Article(id=1325501933045293741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501865651216714, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737302400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-20, revisedDate=1739894400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953887472, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953887472, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953887472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953887472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501865651216714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='457', pageEnd='572 578', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953871404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953871404, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=494, endPage=499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501934857233070, articleId=1325501933045293741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of major food consumption frequencies among children aged 6-17 years in China, columnId=1259565862625862592, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Student Nutrition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the consumption frequency of major foods among Chinese children aged 6-17 years old, and to provide a basis for optimizing the dietary structure of children in China.

Methods

Using data from the China Nutrition and Health System Survey and Application Program for Children 0-18 years old, 56 734 children aged 6-17 years old from North, Norththeast East, Central, South, Southwest and Northwest seven regions in China were selected for the study using stratified cluster random sampling from 2019 to 2021. A food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate the intake frequency of eight food groups in a month, including fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, livestock and poultry meats, aquatic products, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and cereals and potatoes. The foods were grouped according to whether they met the recommended intake criteria outlined in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents 2022. The χ2 test was used to compare the differences in the proportion of children's intake frequency of each food group meeting the standard in different regions and age groups.

Results

The proportions of Chinese children aged 6-17 years who consumed fresh vegetables and cereals and potatoes ≥3 times/d were 12.1% and 67.2%, respectively. The proportions of children who consumed fresh fruits, livestock and poultry meats, eggs and dairy products ≥1 time/d were 50.8%, 58.8%, 36.0% and 54.3%, respectively. The proportion of legumes consumed ≥4 times/week was 37.4%, and the proportion of aquatic products consumed ≥2 times/week was 39.7%. Fresh vegetables (5.5%), fresh fruits (33.1%), and dairy products (36.4%) had the lowest frequency of meeting the recommended standards in South China, and aquatic products (27.4%) and eggs (21.1%) had the lowest frequency of meeting the recommended standards in Northwest (P < 0.008 3).

Conclusion

The overall intake frequency of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, legumes, and dairy products are insufficient among Chinese children, with significant regional variations.

, authors=Wei CAO1, Zhibin REN1, 2, Juan XU1, Titi YANG1, Qian GAN1, Hongliang WANG1, Ruihe LUO1, Hui PAN1, Wenhua ZHAO1, Zhenyu YANG1, Qian ZHANG1, authorsList=Wei CAO, Zhibin REN, Juan XU, Titi YANG, Qian GAN, Hongliang WANG, Ruihe LUO, Hui PAN, Wenhua ZHAO, Zhenyu YANG, Qian ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501935272469167, articleId=1325501933045293741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国6 ~ 17岁儿童主要食物摄入频率分析, columnId=1259565866560119750, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学生营养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析中国6~17岁儿童主要食物的摄入频率,为优化中国儿童膳食结构提供依据。

方法

采用“中国0~18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用”项目数据,2019—2021年,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选择华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西北和西南7个地区56 734名6~17岁儿童为研究对象。采用食物频率问卷调查一个月内新鲜蔬菜类、新鲜水果类、畜禽肉类、水产类、蛋类、奶类、豆类、谷薯类8类食物的摄入频率,按各类食物是否达到《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》中推荐的摄入频率标准进行分组。采用χ2检验比较不同地区、年龄组儿童各类食物摄入频率达标率的差异。

结果

中国6~17岁儿童摄入新鲜蔬菜、谷薯类≥3次/d的报告率分别为12.1%,67.2%,摄入新鲜水果、畜禽肉、蛋、奶类≥1次/d的报告率分别为50.8%,58.8%,36.0%,54.3%,摄入豆类≥4次/周的报告率为37.4%,摄入水产类≥2次/周的报告率为39.7%。华南地区新鲜蔬菜(5.5%)、新鲜水果(33.1%)、奶类(36.4%)摄入频率达标率最低,西北地区水产(27.4%)、蛋类(21.1%)摄入频率达标率最低(P值均 < 0.008 3)。

结论

中国儿童总体新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、豆类、奶类等食物摄入频率不足,各地区儿童各食物摄入频率存在差异。

, authors=曹薇1, 任志斌1, 2, 许娟1, 杨媞媞1, 甘倩1, 王宏亮1, 罗瑞鹤1, 潘慧1, 赵文华1, 杨振宇1, 张倩1, authorsList=曹薇, 任志斌, 许娟, 杨媞媞, 甘倩, 王宏亮, 罗瑞鹤, 潘慧, 赵文华, 杨振宇, 张倩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《中国学校卫生》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6CNWqX9dp5AcVlzirBR5DQ==, magXml=4+TMqxes3ABTyP58mtgsVA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cmuMFWmCZz+bxOrYmkrpIA==, pdfFileSize=1104107, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=vCSRMdbmhviwjUtKhUwOrg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1325501935725454006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1325501935800951480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, authorId=1325501935725454006, language=EN, stringName=Wei CAO, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=CAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing (100050), China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1325501935863866041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, authorId=1325501935725454006, language=CN, stringName=曹薇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委员会微量元素与营养重点实验室,北京 100050, bio={"content":"

曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

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曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

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Comparison of food intake frequency among children aged 6 to 17 years of different regions of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区人数新鲜蔬菜(≥3次/d)新鲜水果(≥1次/d)畜禽肉类(≥1次/d)水产类(≥2次/周)蛋类(≥1次/d)奶类(≥1次/d)豆类(≥4次/周)谷薯类(≥3次/d)
东北8 8061 968(22.3)b6 624(75.2)b5 501(62.5)ab3 618(41.1)ab3 393(38.5)ab5 284(60.0)ab2 891(32.8)a6 430(73.0)b
华北9 1791 392(15.2)ab5 783(63.0)ab4 668(50.9)ab2 850(31.0)ab4 564(49.7)b5 952(64.8)b4 339(47.3)b6 578(71.7)ab
华东8 9771 168(13.0)ab4 894(54.5)ab5 718(63.7)ab5 021(55.9)ab3 938(43.9)ab5 727(63.8)b3 137(34.9)ab6 694(74.6)b
华中7 365552(7.5)ab3 228(43.8)ab4 001(54.3)ab2 226(30.2)ab3 119(42.3)ab3 569(48.5)ab2 319(31.5)a4 168(56.6)a
华南6 959381(5.5)a2 302(33.1)a4 536(65.2)b4 471(64.2)b1 618(23.3)ab2 535(36.4)a3 210(46.1)b4 055(58.3)a
西北6 996841(12.0)ab2 734(39.1)ab3 344(47.8)a1 916(27.4)a1 476(21.1)a3 175(45.4)ab2 337(33.4)a4 103(58.6)a
西南8 452569(6.7)ab3 228(38.2)ab5 611(66.4)b2 442(28.9)a2 301(27.2)ab4 586(54.3)ab2 992(35.4)ab6 119(72.4)ab
χ2值1 619.54 637.21 105.44 164.12 593.32 074.4882.11 403.6
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325501941614256886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中国不同地区6~17岁儿童食物摄入频率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区人数新鲜蔬菜(≥3次/d)新鲜水果(≥1次/d)畜禽肉类(≥1次/d)水产类(≥2次/周)蛋类(≥1次/d)奶类(≥1次/d)豆类(≥4次/周)谷薯类(≥3次/d)
东北8 8061 968(22.3)b6 624(75.2)b5 501(62.5)ab3 618(41.1)ab3 393(38.5)ab5 284(60.0)ab2 891(32.8)a6 430(73.0)b
华北9 1791 392(15.2)ab5 783(63.0)ab4 668(50.9)ab2 850(31.0)ab4 564(49.7)b5 952(64.8)b4 339(47.3)b6 578(71.7)ab
华东8 9771 168(13.0)ab4 894(54.5)ab5 718(63.7)ab5 021(55.9)ab3 938(43.9)ab5 727(63.8)b3 137(34.9)ab6 694(74.6)b
华中7 365552(7.5)ab3 228(43.8)ab4 001(54.3)ab2 226(30.2)ab3 119(42.3)ab3 569(48.5)ab2 319(31.5)a4 168(56.6)a
华南6 959381(5.5)a2 302(33.1)a4 536(65.2)b4 471(64.2)b1 618(23.3)ab2 535(36.4)a3 210(46.1)b4 055(58.3)a
西北6 996841(12.0)ab2 734(39.1)ab3 344(47.8)a1 916(27.4)a1 476(21.1)a3 175(45.4)ab2 337(33.4)a4 103(58.6)a
西南8 452569(6.7)ab3 228(38.2)ab5 611(66.4)b2 442(28.9)a2 301(27.2)ab4 586(54.3)ab2 992(35.4)ab6 119(72.4)ab
χ2值1 619.54 637.21 105.44 164.12 593.32 074.4882.11 403.6
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325501941719114487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of food intake frequency among children of different ages in the seven regions of China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区年龄/岁人数统计值新鲜蔬菜(≥3次/d)新鲜水果(≥1次/d)畜禽肉类(≥1次/d)水产类(≥2次/周)蛋类(≥1次/d)奶类(≥1次/d)豆类(≥4次/周)谷薯类(≥3次/d)
东北6~82 196523(23.8)1 711(77.9)1 346(61.3)825(37.6)761(34.7)1 452(66.1)585(26.6)1 656(75.4)
9~112 301513(22.3)1 740(75.6)1 441(62.6)1 015(44.1)939(40.8)1 503(65.3)904(39.3)1 828(79.4)
12~142 196550(25.0)1 547(70.4)1 334(60.7)975(44.4)842(38.3)1 322(60.2)735(33.5)1 595(72.6)
15~172 113382(18.1)1 626(77.0)1 380(65.3)803(38.0)851(40.3)1 007(47.7)667(31.6)1 351(63.9)
χ2值34.139.011.438.221.7195.683.6143.2
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华北6~82 285165(7.2)1 424(62.3)986(43.2)752(32.9)1 196(52.3)1 431(62.6)1 020(44.6)1 582(69.2)
9~112 273288(12.7)1 377(60.6)1 088(47.9)718(31.6)1 130(49.7)1 481(65.2)1 151(50.6)1 584(69.7)
12~142 282511(22.4)1 487(65.2)1 183(51.8)715(31.3)1 137(49.8)1 507(66.0)1 026(45.0)1 691(74.1)
15~172 339428(18.3)1 495(63.9)1 411(60.3)665(28.4)1 101(47.1)1 533(65.5)1 142(48.8)1 721(73.6)
χ2值233.611.6147.211.612.97.023.821.9
