Article(id=1325501649460002940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736438400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-10, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953819860, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953819860, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953819860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953819860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=315, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501651200639102, articleId=1325501649460002940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024, columnId=1325501651079004285, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=School Desks and Chairs Configuration Column, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the change trends in the body shape indicators and proportions of students in Harbin from 2010 to 2024, and to investigate ergonomic compatibility of functional dimensions of school desks and chairs with current student shape indicators, so as to provide a reference for revising furniture standards of desks and chairs.

Methods

Between September and November of both 2010 and 2024, a combination of convenience sampling and stratified cluster random sampling was conducted across three districts in Harbin, yielding samples of 6 590 and 6 252 students, respectively. Anthropometric shape indicators cluding height, sitting height, crus length, and thigh length-and their proportional changes were compared over the 15-year period. The 2024 data were compared with current standard functional dimensions of school furniture. The statistical analysis incorporated t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.

Results

From 2010 to 2024, average height increased by 1.8 cm for boys and 1.5 cm for girls; sitting height increased by 1.5 cm for both genders; crus length increased by 0.3 cm for boys and 0.4 cm for girls; and thigh length increased by 0.5 cm for both genders. The ratios of sitting height to height, and sitting height to leg length increased by less than 0.1. The difference between desk-chair height and 1/3 sitting height ranged from 0.4-0.8 cm. Among students matched with size 0 desks and chairs, 22.0% had a desk-to-chair height difference less than 0, indicating that the desk-to-chair height difference might be insufficient for taller students. The differences between seat height and fibular height ranged from -1.4 to 1.1 cm; and the differences between seat depth and buttock-popliteal length ranged from -9.8 to 3.4 cm. Among obese students, the differences between seat width and 1/2 hip circumference ranged from -20.5 to -8.7 cm, while it ranged from -12.2 to -3.8 cm among non-obese students.

Conclusion

Current furniture standards basically satisfy hygienic requirements; however, in the case of exceptionally tall and obese students, ergonomic accommodations such as adaptive seating allocation or personalized adjustments are recommended to meet hygienic requirements.

, authors=Yi XU1, Xiaoyan ZHANG1, Keqing SHI1, Xinran YU1, Fei GAO2, Bin DONG3, Yongbin GUAN4, Guang YANG5, Wanying QIAO1, Ding ZHOU1, Jie ZHANG1, Dongxin LI1, Lili FAN1, Yijun WANG1, Jia WANG*, 1, authorsList=Yi XU, Xiaoyan ZHANG, Keqing SHI, Xinran YU, Fei GAO, Bin DONG, Yongbin GUAN, Guang YANG, Wanying QIAO, Ding ZHOU, Jie ZHANG, Dongxin LI, Lili FAN, Yijun WANG, Jia WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501652416987266, articleId=1325501649460002940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究, columnId=1325501651485851775, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学校课桌椅配置专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态指标与比例的变化趋势,探讨学校课桌椅功能尺寸与当前学生形态指标的适配性,为课桌椅标准修订提供参考依据。

方法

分别于2010及2024年的9—11月,采用方便抽样与分层整群抽样相结合的方法,在哈尔滨市抽取3个区的学生共6 590和6 252名,测量并比较15年间学生的身高、坐高、小腿长、大腿长等形态指标与比例变化,并将2024年数据与现行学校课桌椅标准功能尺寸进行比较。采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验进行统计分析。

结果

2010—2024年,男、女生身高平均增量分别为1.8和1.5 cm,坐高增量均为1.5 cm,小腿长增量为0.3和0.4 cm,大腿长增量均为0.5 cm;坐高/身高、坐高/腿长的平均增量均小于0.1。桌椅高差与1/3坐高的差值在0.4~0.8 cm,适配0号课桌椅的学生中有22.0%桌椅高差与1/3坐高差值小于0,身高较高学生使用课桌椅时,桌椅高差可能存在不足;座面高与腓骨点高的差值在-1.4~1.1 cm,座面深与腘臀长的差值在-9.8~-3.4 cm;肥胖学生中,座面宽与1/2臀围的差值在-20.5~-8.7 cm,非肥胖学生的差值在-12.2~-3.8 cm。

