Article(id=1325500946188476701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729180800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-18, revisedDate=1736611200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953652187, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953652187, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953652187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953652187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=300, endPage=304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500946414969118, articleId=1325500946188476701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Research progress on the pathogenesis of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder, columnId=1325500927146341345, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a new perspective, it is found through literature review that vitamin D(Vit D) may play a significant role in the onset and development of ASD by inhibiting early brain overgrowth, regulating metabolism of central nervous system, modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation and influencing genome stability. Furthermore, Vit D supplementation in individuals with ASD has shown to alleviate symptoms. However, the mechanisms by which Vit D affects ASD remains unclear, and the effectiveness of Vit D treatment in improving ASD symptoms remains controversial due to variations in sample sizes, detection methods, dosage and confounding factors. Future research needs to focus on multi-center, large-scale randomized controlled trials and ASD animal models with Vit D deficiency to further explore the specific role of Vit D in the pathogenesis and treatment of ASD, which could provide reliable evidence for the early detection, intervention and treatment of ASD.

, authors=Zizi LIU, Yu JIN*, authorsList=Zizi LIU, Yu JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500946712764703, articleId=1325500946188476701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍发病机制中的作用研究进展, columnId=1325500927309919203, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为从新的视角探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)的发病机制,研究通过文献整理发现维生素D(Vit D)可能通过抑制儿童早期大脑过度生长、调节中枢神经系统代谢,调节免疫、抗炎及影响基因组稳定对ASD的发生发展产生重要作用。对ASD人群进行Vit D补充发现可改善相关症状,然而至今Vit D对ASD的作用机制尚不明确,Vit D治疗对ASD的症状改善结果也因样本量、检测方法、剂量及混杂因素等原因尚存争议。未来可通过进一步多中心、大样本的随机对照试验和Vit D缺乏的ASD动物模型探索Vit D在ASD发病和治疗中的具体作用,为ASD早发现、早干预、早治疗提供可靠的证据。

, authors=刘姿镃, 金宇*, authorsList=刘姿镃, 金宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金宇, authorNote=

刘姿镃(1998-),女,云南省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童孤独症谱系障碍

, correspAuthorsNote=
金宇,E-mail:
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刘姿镃(1998-),女,云南省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童孤独症谱系障碍

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刘姿镃(1998-),女,云南省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童孤独症谱系障碍

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维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍发病机制中的作用研究进展
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刘姿镃 , 金宇 *
中国学校卫生 | 综述 2025,46(2): 300-304
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中国学校卫生 |综述 2025 , 46 (2) : 300 -304
维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍发病机制中的作用研究进展
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刘姿镃(1998-),女,云南省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童孤独症谱系障碍

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刘姿镃, 金宇*
作者信息
  • 中山大学公共卫生学院妇幼卫生学系/儿童青少年心理行为发育研究中心,广东 广州 510080
通讯作者:
金宇,E-mail:
作者简介:

刘姿镃(1998-),女,云南省人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童孤独症谱系障碍

Research progress on the pathogenesis of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder
Zizi LIU, Yu JIN*
Affiliations
  • Department of Maternal and Child Health/Research Center of Child and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (510080), Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025054
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为从新的视角探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)的发病机制,研究通过文献整理发现维生素D(Vit D)可能通过抑制儿童早期大脑过度生长、调节中枢神经系统代谢,调节免疫、抗炎及影响基因组稳定对ASD的发生发展产生重要作用。对ASD人群进行Vit D补充发现可改善相关症状,然而至今Vit D对ASD的作用机制尚不明确,Vit D治疗对ASD的症状改善结果也因样本量、检测方法、剂量及混杂因素等原因尚存争议。未来可通过进一步多中心、大样本的随机对照试验和Vit D缺乏的ASD动物模型探索Vit D在ASD发病和治疗中的具体作用,为ASD早发现、早干预、早治疗提供可靠的证据。

维生素D  /  孤独性障碍  /  研究  /  儿童

In order to explore the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a new perspective, it is found through literature review that vitamin D(Vit D) may play a significant role in the onset and development of ASD by inhibiting early brain overgrowth, regulating metabolism of central nervous system, modulating immune responses, reducing inflammation and influencing genome stability. Furthermore, Vit D supplementation in individuals with ASD has shown to alleviate symptoms. However, the mechanisms by which Vit D affects ASD remains unclear, and the effectiveness of Vit D treatment in improving ASD symptoms remains controversial due to variations in sample sizes, detection methods, dosage and confounding factors. Future research needs to focus on multi-center, large-scale randomized controlled trials and ASD animal models with Vit D deficiency to further explore the specific role of Vit D in the pathogenesis and treatment of ASD, which could provide reliable evidence for the early detection, intervention and treatment of ASD.