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华东6~82 209180(8.1)1 388(62.8)1 363(61.7)1 484(67.2)1 075(48.7)1 481(67.0)700(31.7)1 552(70.3)
9~112 426363(15.0)1 524(62.8)1 447(59.6)1 401(57.7)1 152(47.5)1 657(68.3)808(33.3)1 775(73.2)
12~142 094375(17.9)1 105(52.8)1 446(69.1)1 103(52.7)863(41.2)1 404(67.0)872(41.6)1 762(84.1)
15~172 248250(11.1)877(39.0)1 462(65.0)1 033(46.0)848(37.7)1 185(52.7)757(33.7)1 605(71.4)
χ2值105.8349.648.8216.574.0160.556.1137.4
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华中6~81 42866(4.6)815(57.1)840(58.8)514(36.0)688(48.2)753(52.7)395(27.7)665(46.6)
9~111 95255(2.8)1 000(51.2)1 067(54.7)717(36.7)876(44.9)1 017(52.1)604(30.9)977(50.1)
12~141 939195(10.1)799(41.2)1 015(52.3)521(26.9)781(40.3)904(46.6)576(29.7)1 230(63.4)
15~172 046236(11.5)614(30.0)1 079(52.7)474(23.2)774(37.8)895(43.7)744(36.4)1 296(63.3)
χ2值145.1309.316.9120.445.541.635.4167.3
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华南6~81 71051(3.0)616(36.0)1 118(65.4)999(58.4)307(18.0)600(35.1)482(28.2)912(53.3)
9~111 985139(7.0)560(28.2)1 255(63.2)1 292(65.1)554(27.9)737(37.1)840(42.3)969(48.8)
12~142 163134(6.2)562(26.0)1 323(61.2)1 536(71.0)503(23.3)765(35.4)1 265(58.5)1 407(65.0)
15~171 10157(5.2)564(51.2)840(76.3)644(58.5)254(23.1)433(39.3)623(56.6)767(69.7)
χ2值31.8240.978.784.951.16.8414.4189.8
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.010.08<0.01<0.01
西北6~81 927117(6.1)806(41.8)917(47.6)532(27.6)473(24.5)1 056(54.8)619(32.1)937(48.6)
9~111 806184(10.2)815(45.1)788(43.6)575(31.8)485(26.9)969(53.7)662(36.7)1 061(58.7)
12~141 642248(15.1)530(32.3)817(49.8)415(25.3)280(17.1)570(34.7)456(27.8)1 010(61.5)
15~171 621292(18.0)583(36.0)822(50.7)394(24.3)238(14.7)580(35.8)600(37.0)1 095(67.6)
χ2值140.072.420.629.5105.9254.542.9138.4
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
西南6~82 06577(3.7)860(41.6)1 295(62.7)645(31.2)584(28.3)1 195(57.9)600(29.1)1 385(67.1)
9~112 040117(5.7)832(40.8)1 295(63.5)571(28.0)601(29.5)1 196(58.6)669(32.8)1 558(76.4)
12~142 064176(8.5)768(37.2)1 422(68.9)665(32.2)604(29.3)1 071(51.9)758(36.7)1 426(69.1)
15~172 283199(8.7)768(33.6)1 599(70.0)561(24.6)512(22.4)1 124(49.2)965(42.3)1 750(76.7)
χ2值57.837.139.738.237.254.491.177.5
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
合计6~813 8201 179(8.5)7 620(55.1)7 865(56.9)5 751(41.6)5 084(36.8)7 968(57.7)4 401(31.8)8 689(62.9)
9~1114 7831 659(11.2)7 848(53.1)8 381(56.7)6 289(42.5)5 737(38.8)8 560(57.9)5 638(38.1)9 752(66.0)
12~1414 3802 189(15.2)6 798(47.3)8 540(59.4)5 930(41.2)5 010(34.8)7 543(52.5)5 688(39.6)10 121(70.4)
15~1713 7511 844(13.4)6 527(47.5)8 593(62.5)4 574(33.3)4 578(33.3)6 757(49.1)5 498(40.0)9 585(69.7)
χ2值330.0267.6126.8323.1106.5307.5253.4232.9
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325501941844943608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501933045293741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中国七地区不同年龄段儿童食物摄入频率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地区年龄/岁人数统计值新鲜蔬菜(≥3次/d)新鲜水果(≥1次/d)畜禽肉类(≥1次/d)水产类(≥2次/周)蛋类(≥1次/d)奶类(≥1次/d)豆类(≥4次/周)谷薯类(≥3次/d)
东北6~82 196523(23.8)1 711(77.9)1 346(61.3)825(37.6)761(34.7)1 452(66.1)585(26.6)1 656(75.4)
9~112 301513(22.3)1 740(75.6)1 441(62.6)1 015(44.1)939(40.8)1 503(65.3)904(39.3)1 828(79.4)
12~142 196550(25.0)1 547(70.4)1 334(60.7)975(44.4)842(38.3)1 322(60.2)735(33.5)1 595(72.6)
15~172 113382(18.1)1 626(77.0)1 380(65.3)803(38.0)851(40.3)1 007(47.7)667(31.6)1 351(63.9)
χ2值34.139.011.438.221.7195.683.6143.2
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华北6~82 285165(7.2)1 424(62.3)986(43.2)752(32.9)1 196(52.3)1 431(62.6)1 020(44.6)1 582(69.2)
