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Article(id=1325502123739324759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325502070660407522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025144, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=1741190400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953932938, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953932938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953932938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953932938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325502070660407522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='5', pageStart='609', pageEnd='760', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1748102400000', pubDateStr='2025-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953920283, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953920283, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=732, endPage=736, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502124544631128, articleId=1325502123739324759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Diarrhea caused by foodborne Salmonella infection in children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the epidemilogical and seasonal characteristics of foodborne Salmonella-associated diarrhea among children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Foodborne Disease Survellance System for cases reported between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2023. The incidence, seasonal characteristics, and peak periods were analyzed by the method of concentration and circular distribution.

Results

A total of 6 434 cases of diarrhea in children aged 0-6 years were collected, and 455 cases of Salmonella were detected, with a positive detection rate of 7.07%. Salmonella typhimurium was the main serotype causing diarrhea (59.34%). The peak of the disease was from May 3 to September 30, with certain seasonal characteristics. The highest detection rate was found in children aged 1-3 years (8.66%). Among food types, the positive detection rates of Salmonella were relatively high in other foods (17.39%), fruits and their products (10.22%), infant and toddler foods (10.09%), and aquatic animals and their products (9.80%). The processing and packaging methods of food were mainly home-made (9.38%) and bulk food (7.54%).

Conclusions

The detection rate of Salmonella in children aged 0-6 years is high in Guizhou Province, with strong seasonal characteristics. The detection rates of other foods, fruits and their products, infant and toddler foods, and aquatic animals and their products are high. Enhanced pathogen surveillance for susceptible populations and high-risk foods, coupled with public health education during summer/autumn, is recommended.

, authors=Hongxia LIAO, Yafang WANG, Lin LIU, Lili ZHANG, Qi YANG, Lei LI, authorsList=Hongxia LIAO, Yafang WANG, Lin LIU, Lili ZHANG, Qi YANG, Lei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502125333160281, articleId=1325502123739324759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况和季节性分布特征，为防控食源性疾病提供依据。

方法

从食源性疾病病例监测系统中导出2016年1月1日至2023年12月31日上报至“食源性疾病病例监测系统”的贵州省0~6岁儿童感染病例，利用集中度法和圆形分布法对发病情况、季节性特征和高峰期进行分析。

结果

共采集6 434例0~6岁儿童腹泻病例，检出沙门菌455例，阳性检出率为7.07%，鼠伤寒沙门菌是引起腹泻的主要血清型(59.34%)。发病高峰期为5月3日至9月30日，具有一定的季节性特征。1~3岁年龄组腹泻病例沙门菌检出率最高(8.66%)；食品种类中其他食品(17.39%)、水果类及其制品(10.22%)、婴幼儿食品(10.09%)及水产动物及其制品(9.80%)沙门菌阳性检出率较高，食品的加工和包装方式以家庭自制(9.38%)和散装食品(7.54%)为主。

结论

贵州省0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染率较高，季节性特征强，其他食品、水果类及其制品、婴幼儿食品及水产动物及其制品检出率较高，需对易感人群及高危暴露食品进行病原体监测，在夏秋季对儿童及监护人开展宣传教育。