结论

现行课桌椅标准基本满足卫生学要求,但对超高及肥胖学生需要通过调整课桌椅分配或进行个性化调整以满足卫生学要求。

, authors=徐毅1, 张笑颜1, 史可清1, 余欣然1, 高飞2, 董彬3, 管永斌4, 杨光5, 乔婉莹1, 周锭1, 张洁1, 李东歆1, 范莉莉1, 王忆军1, 王佳*, 1, authorsList=徐毅, 张笑颜, 史可清, 余欣然, 高飞, 董彬, 管永斌, 杨光, 乔婉莹, 周锭, 张洁, 李东歆, 范莉莉, 王忆军, 王佳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王佳, authorNote=

徐毅(1998-),男,安徽省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年发育与健康

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王佳,E-mail:
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New York: Watson-Guptill, 1979., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325501670431523082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501649460002940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡霄, 李丽, 欧阳一非, 等. 2000-2018年中国十六省(自治区、直辖市)7~17岁儿童青少年超重与肥胖流行趋势[J]. 卫生研究, 2022, 51(4): 568-573., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325501670523797771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501649460002940, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU X, LI L, OUYANG Y F, et al. Trends of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 16 provinces of China from 2000 to 2018[J]. J Hyg Res, 2022, 51(4): 568-573. 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Comparison of anthropometric measurements among students of different genders and age groups in Harbin City between 2010 and 2024(x±s, cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄/岁身高坐高
2010年2024年差值t值2010年2024年差值t值
男6122.9±5.468.1±3.1
7129.0±5.8129.4±5.90.40.9670.2±3.170.6±3.20.41.37
8134.1±5.6134.4±6.50.30.6172.1±3.172.9±3.30.82.59*
9139.5±6.0141.1±6.91.62.92**74.6±3.075.6±3.61.03.33**
10144.2±6.6146.9±7.62.74.48**76.7±3.577.9±4.11.23.88**
11150.4±7.4153.3±7.82.94.51**78.9±4.081.2±4.42.36.36**
12158.1±8.0160.5±8.92.43.37**83.1±4.484.9±4.71.84.57**
13164.5±8.1166.8±8.32.33.14**86.1±4.688.1±4.82.04.64**
14169.7±6.5171.9±6.42.23.96**89.3±3.891.2±3.91.95.90**
15171.3±7.1174.2±6.12.94.85**90.3±3.892.8±3.62.57.44**
16172.7±6.4175.3±6.42.65.02**91.7±3.594.2±3.42.58.77**
17173.9±6.4175.4±6.41.52.52*93.0±3.294.2±3.31.24.00**
18174.1±6.0173.8±6.2-0.3-0.4292.9±3.193.4±3.30.51.31
女6121.6±5.667.3±3.0
7127.8±5.4127.1±5.9-0.7-1.4369.4±2.769.5±3.00.10.40
8133.1±6.0133.6±6.60.50.8771.6±3.272.1±3.40.51.92
9138.4±6.0140.3±7.01.93.18**73.9±3.275.0±3.91.13.44**
10144.0±6.6147.1±7.13.15.05**76.5±3.778.5±4.32.05.63**
11151.3±7.0154.7±7.33.45.45**80.5±4.183.2±4.32.77.67**
12156.8±6.2158.5±6.51.73.05**83.3±3.685.5±3.82.26.71**
13160.1±5.8161.1±5.41.02.09*85.4±3.186.9±3.01.55.29**
14160.6±5.1162.2±5.61.63.36**86.1±2.987.7±3.11.66.21**
15160.8±5.8162.4±5.31.63.41**86.1±2.988.3±2.92.29.10**
16161.0±5.7162.8±5.71.83.97**87.0±2.988.5±3.01.56.12**
17161.0±5.4162.6±5.81.63.02**87.1±2.788.5±3.01.45.26**
18161.0±5.3162.0±4.61.01.4387.2±2.688.6±2.81.43.21**
性别年龄/岁小腿长大腿长
2010年2024年差值t值2010年2024年差值t值
男629.3±1.732.3±1.9
731.6±1.931.3±1.9-0.3-2.19*34.0±2.134.3±2.00.31.81
833.2±2.132.7±2.0-0.5-2.56**35.4±2.336.1±2.00.73.55**
934.7±1.835.0±2.20.32.12**38.0±2.638.0±2.4<0.1-0.28
1036.3±2.136.3±2.1<0.10.3139.4±2.539.5±2.30.10.38
1137.9±2.138.7±2.30.84.04**40.8±2.441.4±2.70.62.24*
1239.3±2.240.2±2.40.94.26**42.0±2.243.3±2.91.31.86
1341.1±2.441.7±2.30.62.91**45.0±2.7
1442.1±2.042.7±2.10.63.36**46.6±2.3
1542.2±2.342.6±2.10.42.02*46.7±2.8
1642.3±2.242.4±2.10.10.8346.7±2.8
1742.2±2.242.5±2.10.31.5647.1±2.9
1842.5±2.242.3±2.0-0.2-1.0147.1±2.5
女629.2±1.832.3±2.1
731.7±1.830.8±1.9-0.9-5.51**34.0±2.034.0±1.9<0.10.99
833.1±1.932.7±1.9-0.4-2.35*35.4±2.436.0±2.40.62.08**
934.5±1.934.9±2.20.41.9637.6±2.437.8±2.40.20.83
1036.1±2.036.4±2.00.31.4539.3±2.439.5±2.50.21.06
1137.5±1.938.6±2.11.16.05**41.1±2.441.7±2.70.62.26*
1238.5±1.939.2±1.90.73.62**41.9±1.443.2±2.61.31.48
1339.0±1.939.7±1.70.73.94**43.8±2.5
1439.2±1.939.7±1.90.52.96**44.1±2.5
1538.9±2.039.4±1.80.53.31**44.2±2.5
1638.6±1.939.4±1.80.85.00**44.4±2.5
1738.6±2.139.4±1.90.83.98**44.4±2.5
1838.8±1.939.2±1.80.41.4544.7±2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1325501664232341732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501649460002940, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