9~112 273288(12.7)1 377(60.6)1 088(47.9)718(31.6)1 130(49.7)1 481(65.2)1 151(50.6)1 584(69.7)
12~142 282511(22.4)1 487(65.2)1 183(51.8)715(31.3)1 137(49.8)1 507(66.0)1 026(45.0)1 691(74.1)
15~172 339428(18.3)1 495(63.9)1 411(60.3)665(28.4)1 101(47.1)1 533(65.5)1 142(48.8)1 721(73.6)
χ2值233.611.6147.211.612.97.023.821.9
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华东6~82 209180(8.1)1 388(62.8)1 363(61.7)1 484(67.2)1 075(48.7)1 481(67.0)700(31.7)1 552(70.3)
9~112 426363(15.0)1 524(62.8)1 447(59.6)1 401(57.7)1 152(47.5)1 657(68.3)808(33.3)1 775(73.2)
12~142 094375(17.9)1 105(52.8)1 446(69.1)1 103(52.7)863(41.2)1 404(67.0)872(41.6)1 762(84.1)
15~172 248250(11.1)877(39.0)1 462(65.0)1 033(46.0)848(37.7)1 185(52.7)757(33.7)1 605(71.4)
χ2值105.8349.648.8216.574.0160.556.1137.4
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华中6~81 42866(4.6)815(57.1)840(58.8)514(36.0)688(48.2)753(52.7)395(27.7)665(46.6)
9~111 95255(2.8)1 000(51.2)1 067(54.7)717(36.7)876(44.9)1 017(52.1)604(30.9)977(50.1)
12~141 939195(10.1)799(41.2)1 015(52.3)521(26.9)781(40.3)904(46.6)576(29.7)1 230(63.4)
15~172 046236(11.5)614(30.0)1 079(52.7)474(23.2)774(37.8)895(43.7)744(36.4)1 296(63.3)
χ2值145.1309.316.9120.445.541.635.4167.3
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
华南6~81 71051(3.0)616(36.0)1 118(65.4)999(58.4)307(18.0)600(35.1)482(28.2)912(53.3)
9~111 985139(7.0)560(28.2)1 255(63.2)1 292(65.1)554(27.9)737(37.1)840(42.3)969(48.8)
12~142 163134(6.2)562(26.0)1 323(61.2)1 536(71.0)503(23.3)765(35.4)1 265(58.5)1 407(65.0)
15~171 10157(5.2)564(51.2)840(76.3)644(58.5)254(23.1)433(39.3)623(56.6)767(69.7)
χ2值31.8240.978.784.951.16.8414.4189.8
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.010.08<0.01<0.01
西北6~81 927117(6.1)806(41.8)917(47.6)532(27.6)473(24.5)1 056(54.8)619(32.1)937(48.6)
9~111 806184(10.2)815(45.1)788(43.6)575(31.8)485(26.9)969(53.7)662(36.7)1 061(58.7)
12~141 642248(15.1)530(32.3)817(49.8)415(25.3)280(17.1)570(34.7)456(27.8)1 010(61.5)
15~171 621292(18.0)583(36.0)822(50.7)394(24.3)238(14.7)580(35.8)600(37.0)1 095(67.6)
χ2值140.072.420.629.5105.9254.542.9138.4
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
西南6~82 06577(3.7)860(41.6)1 295(62.7)645(31.2)584(28.3)1 195(57.9)600(29.1)1 385(67.1)
9~112 040117(5.7)832(40.8)1 295(63.5)571(28.0)601(29.5)1 196(58.6)669(32.8)1 558(76.4)
12~142 064176(8.5)768(37.2)1 422(68.9)665(32.2)604(29.3)1 071(51.9)758(36.7)1 426(69.1)
15~172 283199(8.7)768(33.6)1 599(70.0)561(24.6)512(22.4)1 124(49.2)965(42.3)1 750(76.7)
χ2值57.837.139.738.237.254.491.177.5
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
合计6~813 8201 179(8.5)7 620(55.1)7 865(56.9)5 751(41.6)5 084(36.8)7 968(57.7)4 401(31.8)8 689(62.9)
9~1114 7831 659(11.2)7 848(53.1)8 381(56.7)6 289(42.5)5 737(38.8)8 560(57.9)5 638(38.1)9 752(66.0)
12~1414 3802 189(15.2)6 798(47.3)8 540(59.4)5 930(41.2)5 010(34.8)7 543(52.5)5 688(39.6)10 121(70.4)
15~1713 7511 844(13.4)6 527(47.5)8 593(62.5)4 574(33.3)4 578(33.3)6 757(49.1)5 498(40.0)9 585(69.7)
χ2值330.0267.6126.8323.1106.5307.5253.4232.9
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
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中国6 ~ 17岁儿童主要食物摄入频率分析
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曹薇 1 , 任志斌 1, 2 , 许娟 1 , 杨媞媞 1 , 甘倩 1 , 王宏亮 1 , 罗瑞鹤 1 , 潘慧 1 , 赵文华 1 , 杨振宇 1 , 张倩 1
中国学校卫生 | 学生营养 2025,46(4): 494-499
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中国学校卫生 |学生营养 2025 , 46 (4) : 494 -499
中国6 ~ 17岁儿童主要食物摄入频率分析
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曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