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Dis Surveill, 2023, 38(2): 185-190. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325502143209283979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省疾病预防控制中心青年科学基金项目(2024-E-2), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325502126612423002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325502126641783131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, companyId=1325502126612423002, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang (550000), Guizhou Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325502126654366044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, companyId=1325502126612423002, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州省疾病预防控制中心食品安全风险监测评价科，贵阳 550000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325502138469720453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Analysis of circular distribution method for Salmonella infection diarrhea cases in children aged 0-6 years old in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份发病人数Z值P值平均角ā/(°)角标准差s/(°)高峰日高峰期
2016336.84< 0.01194.3571.877月15日5月3日—9月27日
2017496.80< 0.01173.8980.536月24日4月3日—9月15日
2018299.38< 0.01165.3160.876月16日4月15日—8月17日
2019339.68< 0.01233.7963.468月25日6月21日—10月28日
20204416.52< 0.01185.4756.717月6日5月9日—9月3日
202111031.87< 0.01209.5763.777月31日5月27日—10月4日
2022568.50< 0.01179.1378.666月30日4月11日—9月18日
202310112.56< 0.01199.3582.737月20日4月27日—10月13日
合计45588.55< 0.01195.9873.307月17日5月3日—9月30日
), ArticleFig(id=1325502138834624902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻病例圆形分布法分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份发病人数Z值P值平均角ā/(°)角标准差s/(°)高峰日高峰期
2016336.84< 0.01194.3571.877月15日5月3日—9月27日
2017496.80< 0.01173.8980.536月24日4月3日—9月15日
2018299.38< 0.01165.3160.876月16日4月15日—8月17日
2019339.68< 0.01233.7963.468月25日6月21日—10月28日
20204416.52< 0.01185.4756.717月6日5月9日—9月3日
202111031.87< 0.01209.5763.777月31日5月27日—10月4日
2022568.50< 0.01179.1378.666月30日4月11日—9月18日
202310112.56< 0.01199.3582.737月20日4月27日—10月13日
合计45588.55< 0.01195.9873.307月17日5月3日—9月30日
), ArticleFig(id=1325502138931093895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The number and composition ratio of different serotypes of Salmonella in children cases aged 0-6 in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份菌株数鼠伤寒肠炎德尔卑都柏林乙型副伤寒利齐菲尔德里森
20163320(60.61)1(3.03)—1(3.03)2(6.06)——
20174930(61.22)5(10.20)—5(10.20)3(6.12)——
20182915(51.72)2(6.90)1(3.45)2(6.90)2(6.90)——
20193322(66.67)2(6.06)3(9.09)————
20204420(45.45)7(15.91)—————
202111061(55.45)13(11.82)5(4.55)4(3.64)1(0.91)7(6.36)4(3.64)
20225633(58.93)8(14.29)2(3.57)—2(3.57)—1(1.79)
202310169(68.32)2(1.98)3(2.97)——2(1.98)3(2.97)
合计455270(59.34)40(8.79)14(3.08)12(2.64)10(2.20)9(1.98)8(1.76)
年份菌株数病牛拉古什鸡-雏伦敦斯坦利未分型其他血清型
2016331(3.03)—4(12.12)——2(6.06)2(6.06)
201749———2(4.08)—1(2.14)3(6.12)
2018291(3.45)————4(13.79)2(6.90)
201933—————4(12.12)2(6.06)
202044————1(2.27)10(22.73)6(13.64)
2021110—4(3.64)—1(0.91)1(0.91)1(0.91)8(7.27)
2022562(3.57)———1(1.79)1(1.79)6(10.71)
20231013(2.97)1(0.99)—1(0.99)1(0.99)—16(15.84)
合计4557(1.54)5(1.10)4(0.88)4(0.88)4(0.88)23(5.05)45(9.89)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502142550778248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁患儿不同血清型沙门菌数量及构成比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份菌株数鼠伤寒肠炎德尔卑都柏林乙型副伤寒利齐菲尔德里森
20163320(60.61)1(3.03)—1(3.03)2(6.06)——
20174930(61.22)5(10.20)—5(10.20)3(6.12)——
20182915(51.72)2(6.90)1(3.45)2(6.90)2(6.90)——
20193322(66.67)2(6.06)3(9.09)————
20204420(45.45)7(15.91)—————
202111061(55.45)13(11.82)5(4.55)4(3.64)1(0.91)7(6.36)4(3.64)
20225633(58.93)8(14.29)2(3.57)—2(3.57)—1(1.79)
202310169(68.32)2(1.98)3(2.97)——2(1.98)3(2.97)
合计455270(59.34)40(8.79)14(3.08)12(2.64)10(2.20)9(1.98)8(1.76)
年份菌株数病牛拉古什鸡-雏伦敦斯坦利未分型其他血清型
2016331(3.03)—4(12.12)——2(6.06)2(6.06)
201749———2(4.08)—1(2.14)3(6.12)
2018291(3.45)————4(13.79)2(6.90)
201933—————4(12.12)2(6.06)
202044————1(2.27)10(22.73)6(13.64)
2021110—4(3.64)—1(0.91)1(0.91)1(0.91)8(7.27)
2022562(3.57)———1(1.79)1(1.79)6(10.71)
20231013(2.97)1(0.99)—1(0.99)1(0.99)—16(15.84)