Vitamin D  /  Autistic disorder  /  Research  /  Child
刘姿镃, 金宇. 维生素D在孤独症谱系障碍发病机制中的作用研究进展. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 300 -304 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025054
Zizi LIU, Yu JIN. Research progress on the pathogenesis of vitamin D in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 300 -304 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025054
孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)是一种以社会交往和沟通障碍、兴趣范围狭窄及重复刻板行为为主要特征的神经发育障碍,其发病与遗传成分及其他原因有关[1]。往往发病早、终生存在社交困难和适应困难,使得家庭和社会经济负担沉重。近年来ASD患病率不断攀升,2021年全球年龄标准化患病率为788.3/10万[2],2017—2023年中国ASD患病率约为0.7%[3],已由最初认为的罕见病成为严重影响儿童健康的重大公共卫生问题[4]。随着对ASD的深入研究,学者发现ASD是一种由遗传和环境因素共同作用引起的神经发育障碍。目前很多研究表明环境因素在ASD发病机制中的作用不容忽视,包括父母生育年龄偏高,妊娠期维生素D(vitamin D, Vit D)等微量元素缺乏等营养性因素,妊娠期疾病、感染、药物使用、围生期风险因素等[5-6]。
在ASD的诸多影响因素中,母亲孕期以及儿童出生后的饮食摄入是可干预的因素,值得深入研究。已有研究表明,孕期和出生后的某些营养素摄入不足或过量与ASD的发生发展有关[7]。其中Vit D作为一种神经活性类固醇,因具有促进中枢神经系统发育和功能完善的骨外作用而得到较多关注,如调节神经元分化、调节神经递质、抗氧化、调节免疫等作用[8]。已有研究发现母亲妊娠期和儿童早期发育时缺乏Vit D是ASD发生发展的环境危险因素之一,但其机制尚不明确,Vit D对ASD的疗效也存在争议。为此,本文通过文献整理归纳Vit D与ASD发病机制的研究进展,以期为ASD早发现、早干预、早治疗提供依据。
研究发现无论母孕期还是生长发育阶段的儿童,低水平Vit D都与ASD发生或其行为症状相关。有研究报道产前母亲Vit D缺乏可能会对后代社交行为、注意力、执行功能、运动功能等发育产生负面影响[9-11],与后代患ASD的风险增加相关;但也有研究认为母体Vit D状况影响后代神经发育或ASD的证据不足[12]。来自不同国家、不同种族的研究表明,ASD群体外周血Vit D水平低于普通人群[13],且Vit D水平与孤独症行为评定问卷(Autism Behavior Checklist, ABC)、儿童孤独症评定量表(Childhood Autism Rating Scale, CARS)等孤独症行为评定量表分数密切关联[14]。由此可见,母亲孕期和儿童出生后Vit D水平较低可能与ASD相关[9, 15],未来可以在不同妊娠阶段进行连续纵向监测以明确产前Vit D水平与后代ASD的关联性。
当前研究领域已开展了Vit D参与ASD发病机制的初步探索,Vit D的作用包括调节脑生长和代谢功能、免疫调节和抗炎作用、基因多态性和基因突变等几个主要方面。
有学者认为ASD病理学的一个重要特征是发育早期大脑过度生长,动物实验中大鼠模型研究提示,当胎儿缺乏Vit D时,新生大鼠表现出与ASD潜在相关的神经发育改变[16],如出生时脑体积增大、细胞增殖增加等[17]。研究发现Vit D可以通过抑制增殖细胞核抗原和细胞周期蛋白D1,及诱导产生周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂p21和p27控制细胞周期,抑制细胞增殖,防止发育早期大脑过度生长[18]。因此,Vit D可能通过调节神经细胞生长发育周期改善ASD症状。
此外,Vit D也可以通过调节5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyricacid, GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu)、多巴胺(dopamine, DA)等神经递质水平参与ASD的发病。神经生物学研究发现,与典型发育期儿童相比,ASD儿童大脑中5-HT降低,也会存在GABA与Glu/谷氨酰胺的比率升高[19-20],这些变化与认知、学习、记忆和重复刻板行为均有关联。在个体发育未成熟时GABA影响神经元的增殖、迁移、分化和死亡,GABA和Glu能系统改变导致神经系统兴奋性/抑制性平衡破坏,进而造成新信息处理和社会行为功能障碍[21];动物研究发现Vit D缺乏时会引起兴奋/抑制性神经传递功能障碍,补充Vit D3后GABA释放的转变在很大程度上逆转,谷氨酸能系统的损伤部分恢复,提示Vit D可以调节GABA/Glu平衡[22],但目前尚无Vit D改善ASD患者体内GABA/Glu平衡的干预研究。
