)766(0.18)578(0.12)389(0.14)1 733(0.15)
2018556(0.29)2 569(0.29)360(0.29)1 259(0.28)1 335(0.28)890(0.32)3 484(0.29)
20191 326(0.60)5 450(0.59)806(0.61)2 992(0.64)2 684(0.53)1 906(0.63)7 582(0.60)
20205 198(2.16)19 790(2.07)3 232(2.32)12 190(2.52)10 018(1.89)6 012(1.70)28 220(2.06)
20214 445(1.65)15 891(1.60)2 649(1.83)9 492(1.90)8 577(1.51)4 826(1.48)22 895(1.64)
20226 314(2.24)22 284(2.22)3 651(2.43)12 846(2.53)12 794(2.21)6 609(1.99)32 249(2.27)
20237 594(2.97)29 757(2.92)5 265(3.22)16 656(3.21)17 163(2.99)8 797(2.70)42 616(3.00)
20245 648(2.45)24 907(2.41)4 309(2.52)12 749(2.45)14 567(2.54)7 548(2.21)34 864(2.43)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502159776784874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502148393443752, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The number and vaccination rate of influenza vaccines for students in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024

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年份学段地区总体
托幼机构中小学高校高GDP中GDP低GDP
201510 145(0.37)532 099(4.29)2 228(0.10)174 570(2.95)225 781(3.14)144 121(3.68)544 472(3.20)
201652 805(5.24)307 731(2.45)1 343(0.06)105 671(1.95)166 265(2.52)89 943(1.71)361 879(2.09)
2017199 425(7.19)266 475(2.08)4 543(0.19)133 702(2.19)227 594(3.04)109 147(2.72)470 443(2.67)
2018149 268(4.85)136 025(1.04)4 606(0.18)77 276(1.23)136 669(1.72)75 954(1.89)289 899(1.59)
2019281 364(8.32)248 067(1.85)8 294(0.32)165 969(2.54)249 507(3.06)122 249(2.87)537 725(2.84)
2020395 386(10.38)510 698(3.73)23 384(0.79)315 943(4.52)427 139(5.02)186 286(4.33)929 368(4.69)
2021327 011(8.40)341 142(2.42)13 753(0.48)236 783(3.35)303 334(3.47)141 789(3.07)681 906(3.34)
2022582 182(14.98)887 725(6.18)25 211(0.80)414 620(5.63)757 814(8.56)322 684(7.07)1 495 118(7.20)
2023575 606(18.73)802 171(5.35)33 496(1.04)434 559(5.78)677 197(7.76)299 517(6.66)1 411 273(6.81)
2024338 662(14.38)443 782(2.90)18 927(0.56)239 317(3.21)395 979(4.63)166 075(3.30)801 371(3.81)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502159856476651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502148393443752, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

山东省2015—2024年学生流感疫苗接种数和接种率

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年份学段地区总体
托幼机构中小学高校高GDP中GDP低GDP
201510 145(0.37)532 099(4.29)2 228(0.10)174 570(2.95)225 781(3.14)144 121(3.68)544 472(3.20)
201652 805(5.24)307 731(2.45)1 343(0.06)105 671(1.95)166 265(2.52)89 943(1.71)361 879(2.09)
2017199 425(7.19)266 475(2.08)4 543(0.19)133 702(2.19)227 594(3.04)109 147(2.72)470 443(2.67)
2018149 268(4.85)136 025(1.04)4 606(0.18)77 276(1.23)136 669(1.72)75 954(1.89)289 899(1.59)
2019281 364(8.32)248 067(1.85)8 294(0.32)165 969(2.54)249 507(3.06)122 249(2.87)537 725(2.84)
2020395 386(10.38)510 698(3.73)23 384(0.79)315 943(4.52)427 139(5.02)186 286(4.33)929 368(4.69)
2021327 011(8.40)341 142(2.42)13 753(0.48)236 783(3.35)303 334(3.47)141 789(3.07)681 906(3.34)
2022582 182(14.98)887 725(6.18)25 211(0.80)414 620(5.63)757 814(8.56)322 684(7.07)1 495 118(7.20)
2023575 606(18.73)802 171(5.35)33 496(1.04)434 559(5.78)677 197(7.76)299 517(6.66)1 411 273(6.81)
2024338 662(14.38)443 782(2.90)18 927(0.56)239 317(3.21)395 979(4.63)166 075(3.30)801 371(3.81)
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山东省2015—2024年师生首剂流感疫苗接种率趋势分析
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栾桂杰 1, 2 , 刘尧 1 , 刘少楠 1 , 孙辉峰 1 , 张伟燕 1 , 孙靓 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(5): 741-745
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (5) : 741 -745
山东省2015—2024年师生首剂流感疫苗接种率趋势分析
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栾桂杰1, 2, 刘尧1, 刘少楠1, 孙辉峰1, 张伟燕1, 孙靓*, 1
作者信息
  • 1山东省疾病预防控制中心免疫预防管理所，济南 250014
  • 2艾美诚信生物制药有限公司博士后工作站
通讯作者:
孙靓，E-mail:
作者简介:

栾桂杰(1987-)，男，山东招远人，博士，主管医师，主要从事免疫规划工作

Trends analysis of first-dose influenza vaccination coverages among teachers and students in Shandong Province, 2015-2024
Guijie LUAN1, 2, Yao LIU1, Shaonan LIU1, Huifeng SUN1, Weiyan ZHANG1, Liang SUN*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute for Immunization Management, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan (250014), Shandong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154
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摘要
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目的

分析教师和学生流感疫苗接种的机构和地区差异，为校园的流感防控提供参考。

方法

通过山东省预防接种信息系统收集2015—2024年山东省教师和学生群体中流感疫苗的接种数据，利用Joinpoint回归模型分析接种率年度变化百分比(APC)和平均年度变化百分比(AAPC)。

结果

2015—2024年山东省教师首剂流感疫苗接种率分别为0.01%，0.02%，0.15%，0.29%，0.60%，2.06%，1.64%，2.27%，3.00%，2.43%，接种率转折点为2020年；托幼机构、中小学、高等学校教师2015—2020年APC分别为163.36%，162.09%，174.94%(P值均 < 0.01)，2020—2024年APC分别为9.53%，9.92%，8.14%(P值均>0.05)，AAPC分别为78.32%，78.13%，81.61%(P值均 < 0.01)；高、中、低国内生产总值(GDP)地区2015—2020年APC分别为173.84%，162.75%，136.67%(P值均 < 0.01)，2020—2024年APC分别为5.77%，13.92%，11.86%(P值均>0.05)，AAPC分别为79.42%，81.23%，69.63%(P值均 < 0.01)。学生首剂流感疫苗接种率为1.59%~7.20%；托幼机构学生无转折点，2015—2024年AAPC为18.73%(P < 0.01)；小学和中学学生转折点为2018和2022年，2015—2018，2018—2022，2022—2024年APC分别为-32.59%(P < 0.01)，48.45%(P < 0.01)，-26.25%(P=0.04)，AAPC为-2.32%(P=0.45)；高等学校学生转折点为2020，2015—2020，2020—2024年APC分别为63.27%(P < 0.01)，4.31%(P=0.77)，2015—2024年接种率AAPC为33.79%(P < 0.01)；高、中、低GDP地区学生均无转折点，AAPC分别为10.46%(P=0.18)，13.67%(P=0.01)，10.42%(P=0.05)。

结论

2015—2024年山东省教师和学生流感疫苗接种率呈上升趋势，但整体水平仍然较低。需继续加强流感疾病和疫苗相关知识健康教育，进一步提升师生疫苗接种率。

流感疫苗  /  接种  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To analyze the institutional and regional differences in influenza vaccination for teachers and students, so as to provide a basis for influenza prevention and control in campus.

Methods

Influenza vaccination data for teachers and students in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were collected from Immunization Information Systems. Joinpoint regression models were used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) in first-dose vaccination rates.