哈尔滨市不同性别各年龄组学生2010与2024年身体形态指标比较(x±s, cm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别年龄/岁身高坐高
2010年2024年差值t值2010年2024年差值t值
男6122.9±5.468.1±3.1
7129.0±5.8129.4±5.90.40.9670.2±3.170.6±3.20.41.37
8134.1±5.6134.4±6.50.30.6172.1±3.172.9±3.30.82.59*
9139.5±6.0141.1±6.91.62.92**74.6±3.075.6±3.61.03.33**
10144.2±6.6146.9±7.62.74.48**76.7±3.577.9±4.11.23.88**
11150.4±7.4153.3±7.82.94.51**78.9±4.081.2±4.42.36.36**
12158.1±8.0160.5±8.92.43.37**83.1±4.484.9±4.71.84.57**
13164.5±8.1166.8±8.32.33.14**86.1±4.688.1±4.82.04.64**
14169.7±6.5171.9±6.42.23.96**89.3±3.891.2±3.91.95.90**
15171.3±7.1174.2±6.12.94.85**90.3±3.892.8±3.62.57.44**
16172.7±6.4175.3±6.42.65.02**91.7±3.594.2±3.42.58.77**
17173.9±6.4175.4±6.41.52.52*93.0±3.294.2±3.31.24.00**
18174.1±6.0173.8±6.2-0.3-0.4292.9±3.193.4±3.30.51.31
女6121.6±5.667.3±3.0
7127.8±5.4127.1±5.9-0.7-1.4369.4±2.769.5±3.00.10.40
8133.1±6.0133.6±6.60.50.8771.6±3.272.1±3.40.51.92
9138.4±6.0140.3±7.01.93.18**73.9±3.275.0±3.91.13.44**
10144.0±6.6147.1±7.13.15.05**76.5±3.778.5±4.32.05.63**
11151.3±7.0154.7±7.33.45.45**80.5±4.183.2±4.32.77.67**
12156.8±6.2158.5±6.51.73.05**83.3±3.685.5±3.82.26.71**
13160.1±5.8161.1±5.41.02.09*85.4±3.186.9±3.01.55.29**
14160.6±5.1162.2±5.61.63.36**86.1±2.987.7±3.11.66.21**
15160.8±5.8162.4±5.31.63.41**86.1±2.988.3±2.92.29.10**
16161.0±5.7162.8±5.71.83.97**87.0±2.988.5±3.01.56.12**
17161.0±5.4162.6±5.81.63.02**87.1±2.788.5±3.01.45.26**
18161.0±5.3162.0±4.61.01.4387.2±2.688.6±2.81.43.21**
性别年龄/岁小腿长大腿长
2010年2024年差值t值2010年2024年差值t值
男629.3±1.732.3±1.9
731.6±1.931.3±1.9-0.3-2.19*34.0±2.134.3±2.00.31.81
833.2±2.132.7±2.0-0.5-2.56**35.4±2.336.1±2.00.73.55**
934.7±1.835.0±2.20.32.12**38.0±2.638.0±2.4<0.1-0.28
1036.3±2.136.3±2.1<0.10.3139.4±2.539.5±2.30.10.38
1137.9±2.138.7±2.30.84.04**40.8±2.441.4±2.70.62.24*
1239.3±2.240.2±2.40.94.26**42.0±2.243.3±2.91.31.86
1341.1±2.441.7±2.30.62.91**45.0±2.7
1442.1±2.042.7±2.10.63.36**46.6±2.3
1542.2±2.342.6±2.10.42.02*46.7±2.8
1642.3±2.242.4±2.10.10.8346.7±2.8
1742.2±2.242.5±2.10.31.5647.1±2.9
1842.5±2.242.3±2.0-0.2-1.0147.1±2.5
女629.2±1.832.3±2.1
731.7±1.830.8±1.9-0.9-5.51**34.0±2.034.0±1.9<0.10.99
833.1±1.932.7±1.9-0.4-2.35*35.4±2.436.0±2.40.62.08**
934.5±1.934.9±2.20.41.9637.6±2.437.8±2.40.20.83
1036.1±2.036.4±2.00.31.4539.3±2.439.5±2.50.21.06
1137.5±1.938.6±2.11.16.05**41.1±2.441.7±2.70.62.26*
1238.5±1.939.2±1.90.73.62**41.9±1.443.2±2.61.31.48
1339.0±1.939.7±1.70.73.94**43.8±2.5
1439.2±1.939.7±1.90.52.96**44.1±2.5
1538.9±2.039.4±1.80.53.31**44.2±2.5
1638.6±1.939.4±1.80.85.00**44.4±2.5
1738.6±2.139.4±1.90.83.98**44.4±2.5
1838.8±1.939.2±1.80.41.4544.7±2.1
), ArticleFig(id=1325501664479805669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501649460002940, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Differences between anthropometric measurements of students in Harbin and standard desk-chair dimensions/cm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
课桌椅型号身高范围差值1差值2差值3差值4差值5
0号≥1800.61.1-9.4-19.5-11.3
1号173~1870.50.6-9.8-20.5-12.1
2号165~1790.50.1-8.3-19.0-11.1
3号158~1720.5-0.3-6.6-17.3-9.8
4号150~1640.6-0.9-8.8-18.2-12.2
5号143~1571.0-1.4-6.6-14.3-9.3
6号135~1491.7-1.2-4.1-11.1-5.5
7号128~1421.7-1.1-7.2-12.8-7.5
8号120~1341.8-0.9-5.0-10.4-5.5
9号113~1270.6-0.3-3.4-10.4-5.2
10号≤1190.4-0.9-4.8-8.7-3.8
), ArticleFig(id=1325501664572080358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501649460002940, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