合计4557(1.54)5(1.10)4(0.88)4(0.88)4(0.88)23(5.05)45(9.89)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502142630470025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Distribution of suspected exposure to food among positive cases of 0-6-year-old children in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份菌株数乳与乳制品粮食类及其制品多种食品水果类及其制品混合食品蛋与蛋制品肉与肉制品
样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数
2016331617(4.35)874(4.60)697(10.14)20—318(25.81)135(38.46)13—
2017492416(2.49)11617(14.66)12517(13.60)204(20.00)101(10.00)4—7—
20182932210(3.11)1105(4.55)13410(7.46)301(3.33)222(9.09)4—61(16.67)
20193330110(3.32)999(9.09)1199(7.56)222(9.09)381(2.63)31(33.33)6—
20204429821(7.05)1628(4.94)814(4.94)492(4.08)674(5.97)172(11.76)111(9.09)
202111034531(8.99)33929(8.55)645(7.81)15018(12.00)13114(10.69)392(5.13)383(7.89)
20225630910(3.24)27127(9.96)832(2.41)10210(9.80)601(1.67)40—23—
202310126225(9.54)32525(7.69)1237(5.69)11615(12.93)1359(6.67)576(10.53)494(8.16)
合计4552 239120(5.36)1 509123(8.15)79861(7.64)50952(10.22)49440(8.10)17717(9.60)1539(5.88)
年份菌株数蔬菜类及其制品婴幼儿食品饮料与冷冻饮品类水产动物及其制品豆与豆制品其他食品
样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数
201633171(5.88)12—51(20.00)1—5—1—
20174991(11.11)162(12.50)1—6—1—71(14.29)
20182910—15—1—2—5—2—
20193371(14.29)2—3—4—1—2—
202044201(5.00)61(16.67)6—5—5—1—
2021110271(3.70)163(18.75)10—111(9.09)8—42(50.00)
20225617—273(11.11)171(5.88)101(10.00)81(12.50)4—
2023101342(5.88)152(13.33)82(25.00)123(25.00)5—21(50.00)
合计4551417(4.96)10911(10.09)514(7.84)515(9.80)381(2.63)234(17.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502142957625738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502123739324759, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童阳性病例的可疑暴露食品分布情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份菌株数乳与乳制品粮食类及其制品多种食品水果类及其制品混合食品蛋与蛋制品肉与肉制品
样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数
2016331617(4.35)874(4.60)697(10.14)20—318(25.81)135(38.46)13—
2017492416(2.49)11617(14.66)12517(13.60)204(20.00)101(10.00)4—7—
20182932210(3.11)1105(4.55)13410(7.46)301(3.33)222(9.09)4—61(16.67)
20193330110(3.32)999(9.09)1199(7.56)222(9.09)381(2.63)31(33.33)6—
20204429821(7.05)1628(4.94)814(4.94)492(4.08)674(5.97)172(11.76)111(9.09)
202111034531(8.99)33929(8.55)645(7.81)15018(12.00)13114(10.69)392(5.13)383(7.89)
20225630910(3.24)27127(9.96)832(2.41)10210(9.80)601(1.67)40—23—
202310126225(9.54)32525(7.69)1237(5.69)11615(12.93)1359(6.67)576(10.53)494(8.16)
合计4552 239120(5.36)1 509123(8.15)79861(7.64)50952(10.22)49440(8.10)17717(9.60)1539(5.88)
年份菌株数蔬菜类及其制品婴幼儿食品饮料与冷冻饮品类水产动物及其制品豆与豆制品其他食品
样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数样本数阳性数
201633171(5.88)12—51(20.00)1—5—1—
20174991(11.11)162(12.50)1—6—1—71(14.29)
20182910—15—1—2—5—2—
20193371(14.29)2—3—4—1—2—
202044201(5.00)61(16.67)6—5—5—1—
2021110271(3.70)163(18.75)10—111(9.09)8—42(50.00)
20225617—273(11.11)171(5.88)101(10.00)81(12.50)4—
2023101342(5.88)152(13.33)82(25.00)123(25.00)5—21(50.00)
合计4551417(4.96)10911(10.09)514(7.84)515(9.80)381(2.63)234(17.39)
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贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况
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廖鸿霞 , 王娅芳 , 刘琳 , 张黎黎 , 杨琪 , 李磊
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(5): 732-736
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (5) : 732 -736
贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况
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廖鸿霞, 王娅芳, 刘琳, 张黎黎, 杨琪, 李磊
作者信息
  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心食品安全风险监测评价科，贵阳 550000
Diarrhea caused by foodborne Salmonella infection in children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023
Hongxia LIAO, Yafang WANG, Lin LIU, Lili ZHANG, Qi YANG, Lei LI
Affiliations
  • Food Safety Risk Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang (550000), Guizhou Province, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025144
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摘要
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目的