Results

The vaccination coverages for the first dose of influenza vaccine among teachers in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2024 were 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.15%, 0.29%, 0.60%, 2.06%, 1.64%, 2.27%, 3.00%, and 2.43%, with a turning point in 2020. For preschools, primary/secondary schools, and higher education institutions, APCs during 2015-2020 were 163.36%, 162.09%, and 174.94%, respectively(P < 0.01), declining to 9.53%, 9.92%, and 8.14% during 2020-2024(P>0.05). Corresponding AAPCs were 78.32%, 78.13%, and 81.61%(P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions exhibited APCs of 173.84%, 162.75%, and 136.67% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 5.77%, 13.92%, and 11.86% during 2020-2024(P>0.05), with AAPCs of 79.42%, 81.23%, and 69.63%(P < 0.01), respectively. Among students, vaccination coverage ranged from 1.59% to 7.20%. Preschool students showed no turning points, with an AAPC of 18.73%(P < 0.01). Primary/secondary students had turning points in 2018 and 2022, APCs were -32.59% during 2015-2018(P < 0.01), 48.45% during 2018-2022(P < 0.01), and -26.25% during 2022-2024(P=0.04), yielding an AAPC of -2.32%(P=0.45). Higher education students had a turning point in 2020, with APCs of 63.27% during 2015-2020(P < 0.01) and 4.31% during 2020-2024 (P=0.77), and the AAPC was 33.79% during 2015-2024 (P < 0.01). High, middle, and low GDP regions for students showed no turning points, with AAPCs of 10.46%(P=0.18), 13.67%(P=0.01), and 10.42%(P=0.05), respectively.

Conclusions

The influenza vaccination rate among teachers and students in Shandong Province has shown an upward trend from 2015 to 2024, but the overall level is still relatively low. However, continued efforts are needed to enhance health education on influenza and vaccination, to further improve the vaccination rate of teachers and students.