哈尔滨市学生身体形态指标与课桌椅尺寸标准的差值/cm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
课桌椅型号身高范围差值1差值2差值3差值4差值5
0号≥1800.61.1-9.4-19.5-11.3
1号173~1870.50.6-9.8-20.5-12.1
2号165~1790.50.1-8.3-19.0-11.1
3号158~1720.5-0.3-6.6-17.3-9.8
4号150~1640.6-0.9-8.8-18.2-12.2
5号143~1571.0-1.4-6.6-14.3-9.3
6号135~1491.7-1.2-4.1-11.1-5.5
7号128~1421.7-1.1-7.2-12.8-7.5
8号120~1341.8-0.9-5.0-10.4-5.5
9号113~1270.6-0.3-3.4-10.4-5.2
10号≤1190.4-0.9-4.8-8.7-3.8
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哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究
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徐毅 1 , 张笑颜 1 , 史可清 1 , 余欣然 1 , 高飞 2 , 董彬 3 , 管永斌 4 , 杨光 5 , 乔婉莹 1 , 周锭 1 , 张洁 1 , 李东歆 1 , 范莉莉 1 , 王忆军 1 , 王佳 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025,46(3): 315-320
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中国学校卫生 |学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025 , 46 (3) : 315 -320
哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究
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徐毅1, 张笑颜1, 史可清1, 余欣然1, 高飞2, 董彬3, 管永斌4, 杨光5, 乔婉莹1, 周锭1, 张洁1, 李东歆1, 范莉莉1, 王忆军1, 王佳*, 1
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学教研室, 黑龙江 150081
  • 2黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所
  • 3北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
  • 4哈尔滨市道外区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监督监测科
  • 5哈尔滨市松北区疾病预防控制中心监测督导科
通讯作者:
王佳,E-mail:
作者简介:

徐毅(1998-),男,安徽省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年发育与健康

Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024
Yi XU1, Xiaoyan ZHANG1, Keqing SHI1, Xinran YU1, Fei GAO2, Bin DONG3, Yongbin GUAN4, Guang YANG5, Wanying QIAO1, Ding ZHOU1, Jie ZHANG1, Dongxin LI1, Lili FAN1, Yijun WANG1, Jia WANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Children and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin (150081), Heilongjiang Province, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087
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目的

分析哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态指标与比例的变化趋势,探讨学校课桌椅功能尺寸与当前学生形态指标的适配性,为课桌椅标准修订提供参考依据。

方法

分别于2010及2024年的9—11月,采用方便抽样与分层整群抽样相结合的方法,在哈尔滨市抽取3个区的学生共6 590和6 252名,测量并比较15年间学生的身高、坐高、小腿长、大腿长等形态指标与比例变化,并将2024年数据与现行学校课桌椅标准功能尺寸进行比较。采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验进行统计分析。

结果

2010—2024年,男、女生身高平均增量分别为1.8和1.5 cm,坐高增量均为1.5 cm,小腿长增量为0.3和0.4 cm,大腿长增量均为0.5 cm;坐高/身高、坐高/腿长的平均增量均小于0.1。桌椅高差与1/3坐高的差值在0.4~0.8 cm,适配0号课桌椅的学生中有22.0%桌椅高差与1/3坐高差值小于0,身高较高学生使用课桌椅时,桌椅高差可能存在不足;座面高与腓骨点高的差值在-1.4~1.1 cm,座面深与腘臀长的差值在-9.8~-3.4 cm;肥胖学生中,座面宽与1/2臀围的差值在-20.5~-8.7 cm,非肥胖学生的差值在-12.2~-3.8 cm。

结论

现行课桌椅标准基本满足卫生学要求,但对超高及肥胖学生需要通过调整课桌椅分配或进行个性化调整以满足卫生学要求。

课桌椅  /  体格检查  /  适应, 生物学  /  学生
Objective

To analyze the change trends in the body shape indicators and proportions of students in Harbin from 2010 to 2024, and to investigate ergonomic compatibility of functional dimensions of school desks and chairs with current student shape indicators, so as to provide a reference for revising furniture standards of desks and chairs.

Methods

Between September and November of both 2010 and 2024, a combination of convenience sampling and stratified cluster random sampling was conducted across three districts in Harbin, yielding samples of 6 590 and 6 252 students, respectively. Anthropometric shape indicators cluding height, sitting height, crus length, and thigh length-and their proportional changes were compared over the 15-year period. The 2024 data were compared with current standard functional dimensions of school furniture. The statistical analysis incorporated t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.

Results

From 2010 to 2024, average height increased by 1.8 cm for boys and 1.5 cm for girls; sitting height increased by 1.5 cm for both genders; crus length increased by 0.3 cm for boys and 0.4 cm for girls; and thigh length increased by 0.5 cm for both genders. The ratios of sitting height to height, and sitting height to leg length increased by less than 0.1. The difference between desk-chair height and 1/3 sitting height ranged from 0.4-0.8 cm. Among students matched with size 0 desks and chairs, 22.0% had a desk-to-chair height difference less than 0, indicating that the desk-to-chair height difference might be insufficient for taller students. The differences between seat height and fibular height ranged from -1.4 to 1.1 cm; and the differences between seat depth and buttock-popliteal length ranged from -9.8 to 3.4 cm. Among obese students, the differences between seat width and 1/2 hip circumference ranged from -20.5 to -8.7 cm, while it ranged from -12.2 to -3.8 cm among non-obese students.

Conclusion

Current furniture standards basically satisfy hygienic requirements; however, in the case of exceptionally tall and obese students, ergonomic accommodations such as adaptive seating allocation or personalized adjustments are recommended to meet hygienic requirements.