分析贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况和季节性分布特征，为防控食源性疾病提供依据。

方法

从食源性疾病病例监测系统中导出2016年1月1日至2023年12月31日上报至“食源性疾病病例监测系统”的贵州省0~6岁儿童感染病例，利用集中度法和圆形分布法对发病情况、季节性特征和高峰期进行分析。

结果

共采集6 434例0~6岁儿童腹泻病例，检出沙门菌455例，阳性检出率为7.07%，鼠伤寒沙门菌是引起腹泻的主要血清型(59.34%)。发病高峰期为5月3日至9月30日，具有一定的季节性特征。1~3岁年龄组腹泻病例沙门菌检出率最高(8.66%)；食品种类中其他食品(17.39%)、水果类及其制品(10.22%)、婴幼儿食品(10.09%)及水产动物及其制品(9.80%)沙门菌阳性检出率较高，食品的加工和包装方式以家庭自制(9.38%)和散装食品(7.54%)为主。

结论

贵州省0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染率较高，季节性特征强，其他食品、水果类及其制品、婴幼儿食品及水产动物及其制品检出率较高，需对易感人群及高危暴露食品进行病原体监测，在夏秋季对儿童及监护人开展宣传教育。

食品  /  沙门菌感染  /  腹泻  /  儿童，学龄前
Objective

To analyze the epidemilogical and seasonal characteristics of foodborne Salmonella-associated diarrhea among children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Foodborne Disease Survellance System for cases reported between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2023. The incidence, seasonal characteristics, and peak periods were analyzed by the method of concentration and circular distribution.

Results

A total of 6 434 cases of diarrhea in children aged 0-6 years were collected, and 455 cases of Salmonella were detected, with a positive detection rate of 7.07%. Salmonella typhimurium was the main serotype causing diarrhea (59.34%). The peak of the disease was from May 3 to September 30, with certain seasonal characteristics. The highest detection rate was found in children aged 1-3 years (8.66%). Among food types, the positive detection rates of Salmonella were relatively high in other foods (17.39%), fruits and their products (10.22%), infant and toddler foods (10.09%), and aquatic animals and their products (9.80%). The processing and packaging methods of food were mainly home-made (9.38%) and bulk food (7.54%).

Conclusions

The detection rate of Salmonella in children aged 0-6 years is high in Guizhou Province, with strong seasonal characteristics. The detection rates of other foods, fruits and their products, infant and toddler foods, and aquatic animals and their products are high. Enhanced pathogen surveillance for susceptible populations and high-risk foods, coupled with public health education during summer/autumn, is recommended.