Influenza vaccines  /  Vaccination  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
栾桂杰, 刘尧, 刘少楠, 孙辉峰, 张伟燕, 孙靓. 山东省2015—2024年师生首剂流感疫苗接种率趋势分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (5) : 741 -745 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154
Guijie LUAN, Yao LIU, Shaonan LIU, Huifeng SUN, Weiyan ZHANG, Liang SUN. Trends analysis of first-dose influenza vaccination coverages among teachers and students in Shandong Province, 2015-2024[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (5) : 741 -745 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154
正文
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流感是由流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病，严重危害人群健康，每年导致约(300~500)万重症病例和(29~65)万呼吸道疾病相关死亡[1]。流感病毒抗原性易变且传播迅速，每年可引起季节性流行，学校作为人群聚集场所，师生群体因密切接触更易形成流感传播链而造成暴发。我国每年报告的流感疫情中，90%以上发生在学校和托幼机构[2-3]。疫苗接种是预防流感最经济有效的干预手段，我国流感疫苗的接种率远低于发达国家[4]，尤其是学校人群。教育部《关于做好冬季学校流行性疾病防控工作的通知》[5]中强调加强家庭防疫指导，配合有关部门做好儿童青少年流感、肺炎球菌等疫苗接种宣传引导。本研究基于山东省2015—2024年预防接种信息数据，系统分析教师和学生首剂流感疫苗接种率的时间趋势及分布特征，旨在揭示群体特异性接种行为模式，为优化学校传染病防控策略提供科学依据。
1　资料来源与方法
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1.1　资料来源
2015—2024年流感疫苗接种数据来源于山东省预防接种信息系统[6]中的“流感疫苗接种统计”模块。山东省预防接种信息系统已实现预防接种工作的全覆盖，管理全省疫苗的接种信息，能够实现疫苗的全程可追溯。各年份教师和学生的人口数据来源于《山东省教育事业发展统计公报》和《山东省统计年鉴》。
1.2　接种率计算及分组
按照流感疫苗接种程序，3岁以下人群流感疫苗接种2剂次，3岁及以上人群流感疫苗接种1剂次，本文中计算各年份首剂流感疫苗接种率，某年份某分组首剂接种率=该年份该分组首剂接种剂次数/该年份该分组人口数×100%。按照学校类型将教师和学生分为托幼机构、中小学、高校。按照2024年国内生产总值(gross domestic product，GDP)将山东省各地市分为高、中和低3个层级，高GDP地区包括青岛市、济南市、烟台市和潍坊市，中GDP地区包括临沂市、济宁市、淄博市、菏泽市、东营市和德州市，低GDP地区包括威海市、泰安市、滨州市、聊城市、日照市和枣庄市。
1.3　统计学分析
采用Excel软件整理数据库，运用Joinpoint 5.3.0软件对山东省2015—2024年教师和学生流感疫苗接种率随时间变化趋势进行回归分析，确定接种率变化转折点并计算接种率年度变化百分比(annual percent change, APC)、平均年度变化百分比(average annual percent change, AAPC)及其95%置信区间(confidence interval，CI)。APC>0表示接种率在转折点时间段内呈升高趋势，APC < 0表示接种率在转折点时间段内呈下降趋势，APC=AAPC表示接种率无转折点而呈单向递增或递减趋势。
2　结果
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2.1　教师与学生首剂流感疫苗接种率基本情况
山东省2015—2024年各年份教师首剂流感疫苗接种率为0.01%~3.00%；托幼机构、中小学、高校接种率分别在0.01%~2.97%，0.01%~2.92%，0.01%~3.22%；高、中、低GDP地区首剂接种率分别在0.01%~3.21%，0.01%~2.99%，0.01%~2.70%。见表1。
山东省2015—2024年各年份学生首剂流感疫苗接种率为1.59%~7.20%；托幼机构、中小学、高校接种率分别在0.37%~18.73%，1.04%~6.18%，0.06%~1.04%；高、中、低GDP地区首剂接种率分别在1.23%~5.78%，1.72%~8.56%，1.71%~7.07%。见表2。
2.2　师生首剂流感疫苗接种率不同机构变化趋势分析
教师首剂流感疫苗接种率均以2020年为转折点，托幼机构、中小学、高校2015—2020年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为163.36%(97.46%~616.24%), 162.09%(100.88%~601.72%), 174.94%(103.36%~1 091.65%)(P值均 < 0.01)，2020—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为9.53%(-3.34%~23.14%), 9.92%(-3.75%~24.41%), 8.14%(-8.60%~24.03%)(P值均>0.05)；2015—2024年接种率AAPC(95%CI)分别为78.32%(58.03%~161.58%), 78.13%(59.89%~159.87%), 81.61%(61.09%~222.48%)(P值均 < 0.01)。见图1。