Desk and chair  /  Physical examination  /  Adaptation, biological  /  Students
徐毅, 张笑颜, 史可清, 余欣然, 高飞, 董彬, 管永斌, 杨光, 乔婉莹, 周锭, 张洁, 李东歆, 范莉莉, 王忆军, 王佳. 哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 315 -320 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087
Yi XU, Xiaoyan ZHANG, Keqing SHI, Xinran YU, Fei GAO, Bin DONG, Yongbin GUAN, Guang YANG, Wanying QIAO, Ding ZHOU, Jie ZHANG, Dongxin LI, Lili FAN, Yijun WANG, Jia WANG. Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 315 -320 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087
近年来,我国儿童青少年平均身高呈持续增长趋势[1-2]。为适应儿童青少年身体形态变化,保证学生在学习过程中使用的课桌椅符合卫生学要求,我国课桌椅标准经历4次制定与修订,从《学校课桌椅功能尺寸》(GB 3976—1983)[3]、《学校课桌椅卫生标准》(GB 7792—1987)[4]、《学校课桌椅功能尺寸》(GB/T 3976—2002)[5],到现行标准《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)[6],现行标准较2002版增加了0号课桌椅,以适应学生身高的增长,但该标准实施距今已有10年,课桌椅的功能尺寸能否满足当前儿童青少年生长发育的现况,有待开展具体研究。
中小学生每天主要的时间在学校度过,如果长期使用不符合卫生学要求的课桌椅,会出现学习疲劳、近视、脊柱弯曲、背痛等健康问题[7-9]。为此,本研究对哈尔滨市学生2010—2024年身体形态指标的变化进行比较分析,并研究学生形态指标与现行中小学课桌椅尺寸标准的适配性,提出优化策略及建议,为课桌椅标准修订提供参考依据。
2024年9—11月,采用方便抽样法选取哈尔滨市3个区(社会经济水平好、中、差),在各区域内采用分层整群抽样法,具体参考黑龙江省学生常见病和健康监测项目,以学校类型分层,每个区分别抽取2所小学、2所初中、2所普通高中、1所中等职业学校和1所综合性大学(大学仅以18岁人群作为调查对象),每个年级抽取2个以上班级,整班纳入(至少80名学生),共调查哈尔滨市城乡6~18岁学生6 252名,其中,男生3 181名,女生3 071名。2010年数据来自本课题组2010年在哈尔滨市开展的同类型调查,采用同样方法调查了哈尔滨市城乡7~18岁学生6 590名,其中,男生3 338名,女生3 252名,样本来源与2024年一致,两组数据具有可比性。研究方案已通过北京大学生物医学伦理委员会批准(批号:IRB00001052-20027),所有参与调查的学生均知情同意。
2024与2010年的测量仪器、测量方法和记录方法等均参照“全国学生体质与健康调研检测细则”[10-11],测量时间均为9—11月。由课题组统一购置专业测量工具,使用机械式身高坐高计测量身高与坐高。采用测径规对立姿时腓骨头最向外凸出的点到地面的垂直距离进行测量并记录获取小腿长(腓骨点高)数据。大腿长(腘臀长)的测量:被测者采取坐姿,大腿与地面保持水平,小腿垂直,使两肩胛和臀部紧靠身高坐高计立柱,用测径规测量其腘窝至立柱的水平直线距离。臀围测量:采用带尺测量,将带尺置于臀部向后最突出的部位,水平绕臀一周,为确保带尺的部位无误,可将带尺上下移动,比较不同位置的读数大小,取最大值记录。坐姿臀宽测量:采用测径规测量臀部左、右侧最突出部之间的水平直线距离。所有测量指标均精确到0.1 cm。身体比例中,坐高/腿长=坐高/(身高-坐高)。
标准参考内容为《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)[6]中的中小学校课桌椅功能尺寸,课桌椅型号为0~10号,标准规定了各个型号的身高范围、标准身高、桌面高、座面高、座面深、座面宽的尺寸标准。本研究根据2024年哈尔滨市学生形态指标数据,分别计算满足不同型号课桌椅学生的1/3坐高、腓骨点高、腘臀长、1/2臀围的均值,并计算各型号桌椅高差与1/3坐高的差值、座面高与腓骨点高的差值、座面深与腘臀长的差值、座面宽与1/2臀围的差值。为探索不同体重学生坐姿臀宽与座面宽的关联,本研究根据《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)[12]筛选出2024年6~18岁学生中的肥胖学生(1 735名)和非肥胖学生(4 517名),分别测算座面宽度与1/2臀围的差值。