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曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

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曹薇1, 任志斌1, 2, 许娟1, 杨媞媞1, 甘倩1, 王宏亮1, 罗瑞鹤1, 潘慧1, 赵文华1, 杨振宇1, 张倩1
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委员会微量元素与营养重点实验室,北京 100050
  • 2北京市顺义区卫生健康委员会
作者简介:

曹薇(1988-),女,安徽省人,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为学生营养与营养流行病学

Analysis of major food consumption frequencies among children aged 6-17 years in China
Wei CAO1, Zhibin REN1, 2, Juan XU1, Titi YANG1, Qian GAN1, Hongliang WANG1, Ruihe LUO1, Hui PAN1, Wenhua ZHAO1, Zhenyu YANG1, Qian ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Health Commission of the PRC, Beijing (100050), China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025119
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目的

分析中国6~17岁儿童主要食物的摄入频率,为优化中国儿童膳食结构提供依据。

方法

采用“中国0~18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用”项目数据,2019—2021年,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选择华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西北和西南7个地区56 734名6~17岁儿童为研究对象。采用食物频率问卷调查一个月内新鲜蔬菜类、新鲜水果类、畜禽肉类、水产类、蛋类、奶类、豆类、谷薯类8类食物的摄入频率,按各类食物是否达到《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》中推荐的摄入频率标准进行分组。采用χ2检验比较不同地区、年龄组儿童各类食物摄入频率达标率的差异。

结果

中国6~17岁儿童摄入新鲜蔬菜、谷薯类≥3次/d的报告率分别为12.1%,67.2%,摄入新鲜水果、畜禽肉、蛋、奶类≥1次/d的报告率分别为50.8%,58.8%,36.0%,54.3%,摄入豆类≥4次/周的报告率为37.4%,摄入水产类≥2次/周的报告率为39.7%。华南地区新鲜蔬菜(5.5%)、新鲜水果(33.1%)、奶类(36.4%)摄入频率达标率最低,西北地区水产(27.4%)、蛋类(21.1%)摄入频率达标率最低(P值均 < 0.008 3)。

结论

中国儿童总体新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、豆类、奶类等食物摄入频率不足,各地区儿童各食物摄入频率存在差异。

膳食  /  摄食行为  /  儿童  /  问卷调查
Objective

To analyze the consumption frequency of major foods among Chinese children aged 6-17 years old, and to provide a basis for optimizing the dietary structure of children in China.