Food  /  Salmonella infections  /  Diarrhea  /  Child, preschool
廖鸿霞, 王娅芳, 刘琳, 张黎黎, 杨琪, 李磊. 贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (5) : 732 -736 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025144
Hongxia LIAO, Yafang WANG, Lin LIU, Lili ZHANG, Qi YANG, Lei LI. Diarrhea caused by foodborne Salmonella infection in children aged 0-6 years in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2023[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (5) : 732 -736 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025144
正文
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食源性疾病指食品中致病因素进入人体引起的感染性、中毒性疾病，包括食物中毒[1]。2015年世界卫生组织估算包括细菌、病毒等31种病原体造成的食源性疾病负担，结果显示全球每年约有6亿人发病，导致42万人死亡，其中9 380万人因食用被沙门菌污染的食品发病[2]。中国疾病预防控制中心监测数据显示，我国有70%~80%的食源性疾病事件是由沙门菌感染引起[3]。0~6岁是儿童成长的重要阶段，因其自身抵抗力低及胃肠道的防御能力低，易受到致病菌感染而发病[4]。本研究对贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况进行分析，了解发病情况和季节性流行特征，科学预判发病高峰期，为食源性疾病防控提供数据基础。
1　资料来源与方法
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1.1　资料来源
收集贵州省主动监测医院2016年1月1日至2023年12月31日上报至“食源性疾病病例监测系统”的6 434例0~6岁儿童腹泻病例，其中455例为沙门菌感染病例，包括病例信息和病原学检验结果。病例定义：由食品或怀疑由食品引起的，以腹泻(指每日排便≥3次，且粪便性状异常，如稀便、水样便、粘液便或脓血便等)症状为主诉的感染病例[3]。该研究已得到贵州省疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会的批准(批号：Z2024-10)。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　病例信息
哨点医院临床医生在诊疗过程中，发现就诊日期在2016年1月1日至2023年12月31日的病人符合病例定义时，采集病例的基本信息、饮食暴露史、主要临床表现、诊断结论等信息。
1.2.2　标本采集及实验室检验
临床医生根据病例定义采集病人的生物标本，对沙门菌、副溶血性弧菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、志贺菌和诺如病毒进行检测。
1.3　统计学分析
1.3.1　集中度法
集中度表示疾病在全年的聚集程度，通过计算月发病数与年发病数的相关系统，以评估疾病在1年中的季节性分布规律。M值反映季节性强弱指标，当0≤M < 0.3，发病无明显季节性；0.3≤M < 0.5，发病有一定的季节性；0.5≤M < 0.7，发病有较强的季节性；0.7≤M < 0.9，发病有很强的季节性；0.9≤M≤1.0，发病有严格的季节性。
1.3.2　圆形分布法
将具有周期性变化的资料使用三角函数把原始数据转变为线性数据的一种统计学方法，可较好反映疾病发病高峰时间及范围[5]。将一年365 d转化为360°，1 d为0.986 3°，以每月月中值作为组中值并折算成度，即1月转化角度为15.5×0.986 3°=15.288°。通过公式计算出圆形分布集中程度大小r、平均角ā和角标准差s。将平均角ā换算为发病高峰日，流行高峰期用ā±s表示。
1.3.3　数据处理与分析
采用Excel进行数据的收集和整理，R 4.3.3软件进行统计分析。采用雷氏检验(Rayleigh’s test)进行平均角的检验，检验统计量为Z=nr2，n表示发病数，r表示圆形分布集中程度大小，通过查雷氏Z值(Rayleigh’s Z)的临界值表判断平均角是否存在[5]。计数资料采用频数或构成比来描述，χ2检验用于组间比较。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2　结果
收起