测量前对测量人员进行严格统一培训,每天的测量均在同一时间段进行,每次测量前均对测量仪器进行检查和校准,检查学生是否配戴影响测量的物品。测量时,安排专人监督测量流程,纠正现场测量可能出现的问题(如身高测量时未脱鞋、体重测量时穿厚重衣物等),对异常值进行标记,并当场复测确认;按每天5%比例抽取复测对象,检验检测误差,误差发生率均低于5%。
采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,数据双份录入,采用SPSS 26.0统计软件对调查数据进行统计分析。计数资料用频数或百分率描述。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验计量资料数据分布特征,身体形态指标均符合正态分布,比例指标呈偏态分布。对正态分布数据组间比较采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布数据采用Mann-Whitney U检验,检验水准α=0.05。
2010—2024年,哈尔滨市7~18岁男、女生的身高平均增量分别为1.8,1.5 cm,其中除7,8,18岁组外,男、女生身高年份间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),2024与2010年身高≥180 cm的学生分别占3.6%(223/6 252),2.6%(171/6 590);坐高平均增量均为1.5 cm,男生除7和18岁,女生除7和8岁外,坐高年份间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);小腿长平均增量分别为0.3,0.4 cm,男生除10,16~18岁外,女生除9,10,18岁外,年份间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);大腿长平均增量均为0.5 cm,男、女生均以8,11岁年份间差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表1。
2010—2024年,哈尔滨市7~18岁男、女生坐高/身高平均增量均小于0.1,男生除7,9,10,17岁外,女生除8,9岁组外,年份间差异均有统计学意义(Z男=2.70~5.68,Z女=2.12~6.39,P值均<0.05);坐高/腿长的平均增量均小于0.1,男生除7,9,10,17岁外,女生除8,9岁组外,年份间差异均有统计学意义(Z男=2.69~5.78,Z女=2.10~6.78,P值均<0.05)。见图1。
各型号桌椅高差与学生1/3坐高的差值在0.4~1.8 cm,其中,适配0号课桌椅(身高≥180 cm)的学生中有22.0%(49/223)的学生桌椅高差与1/3坐高差值小于0,且以身高≥185 cm的学生为主;座面高与腓骨点高的差值在-1.4~1.1 cm,座面深与腘臀长的差值在-9.8~-3.4 cm,见表2。本研究测算了704名学生的坐姿臀宽与1/2臀围之间的关系,结果显示,1/2臀围与坐姿臀宽的差值约为13.5 cm(坐姿臀宽≈1/2臀围-13.5)。1 735名肥胖学生中,各型号座面宽与1/2臀围的差值在-20.5~-8.7 cm;4 517名非肥胖学生中,各型号座面宽与1/2臀围的差值在-12.2~-3.8 cm。
根据2010与2019年全国学生体质健康调研报告[10-11],10年间,全国18岁男、女生平均身高分别增长1.3,0.9 cm,以城市18岁男生身高为例,10年间,黑龙江、北京、上海、广东、贵州、陕西等地男生的平均身高分别增长1.4,1.0,0.7,1.2,0.4,2.6 cm。本研究发现,2010—2024年间,哈尔滨市7~18岁学生身高、坐高、小腿长、大腿长等均有不同程度的增长,男、女生身高平均增量分别为1.8和1.5 cm,坐高增量为1.5和1.5 cm,小腿长增量为0.3和0.4 cm,大腿长增量均为0.5 cm,与全国学生调研[10-11]呈现的增长趋势一致,且学生身高的增长中坐高的增长幅度相对较大。
尽管儿童青少年的身体形态指标快速增长,但其身材比例并未发生明显变化。张亚钦等[13]发现2005年我国7~12岁儿童青少年坐高/腿长较1985年略有下降,12岁后差值不明显;1999—2010年,哈尔滨市学生坐高/腿长未表现出明显变化[14]。本研究结果显示,哈尔滨市7~18岁儿童青少年坐高/身高、坐高/腿长、小腿长/腿长在2010—2024年间未发生明显变化,可能与种族遗传密切相关,以中国人为代表的亚洲人与欧洲人身材比例存在一定差异,中国人躯干稍长、四肢稍短,欧美人则相反[15-16]。