Methods

Using data from the China Nutrition and Health System Survey and Application Program for Children 0-18 years old, 56 734 children aged 6-17 years old from North, Norththeast East, Central, South, Southwest and Northwest seven regions in China were selected for the study using stratified cluster random sampling from 2019 to 2021. A food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate the intake frequency of eight food groups in a month, including fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, livestock and poultry meats, aquatic products, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and cereals and potatoes. The foods were grouped according to whether they met the recommended intake criteria outlined in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents 2022. The χ2 test was used to compare the differences in the proportion of children's intake frequency of each food group meeting the standard in different regions and age groups.

Results

The proportions of Chinese children aged 6-17 years who consumed fresh vegetables and cereals and potatoes ≥3 times/d were 12.1% and 67.2%, respectively. The proportions of children who consumed fresh fruits, livestock and poultry meats, eggs and dairy products ≥1 time/d were 50.8%, 58.8%, 36.0% and 54.3%, respectively. The proportion of legumes consumed ≥4 times/week was 37.4%, and the proportion of aquatic products consumed ≥2 times/week was 39.7%. Fresh vegetables (5.5%), fresh fruits (33.1%), and dairy products (36.4%) had the lowest frequency of meeting the recommended standards in South China, and aquatic products (27.4%) and eggs (21.1%) had the lowest frequency of meeting the recommended standards in Northwest (P < 0.008 3).

Conclusion

The overall intake frequency of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, legumes, and dairy products are insufficient among Chinese children, with significant regional variations.