2.1　贵州省2016—2023年0~6岁患儿沙门菌检出情况
2016—2023年共报告6 434例0~6岁儿童病例，检出沙门菌455例，阳性检出率为7.07%。沙门菌每年均有检出，呈波动态势，其中2021年检出率最高，为9.27%(110/1 186)，其次是2023和2017年，分别为8.78%(101/1 150)和8.66%(49/566)，另外2016，2018，2019，2020，2022年检出率分别为6.00%(33/550)，4.35%(29/666)，5.44%(33/607)，6.01%(44/732)和5.73%(56/977)，不同年份间检出率有统计学意义(χ2=30.88，P < 0.05)。沙门菌检出具有明显的季节性特征，第三季度检出率最高，为10.07%(181/1 798)；其次为第二季度，为9.53%(165/1 732)；第一季度和第四季度检出率较低，分别为2.37%(39/1 643)和5.55%(70/1 261)，差异有统计学意义(χ2=100.04，P < 0.05)。
2.1.1　集中度法分析0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻的季节性
2016—2023年0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻发病人数的M值为0.44，具有一定的季节性，其中2018(0.57)，2019(0.54)，2020(0.61)和2021年(0.54)均表现出较强的季节性。2.1.2圆形分布法分析0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻高峰期见表1。
2016—2023年0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻的r值为0.44，平均角ā为195.98°，角标准差s为73.30°，经Rayleigh’s Z检验，差异有统计学意义(Z=88.55，P < 0.05)，说明具有明显的季节性特征。根据平均角推算出发病高峰日为7月17日，高峰期为5月3日至9月30日。2016—2023年0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻的高峰日略有不同，但均集中在6—8月。
2.2　沙门菌血清分型
455株沙门菌经血清学鉴定后共分离出43种血清型，其中鼠伤寒沙门菌最多(270株)，占比最高(59.34%)，是引起0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻的主要菌型；其次是肠炎沙门菌40株(8.79%)、德尔卑沙门菌14株(3.08%)、都柏林沙门菌12株(2.64%)、乙型副伤寒沙门菌10株(2.20%)。见表2。另外，除主要菌型外，还检出阿贡纳沙门菌、奥雷宁堡沙门菌、伤寒沙门菌、圣保罗沙门菌、吉韦沙门菌、林登堡沙门菌、纽波特沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌变种、汤卜逊沙门菌等散发血清型。
2.3　不同性别及年龄组患儿沙门菌检出情况
2016—2023年共上报沙门菌阳性病例455例，其中男童293例(7.28%)，女童162例(6.72%)，差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.74，P>0.05)。年龄分组中，1~3岁年龄组检出率最高，为8.66%(242/2 795)，其次是4~6岁年龄组，为6.14%(29/472)， < 1岁年龄组检出率最低，仅为5.81%(184/3 167)，差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.00，P < 0.05)。
2.4　儿童阳性病例的可疑暴露食品分布
不同种类的可疑暴露食品中沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=30.75，P < 0.05)，其他食品(冰粉、果冻等)中检出率最高，为17.39%(4/23)，其次为水果类及其制品、婴幼儿食品、水产动物及其制品和蛋与蛋制品，分别为10.22%(52/509)、10.09%(11/109)、9.80(5/51)和9.60(17/177)，见表3。其他食品中以冰粉(50.00%，2/4)、果冻(50.00%，2/4)为主；水果类及其制品中以西瓜(32.70%，17/52)、火龙果(19.23%, 10/52)、李子(9.62%, 5/52)、葡萄(7.69%, 4/52)为主；婴幼儿食品中以米粉(45.45%，5/11)、辅食(36.36%, 4/11)为主；水产动物及其制品以虾(80.00%, 4/5)、鱼(20.00%, 1/5)为主；蛋与蛋制品以蒸蛋(35.29%, 6/17)、蛋汤(17.65%, 3/17)、鸡蛋卷(11.77%, 2/17)、皮蛋(5.88%, 1/17)为主。