世界各国在制定课桌椅标准时,普遍参照《Furniture—Chairs and Tables for Educational Institutions—Functional Sizes》(家具—教育机构—功能尺寸: ISO 5970—1979)[17]的基本模式,由于区域、种族差异,各国均根据实际情况修订本国的课桌椅标准,以适配本国儿童青少年的身体形态特点。我国课桌椅标准制定之初(1983版)设定课桌椅型号范围为1~9号(数字越小,尺寸越大,每个型号设定的身高范围为15 cm)[18],2002版增设10号课桌椅,2014版增设0号课桌椅,与0号课桌椅相适应的身高范围为≥180 cm。本次研究结果显示,2024与2010年身高≥180 cm的学生分别占3.6%,2.6%,15年间,哈尔滨学生中适应0号课桌椅身高范围的学生比例逐渐增大。
我国以1/3坐高作为判断桌椅高差的依据[19]。本次调查发现,学生的身材比例未发生明显变化,仍保持了种族遗传特征,所以以1/3坐高作为制定桌椅高差的依据仍然是合理的。王忆军等[19]通过调查研究认为桌椅高差略高于1/3坐高0.6~2.0 cm可以获得良好坐姿。本次调查中各型号桌椅高差与1/3坐高的差值在0.4~1.8 cm,基本符合卫生学要求,但适合0号桌椅身高范围的学生中有22.0%桌椅高差与1/3坐高差值小于0,且以身高≥185 cm的学生为主,对于身高较高的学生,可通过调整课桌椅配置来增大桌椅高差以符合卫生学要求。
座面高的标准制定中,认为座面高应与小腿高相适应,等于腓骨头点高或再低1 cm(穿鞋时),使腘窝下无明显压力。调查认为,座面高略低于腓骨点0.3~1.7 cm(即座面高与腓骨点高的差值为-1.7~-0.3 cm)可以保证学生在穿鞋后大腿与座面前缘之间没有压力[19],本次调查座面高与腓骨点高的差值在-1.4~1.1 cm,以鞋底厚度1~2 cm估算,基本可以满足卫生学要求。
座面深和座面宽标准的制定主要参考腘臀长和1/2臀围。一般认为腘臀长稍长于座面深是合理的,大腿的后2/3~3/4应置于椅面上,小腿后方需留有空隙,当座椅过深时,座椅前缘会压迫膝关节后方,坐者会向前滑动,失去靠背支撑,导致驼背佝偻姿势,并在坐骨结节及其后方产生过度压力[20-21];座椅过浅会让学生下肢缺乏有效支撑,导致坐姿不稳,从而影响其专注度和学习效率[21]。标准制定中的座面宽主要参考坐姿臀宽,为与既往研究保持一致,本研究测量了臀围以衡量坐姿臀宽,现场调查中发现,肥胖学生的臀围较大,因而本研究分别计算肥胖和非肥胖学生的臀围数据,结果发现,非肥胖学生的1/2臀围与各型号座面宽差值均不超过12.2 cm,符合卫生学要求;而肥胖学生中,0~5号课椅座面宽与1/2臀围差值在14.3~20.5 cm,座面需要适当加宽以满足需要。当前儿童青少年体重的增长较快,2005—2014年,学生平均体重增长了2.2~4.0 kg[2],全国儿童青少年的肥胖率从2000年的2.45%增加到2018年的12.36%,从城乡或性别的角度,肥胖率均在上升[22]。过去调查往往只关注体型的纵向增长,忽略了横向增长,身材肥胖的儿童青少年对课桌椅的需求可能超出一般标准。
本研究发现,中小学校课桌椅各型号尺寸基本满足卫生学要求,但对于身高较高的学生需增大桌椅高差,对于身材肥胖的学生需加宽座面。未来需要重点关注身高超高及肥胖学生的需要,根据具体情况调整课桌椅分配或进行个性化调整以满足卫生学要求。
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087
  • 接收时间:2025-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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国家疾病预防控制局疾病预防控制标准项目(JK20240501)
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    1哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学教研室, 黑龙江 150081
    2黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所
    3北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
    4哈尔滨市道外区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监督监测科
    5哈尔滨市松北区疾病预防控制中心监测督导科

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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