Diet  /  Feeding behavior  /  Child  /  Questionnaires
曹薇, 任志斌, 许娟, 杨媞媞, 甘倩, 王宏亮, 罗瑞鹤, 潘慧, 赵文华, 杨振宇, 张倩. 中国6 ~ 17岁儿童主要食物摄入频率分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (4) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025119
Wei CAO, Zhibin REN, Juan XU, Titi YANG, Qian GAN, Hongliang WANG, Ruihe LUO, Hui PAN, Wenhua ZHAO, Zhenyu YANG, Qian ZHANG. Analysis of major food consumption frequencies among children aged 6-17 years in China[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (4) : 494 -499 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025119
学龄儿童正处于生长发育的关键期,均衡饮食不仅支持大脑和身体的正常发育,还有助于预防成年后慢性疾病的发生[1]。均衡膳食要求食物种类和数量在一日三餐中应做到合理分配,食物多样[2]。食物摄入频率是衡量居民食物多样性的重要指标,关注这一指标有助于观察儿童的膳食习惯,评估其营养状况并实施干预[3]。我国1982—2017年间每5~10年均进行过全国性的居民膳食摄入和营养调查[4-5]。近年来,因儿童膳食结构不合理带来的健康问题日益显著[6]。1985—2019年中国7~18岁儿童肥胖患病率从0.1%上升到9.6%[7]。因此,本研究对我国7个地区6~17岁儿童各类食物摄入频率进行调查,为更新全国性调查数据,识别我国儿童主要膳食问题、优化膳食结构,促进儿童健康提供科学依据。
本研究采用科技部基础资源调查专项“中国0~18岁儿童营养与健康系统调查与应用”项目中的数据[8]。2019—2021年,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,从东北、华北、华东、华中、华南、西北和西南7地区中各系统随机抽取2个省/自治区/直辖市,每个省/自治区/直辖市按城乡分层各随机抽取2个城市和1个农村调查点。共抽取14个省/自治区/直辖市(吉林、辽宁、北京、山西、浙江、江西、河南、湖南、广东、广西、陕西、青海、重庆、云南)的28个城乡调查点,并在各调查点系统随机选取若干小学、初中及高中展开调查。采用随机整群抽样方法,每个调查点从6~17岁儿童每年龄组中抽取196名儿童,男女生各半,12个年龄组共抽取2 352人。本研究共纳入个人信息完整的56 734名儿童,其中男生28 597名(50.4%),女生28 137名(49.6%);6~8岁儿童13 820名(24.4%),9~11岁14 783名(26.1%),12~14岁14 380名(25.3%),15~17岁13 751名(24.2%);东北、华北、华东、华中、华南、西北、西南地区分别有8 806名(15.5%)、9 179名(16.2%)、8 977名(15.8%)、7 365名(13.0%)、6 959名(12.3%)、6 996名(12.3%)、8 452名(14.9%)。本研究经中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所伦理委员会审核批准(批号:2019—011),所有研究对象及其家长均签署知情同意书。
采用统一编制的6~17岁儿童食物频率问卷(Food Frequency Questionnaire,FFQ),调查员面对面进行询问记录,要求调查对象回忆过去1个月内各种食物的每日、每周或1个月的摄入频率。FFQ经过专家研讨和预调查,在预调查期间,2018年5,6月开展2次调查验证信度,采用内部相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficients, ICC)评价问卷信度;2018年6月开展的第2次FFQ与3 d 24 h膳食回顾问卷验证效度,采用Spearman相关系数(Spearman's correlation coefficients, rs)评价其效度。刘丹等[9]验证2次FFQ调查中的食物组和营养素摄入量ICC范围分别为6~11岁组-0.04~0.72,0.15~0.71, 12~17岁组0.21~0.66,0.56~0.76;第2次FFQ调查与3 d 24 h膳食回顾问卷的食物组和营养素摄入量的rs分别为6~11岁组-0.04~0.33,0.00~0.22;12~17岁组-0.04~0.59,0.08~0.45。食物频率问卷询问被调查者常吃食物的每天、较常吃食物的每周及不常吃食物的每月摄入次数,通过换算及求和得到该类食物的摄入频率;如某类食物摄入频率(次/d)=[所包含的食物A摄入频率(次/月)×12+所包含食物B摄入频率(次/周)×52+所包含食物C摄入频率(次/d)×365]/365。根据“中国居民膳食宝塔”[10],将调查的40种主要食物整合为谷薯类食物、新鲜蔬菜类、新鲜水果类、畜禽肉类、水产类、蛋类、奶类、豆类8类主要食物。依据《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》(以下简称《指南》)[10]中推荐的摄入标准将各类食物的摄入频率进行分组。
国家专项项目组负责制定质量控制方案。所有调查员均经过统一培训并通过考核。
由构建的综合数据管理平台进行数据录入,采用SAS 9.4软件进行数据的整理与分析。计数资料采用频数和率描述,同一年龄组、不同地区,同一地区、不同年龄组儿童食物摄入频率达标的报告率均采用χ2检验进行比较,双侧检验水准α=0.05。各地区再与达到摄入标准报告率最高和最低的地区分别采用Bonferroni法进行两两比较,校正检验水准α=0.008 3。
12.1%(6 871名)的儿童摄入新鲜蔬菜≥3次/d,50.8%(28 793名)的儿童摄入新鲜水果≥1次/d。不同地区、年龄组儿童新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果摄入频率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。东北地区儿童新鲜蔬菜摄入≥3次/d(22.3%)、新鲜水果摄入≥1次/d的报告率最高(75.2%),与其他地区两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.008 3)。华南地区儿童新鲜蔬菜摄入≥3次/d(5.5%)、新鲜水果摄入≥1次/d的报告率最低(33.1%),与其他地区两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.008 3)。见表1,2。