2.5　儿童阳性病例的食品加工及包装方式分布
可疑食品的加工及包装方式以家庭自制最高，占比58.42%(267/457)，其次是预包装食品和散装食品，为17.51%(80/457)和12.69%(58/457)，餐饮服务业占比最低，仅为3.72%(17/457)。不同食品的加工及包装方式中沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=65.43，P < 0.05)。其中家庭自制食品检出率最高，为9.38%(267/2 848)，其次是散装食品和预包装食品，为7.54%(58/769)和7.25%(80/1 103)。
3　讨论
收起
贵州省2016—2023年共上报6 434例0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻病例，阳性检出率为7.07%，高于茂名市[6](6.93%)和南京市[7](6.70%)，低于武汉市[8](23.77%)和海南省[4]的监测结果(8.94%)。每月均有检出，第三季度检出率最高(10.07%)，与云南省[9]、江西省[10]研究结果一致。集中度法和圆形分布法结果显示，2016—2023年0~6岁儿童沙门菌感染腹泻具有一定的季节性，高峰日为7月17日，高峰期为5月3日至9月30日，属于发病的流行季节。鼠伤寒沙门菌为引起腹泻的优势血清型，与云南省[9]、开封市[11]研究结果一致，与甘肃省[12]、江苏省[3]优势菌型为肠炎沙门菌的研究结果不一致，表明沙门菌血清型分布具有地域性差异。
从年龄分布来看，男童检出率高于女童，1~3岁年龄组检出率最高，与武汉市[8]、云南省[9]研究结果一致，提示1~3岁是感染沙门菌的高危人群，可能与婴幼儿免疫功能低、胃肠道防御能力弱、食用受污染的食物和不良的卫生习惯有关。鉴于时间和年龄分布，夏秋季应重点关注1~3岁高发年龄段的沙门菌感染状况，积极开展食品安全知识科普宣传，养成良好的卫生习惯。
可疑暴露食品主要为乳及乳制品和粮食类及其制品，与福建省[13]研究结果一致，但与开封市[11]为多种食品和水果类及其制品的研究结果不一致，说明饮食习惯的地域差异。自述的可疑暴露食品中，其他食品、水果类及其制品、婴幼儿食品及水产动物及其制品检出率较高，与余姚市[14]研究结果一致。提示相关部门应加强高危暴露食品的管理，重点监测沙门菌的食品安全风险危害程度，关注致病菌的流行特征和污染水平，必要时可开展专项监测，及时发现食品安全隐患。加工及包装方式中，家庭自制食品和散装食品中检出率较高，一方面可能与儿童食品安全意识较差及不良的饮食习惯有关，导致感染风险增加；另一方面也提示应加强散装食品的管理力度。由于饮食暴露史、加工及包装方式等病例信息均为临床医生问诊，故患者或监护人在主诉时可能会存在一定的回忆偏移。此外，由于部分患者或监护人对疾病严重低估，认为腹泻是常见病，加之症状轻微可自行痊愈，从而未去医院就诊，因此这部分病例信息和标本信息未能采集。
综上所述，本研究通过集中度法和圆形分布法对0~6岁儿童食源性沙门菌感染腹泻情况进行分析，掌握了发病情况和季节性流行特征，科学预判发病高峰期，对制定食源性疾病防控措施有重要的理论和指导意义。2016—2023年0~6岁患儿沙门菌检出率较高，高峰期为5月3日至9月30日，具有季节性特征，鼠伤寒沙门菌是引起感染腹泻的主要菌型。1~3岁年龄组是易感人群，其他食品、水果类及其制品、婴幼儿食品及水产动物及其制品阳性检出率较高，家庭自制食品和散装食品是主要的加工和包装方式，提示应重点监测易感人群及高危暴露食品的病原体监测，在夏秋季有针对性对儿童及监护人开展食品安全教育，培养健康饮食习惯和卫生习惯，有效预防沙门菌引起的食源性疾病。
基金
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  • 贵州省疾病预防控制中心青年科学基金项目(2024-E-2)
文献
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2025年第46卷第5期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025144
  • 接收时间：2025-02-06
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-06
  • 修回日期：2025-03-06
基金
贵州省疾病预防控制中心青年科学基金项目(2024-E-2)
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    贵州省疾病预防控制中心食品安全风险监测评价科，贵阳 550000
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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