5-HT在大脑早期发育中同样起非常重要的作用,如调节大脑的记忆、学习、情绪和睡眠等功能,此前已有发现ASD患者和正常人相比颅内5-HT水平低而外周水平高,5-HT能系统的失调可能与ASD的认知缺陷等行为相关[23]。研究发现普通儿童幼年时5-HT合成增加,青春期下降,而ASD儿童合成5-HT能力并没有随着时间的推移而下降,与普通儿童相比,其在2~5岁时的5-HT水平明显较低,随着年龄的增长略有上升[19]。Vit D也能调节体内5-HT水平,研究发现活性Vit D可以通过诱导色氨酸羟化酶2基因表达、下调5-HT再摄取转运蛋白和单胺氧化酶-A的表达,增加颅内5-HT产生的同时减少其再摄取,总体提高颅内游离5-HT水平,进而改善ASD的重复刻板行为,同时,Vit D也能下调色氨酸羟化酶1基因表达,一定程度上减少外周5-HT水平,提示Vit D能调节颅内外5-HT水平,为ASD的治疗提供了新的方向和思路[24-25]。
另外,ASD中的一个亚型可能与DA能系统功能障碍有关,中脑皮质-纹状体通路和黑质-纹状体通路障碍或许是ASD患者社交障碍和出现刻板行为的原因之一,而Vit D对DA能系统的分化有调节作用,胚胎时期Vit D缺乏会增加DA能神经元miR-181c-5p的表达,延缓其分化[26],出生后Vit D可通过调节颅内儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶的表达调节DA的生成,也能增加胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的表达维持DA能神经元的存活[27]。
Vit D因其受体在大脑中广泛存在,可通过限速酶或增殖分化相关基因表达的调节直接或间接对5-HT、GABA、Glu、DA等神经递质进行调节,以此影响大脑生长发育和ASD的发生发展。
ASD发病的危险因素之一是免疫激活,Vit D调节免疫的功能或许能预防免疫激活引起的ASD相关行为。ASD儿童体内抗髓鞘相关糖蛋白、抗核抗体、抗神经节苷脂M1抗体等自身免疫标志物水平较高,而Vit D可通过抑制Th17细胞、增加调节性T细胞的比例和白介素-10(Interleukin-10, IL-10)水平降低自身免疫攻击的强度,对神经系统有一定的保护作用[28]。
Vit D也可以通过抗炎作用参与ASD的发病。ASD儿童体内干扰素-γ、白介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF-α)等炎症因子水平升高,且与ASD的认知功能受损相关[29]。而Vit D调节免疫功能,维持躯体健康免疫环境,可以下调辅助T1细胞介导的免疫反应,从而抑制IL-6、TNF-α等促炎细胞因子的产生;也可以抑制Th17细胞和增加Treg细胞的能力,提高IL-10水平,增强保护性免疫反应并减少炎症反应,减少相关的神经炎症来保护脑组织[30-31]。有动物实验研究发现产前给予Vit D消除了母体免疫激活暴露的小鼠模型后代的社交障碍和刻板等行为缺陷,然而产前给予Vit D对母鼠或胎儿大脑中的促炎细胞因子水平没有影响,表明Vit D的抗炎作用可能不是其在该ASD动物模型中起预防作用的关键机制[32]。
除了上述两个作用,Vit D抗氧化应激作用可能也会影响ASD的发生发展。此前有研究发现ASD患者体内存在丙二醛、脂质过氧化物、一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)水平增高和一些抗氧化剂的减少,这种普遍存在的氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍可以通过氧化损伤干扰大脑发育,出现ASD的临床症状[33-34],而Vit D可通过抑制一氧化氮合酶、促进谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶减少NO水平,进而减少脑内氧化应激[35]。也有研究发现Vit D可以上调超氧化物歧化酶、硫氧还蛋白还原酶等抗氧化剂相关基因,对大脑起到保护作用[36]。免疫炎症反应以及氧化应激往往交叉存在,是ASD发病机制的主要研究方向之一,但因为这些生理过程在体内非常复杂,目前Vit D对其的调节作用依赖于体外实验和动物实验,将实验结果扩展到人体内需要谨慎。