分别有58.8%(33 379名)、36.0%(20 409名)的儿童畜禽肉类、蛋类摄入≥1次/d,39.7%(22 544名)的儿童水产类摄入频率≥2次/周,不同地区、年龄组儿童三类食物摄入频率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。西南地区畜禽肉类摄入≥1次/d的报告率(66.4%)高于除华南以外的其他5个地区(P值均<0.008 3),华南地区水产类摄入≥2次/周的报告率最高(64.2%),华北地区蛋类摄入≥1次/d的报告率最高(49.7%),西北地区畜禽肉类、蛋类摄入≥1次/d的报告率(47.8%,21.1%)最低,与其他地区两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.008 3)。西北地区水产类摄入≥2次/周的报告率(27.4%)低于除西南地区外的其他5个地区(P值均<0.0083)。见表1,2。
54.3%(30 828名)的儿童奶类摄入≥1次/d,37.4%(21 225名)的儿童摄入豆类≥4次/周。不同地区、年龄儿童奶类、豆类摄入频率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。华北地区奶类摄入≥1次/d的报告率(64.8%)高于除华东地区以外的5个地区,华北地区豆类摄入≥4次/周的报告率(47.3%)高于除华南地区以外的5个地区,与其他地区两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.008 3);华南地区奶类摄入≥1次/d的报告率(36.4%)最低,与其他地区两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.008 3)。华中地区豆类摄入≥4次/周的报告率(31.5%)低于除东北、西北以外的其余4个地区(P值均<0.008 3)。见表1,2。
67.2%(38147名)的儿童摄入谷薯类≥3次/d。不同地区、年龄儿童摄入谷薯类频率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。华东地区摄入谷薯类≥3次/d的报告率(74.6%)高于除东北地区以外的其余5个地区;华中地区谷薯类摄入≥3次/d的报告率(56.6%)低于除华南、西北外的其余4个地区(P值均<0.008 3)。见表1,2。
均衡膳食结构为儿童青少年提供充足营养,是保障其身体健康和正常发育的基础[11]。《指南》强调平衡膳食模式,食物多样、合理搭配是其基本原则。本研究结果显示,与《指南》推荐的标准相比,我国儿童新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、奶类、豆类摄入频率普遍不足,不同地区、不同年龄段儿童食物摄入情况存在差异。
蔬菜水果含有丰富的膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质,充足的蔬菜水果摄入量与糖尿病、高血压、癌症等疾病的发病风险有关[12-15]。《指南》建议“餐餐有蔬菜、天天吃水果”,本研究儿童总体蔬菜水果摄入不足,每天吃≥3次蔬菜的儿童报告率为12.1%,每天吃≥1次水果的儿童报告率为50.8%。2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据结果显示,儿童每天吃≥3次蔬菜、≥1次水果的比例分别为23.8%,40.8%[16],结合本研究结果,提示我国儿童长期处于蔬菜水果摄入不足的状况。此外,国外研究也观察到儿童蔬菜水果摄入不足情况普遍,一项关于印度、印度尼西亚、缅甸、斯里兰卡和泰国五国的青少年膳食调查显示,13~15岁在校儿童平均每日蔬菜水果摄入频率<5次的比例为76.3%[17],提示蔬菜水果摄入不足可能是全球儿童青少年的共性问题[18-21]。建议加强儿童营养教育,提升蔬菜水果认知,确保学校供餐多样化,家庭营造健康饮食氛围,并通过政策与市场提升蔬菜水果供应与可及性。
鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉类富含优质蛋白质、脂类、脂溶性维生素和矿物质等,适宜的摄入量对于保障学龄儿童生长发育具有重要作用[22]。本研究结果显示,我国儿童总体每天摄入畜禽肉类≥1次的报告率为58.8%;每周摄入水产类≥2次的报告率较低,仅为39.7%。目前我国儿童肉类消费较前些年有一定改善,但肉类摄入模式尚不合理[23-24],主要表现为猪肉等畜肉及禽类消费占比较高,而水产类消费相对较少[25]。水产类食物相较于畜禽肉类,富含更多不饱和脂肪酸且脂肪含量较低,对血脂异常及心血管疾病具有保护作用[26]。因此建议日常饮食提高鱼类等水产品摄入、适量吃蛋类,适当减少畜禽肉类的摄入[27]。
《指南》推荐学龄儿童每天应至少摄入300 g液态奶或奶制品,每周吃4~7次大豆及豆制品。本研究结果显示,我国儿童总体奶类、豆类摄入频率较低,每天摄入奶类≥1次的报告率为54.3%,每周吃≥4次豆类的儿童报告率为37.4%。一项澳大利亚的全国营养调查结果显示,男、女生平均每天摄入奶制品2.9,2.2次[28],结合多项全国营养调查结果[29-30],提示我国儿童奶类消费摄入频率不足。豆类和奶类含有丰富的钙和优质蛋白质,其营养成分配比合理,易于吸收,对改善儿童青少年膳食结构、提升身体素质具有重要作用[31-32]。建议适量增加豆类与奶类的摄入。
本研究结果显示,我国儿童总体每天吃≥3次谷薯类的报告率为67.2%,说明谷薯类食物依旧是我国儿童膳食主要组成部分,与成年人调查结果类似[33]。谷薯类含有丰富的碳水化合物和B族维生素等,充足的谷薯摄入不仅为身体提供大部分能量,还可降低心血管疾病等慢性病的发病风险[34];但近年来我国居民谷薯类消费量下降[35-36],动物性食物和脂肪消费量增加,膳食模式逐步向西方靠近,慢性病发病风险增加[37]。因此建议儿童青少年应坚持确保谷薯类的充足摄入,做到餐餐有谷薯,保障每餐全谷物或杂豆摄入所占比例达到总谷物的25%~50%,并少吃油条、炸薯条等油炸谷薯类食物[10]。
本研究对各地区的比较分析发现,华南地区儿童畜禽肉、水产、豆类的达标率较高,但新鲜蔬菜、水果和奶类的摄入达标率较低。可能与华南地区偏好高蛋白饮食有关[38]。建议通过加强营养宣传教育,推广奶类及蔬果的营养价值,改善膳食结构的不平衡问题。西北地区儿童蔬菜、水产、蛋类、豆类的摄入达标率较低,可能与当地经济条件及食物供应能力有限有关。建议增加这些食品的供应,同时推广豆类及其制品的摄入以补充蛋白质和微量营养素。
本研究覆盖了我国的7个地区14个省份,具有一定的全国代表性,可反映我国6~17岁儿童较长期的饮食习惯。然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性:由于研究依赖于被调查儿童回忆过去1个月的食物摄入情况,可能存在回忆偏倚。
  • 十三五科技基础资源调查专项(2017FY101105)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025119
  • 接收时间:2025-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-20
  • 修回日期:2025-02-19
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十三五科技基础资源调查专项(2017FY101105)
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委员会微量元素与营养重点实验室,北京 100050
    2北京市顺义区卫生健康委员会
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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