托幼机构学生接种率无转折点，2015—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)与AAPC(95%CI)均为18.73%(9.82%~34.88%)(P值均 < 0.01)。中小学生接种率以2018和2022年为转折点，2015—2018，2018—2022，2022—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为-32.59%(-57.75%~ -11.69%), 48.45%(31.16%~102.56%), -26.25%(-47.15%~ -0.58%)(P值均 < 0.05)；2015—2024年接种率AAPC(95%CI)为-2.32%(-8.96%~4.56%)(P=0.45)。高校学生接种率以2020年为转折点，2015—2020，2020—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为63.27%(35.54%~776.67%)(P < 0.01)、4.31%(-42.24%~25.60%)(P=0.77)，2015—2024年接种率AAPC(95%CI)为33.79%(19.41%~94.27%)(P < 0.01)。见图2。
2.3　师生首剂流感疫苗接种率不同地区变化趋势分析
高、中、低GDP地区教师接种率均以2020年为转折点，2015—2020年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为173.84%(103.30%~1 338.07%)，162.75%(99.44%~751.75%)，136.67%(87.68%~ 486.68%)(P值均 < 0.01)；2020—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)分别为5.77%(-13.70%~22.95%)，13.92%(-0.92%~ 28.86%)，11.86%(-1.01%~24.82%)(P值均>0.05)；高、中、低GDP地区2015—2024年接种率AAPC(95%CI)分别为79.42%(59.20%~240.46%)、81.23%(61.08%~187.30%)、69.63%(55.59%~139.68%)。见图3。
高、中、低GDP地区学生接种率均无转折点，2015—2024年接种率APC(95%CI)与AAPC(95%CI)一致，分别为10.46%(-5.92%~40.08%)(P=0.18)，13.67%(3.19%~32.52%)(P=0.01)，10.42%(-0.25%~27.44%)(P=0.05)。见图4。
3　讨论
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研究结果显示，山东省教师流感疫苗接种率从2020年开始明显上升，但是整体水平依然较低。教师虽普遍知识水平高，但对流感的危害性可能存在健康认知偏差和知识盲区，认为流感等同于普通感冒，或认为自身免疫力强无需接种。
山东省学生流感疫苗接种率呈上升趋势，但是远低于北京市石景山区2019—2023学年中小学生流感疫苗69.36%的年均接种率[7]。托幼机构儿童接种率最高，但是仍不足20%，低于宁波市新入托儿童32.54%流感疫苗接种率[8]。高校学生流感疫苗接种率不足1%，接种率低是多重因素叠加的结果。当前流感疫苗免费政策主要针对老年人和儿童[9]，大学生未被纳入重点人群，缺乏政策红利。同时大学生群体存在认知误区与健康意识不足等特点，对流感疫苗的年度接种必要性及最佳接种时间等关键信息了解不足[10]，针对大学生的专项宣传较少，缺乏权威的推广。另外，流感疫苗接种以自愿为主，大学生脱离家长监护后，健康管理主动性下降，而且校园接种服务往往不如托幼机构系统化。
山东省教师和学生人群接种率在2020年均出现显著波动，可能与新型冠状病毒感染疫情有关，与其他研究发现一致[11-12]，表明重大公共卫生事件对疫苗接种行为具有显著驱动作用。托幼机构持续增长反映家长对低龄儿童的健康保护意识提升，同时幼儿因需接种免疫规划疫苗而更容易接收到关于流感等疫苗的推荐信息。中小学生2018和2022年接种率的波动性对应新型冠状病毒感染防控和乙类乙管政策实施，这也体现在高校学生2020年前接种率的高增长，但是后期增速骤降，暴露强制措施难以持续的问题。
高GDP地区教师流感疫苗接种率虽总体领先，但中GDP地区教师接种率在2020年后增速明显，提示随着流感疫苗种类增多和价格的持续下降，在大部分地区已经成为接受范围内的疫苗。但是低GDP地区教师接种率增速最低，提示在低收入地区经济约束仍是自费疫苗接种率提升的主要障碍[13-14]。学生接种率的区域差异呈现与教师不同的模式，中GDP地区学生增速最高，而高GDP地区学生增速最低，可能的原因是中GDP地区常住人口结构相对稳定，疫苗健康教育的普及性更好，而高GDP地区的流动人口更多，接收的信息更多元化，部分家长可能因疫苗犹豫而选择延迟或拒绝接种[15]。
本研究表明，教师和学生人群流感疫苗接种存在巨大提升空间，需要教育、卫生等部门协同构建可持续的校园流感防控体系；托幼机构接种率保持增长，中小学受政策波动影响显著，高校群体可持续性不足，应针对不同教育阶段特点设计差异化接种策略；区域经济差异对教师群体影响更显著，而学生接种率在中GDP地区呈现更强增长动能，可加强对低GDP地区学校流感疫苗接种的财政支持。本研究的局限性主要为未分析社会因素、医疗水平等外部因素可能造成的流感疫苗接种率变化。
基金
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  • 中华预防医学会疫苗与免疫青年人才托举项目(CPMAQT_YM0314)；山东省疾病预防控制中心青年创新基金项目(QC-202301)
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154
  • 接收时间：2025-03-04
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2025-03-04
  • 修回日期：2025-03-18
基金
中华预防医学会疫苗与免疫青年人才托举项目(CPMAQT_YM0314)；山东省疾病预防控制中心青年创新基金项目(QC-202301)
作者信息
    1山东省疾病预防控制中心免疫预防管理所，济南 250014
    2艾美诚信生物制药有限公司博士后工作站

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孙靓，E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgxxws/CN/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025154
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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