研究发现Vit D代谢途径的基因多态性可能与儿童ASD相关。VDR基因(ApaI) rs7975232与ASD风险降低有关;拥有GC rs7041C等位基因和GC1s基因型(rs7041C/rs4588G)的个体对ASD的易感性增加且严重程度更高,rs731236的T/C表型与Vit D缺乏症的组合与儿童ASD风险增加有关[37-38]。Vit D的抗氧化作用还可以促进DNA修复,目前发现超过5个全时DNA突变修复蛋白的基因具有Vit D依赖性[39]。Vit D可能会改变直接或间接影响DNA甲基化的基因表达进而影响基因组稳定性,当Vit D缺乏时,DNA修复基因表达会受到影响,进而抑制DNA从头突变的修复[40],推测Vit D缺乏可能导致ASD儿童出现新的基因突变。但Vit D相关代谢基因对ASD的具体影响尚不清楚,还需要进一步扩大样本量进行研究。总之,Vit D可能通过调节脑生长和代谢功能、免疫调节和抗炎作用、基因多态性和基因突变作用参与ASD的发病,但目前对Vit D与ASD发病机制的探索比较浅薄,一些机制的提出基于其他神经系统疾病病因进行推演,由于体内环境的复杂性,大多数研究还停留在细胞实验、动物实验,在人群中进行相关机制研究难度较大。
学术界通过探究Vit D对神经系统正常发育和功能的影响提出了其对ASD发病的各种可能机制,也有一系列Vit D补充治疗对ASD临床症状改善的研究。诸多研究发现Vit D补充可以改善ASD患者或者ASD动物模型的发育行为和刻板行为、社会意识等临床症状[41-43],但结果显示其改善效果可能需要维持外周血Vit D水平,同时也与受试者年龄、体内炎症状态有关[44-46]。除了受到样本量较小、血清含量和受试者年龄的限制,分组非完全随机、家庭康复水平和治疗时长不一等混杂因素使得结果外推受限。也有研究发现Vit D对ASD的疗效有限,如Li等[47]研究发现Vit D补充对ASD患者的主要症状没有影响,对其自我护理有所改善但作用有限。对于Vit D治疗的安全性研究,程爽等[48]的Meta分析结果显示,Vit D治疗ASD的相关不良反应较少,有团队报道了皮疹、瘙痒、腹泻、多动和睡眠减少的情况,总体来说未发现Vit D导致中毒现象,多数患儿耐受性好,提示Vit D治疗安全性较高。
ASD由于不断攀升的发病率、干预成本高以及预后不良,已成为亟待解决的公共卫生问题。目前认为ASD为遗传和环境因素共同作用,但相关病因学研究结果并不能合理解释其流行病学特征,基于各种现有发病机制假说开发的药物也尚无足够证据,总的来说国内外对ASD及其动物模型的了解比较有限,需要从新的角度探讨ASD的病因和发病机制,为ASD的早识别、早治疗提供新途径。
近年来对Vit D骨外作用的研究使得众多学者开始探究其水平与ASD患病的关联,及其对ASD的作用,体外、体内实验和人群流行病调查为Vit D对ASD病理生物学的众多作用提供了证据和新的问题。一些研究发现对Vit D缺乏的ASD儿童进行Vit D补充,其ASD相关症状会有所改善,但对于这些研究结果应谨慎解释:(1)大多研究的样本量小、缺乏代表性,研究方法和评估工具也不同;(2)在一些随机对照试验中存在抽样偏倚、缺乏对照组、没有用盲法导致的干扰和沾染、高失访等;(3)诸如地理位置、季节、阳光照射、户外体育活动等混杂因素以及VDR的基因多态性也可能会增加结果的异质性,因此得出的结果不一致。未来有必要进一步开展多中心、大样本的随机对照双盲试验,比较补充不同浓度Vit D对ASD行为的改善作用,检测Vit D的不同代谢物,以寻找关于补充Vit D对ASD症状改善效果的有力证据。同时,未来可以扩展Vit D缺乏的ASD动物模型,研究Vit D缺乏动物后代的行为,也可以通过严格的临床干预研究探究Vit D及其上下游成员在ASD患者体内发生发展以及防治中分子水平的具体作用机制,进一步阐明Vit D与ASD的关系,为ASD的防治开辟一条新途径。
  • 广东省自然科学基金项目(2023A1515012442)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025054
  • 接收时间:2024-10-18
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-18
  • 修回日期:2025-01-12
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广东省自然科学基金项目(2023A1515012442)
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    中山大学公共卫生学院妇幼卫生学系/儿童青少年心理行为发育研究中心,广东 广州 510080

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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