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Article(id=1325500884255384499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953637421, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953637421, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953637421, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953637421, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=280, endPage=284, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500884486071221, articleId=1325500884255384499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Influenza vaccination among children during the flu season of 2023-2024 in Xiqing District of Tianjin, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the influenza vaccination rate and related factors of children in Xiqing District of Tianjin, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the influenza vaccination coverage rate among children.

Methods

A stratified random cluster sampling method was employed to select junior high school students and below students from 15 schools in five directions(east, west, south, north, midland) in Xiqing District, Tianjin, involving 13 075 students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of students to analyze the influenza vaccination rate of children in 2023-2024 flu season (October to March of the following year). A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting influenza vaccination.

Results

The influenza vaccination rate was 16.66% for children in Xiqing District of Tianjin, in 2023-2024 flu season, among them, the vaccination rate in kindergartens was the highest (28.86%), followed by primary schools (18.87%) and junior high schools (12.61%). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that having received the influenza vaccine during the 2020-2022 (OR=10.55, 95%CI=9.48-11.73), parents' awareness of influenza-related knowledge (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.24-1.54), kindergarten children (OR=2.33, 95%CI=1.91-2.83), primary school students (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.12-1.42), parents with a postgraduate degree or above (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.13-2.31), and a monthly average family income of 10 000- < 20 000 yuan (OR=1.67, 95%CI=1.41-1.99) were positive correlation factors with influenza vaccination of children (P < 0.05). Among parents of children who have not received the flu vaccine, 61.61% fully accepted flu vaccination or accepted but still considered. The most popular way for parents to obtain flu knowledge was flu prevention and control information from professional institutions during the flu season (77.38%).

Conclusions

The influenza vaccination rate among kindergarten, as well as primary and junior high school students in Xiqing District of Tianjin is low. Promotion of influenza vaccination among children and increase the vaccination rate of influenza among children might help reduce the risk of campus flu outbreak.

, authors=Lichun GUO1, Shaowei CHEN2, Haitao FENG3, authorsList=Lichun GUO, Shaowei CHEN, Haitao FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500885106828215, articleId=1325500884255384499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=天津市西青区2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种状况, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解天津市西青区儿童流感疫苗接种情况和相关因素，为提高儿童流感疫苗覆盖率提供科学依据。

方法

采用分层随机整群抽样方法选取天津市西青区东、西、南、北、中5个方位15所学校的13 075名初中及以下学生，对学生家长进行问卷调查，分析2023—2024年度(10月至次年3月)儿童流感疫苗接种现状，并采用二分类Logistic回归模型对流感疫苗接种的影响因素进行分析。

结果

天津市西青区2023—2024年度儿童流感疫苗接种率为16.66%，其中幼儿园接种率最高(28.86%)，其次为小学(18.87%)和初中(12.61%)。二分类Logistic回归分析显示，2020—2022年度接种过流感疫苗(OR=10.55，95%CI=9.48~11.73)、家长知晓流感相关知识(OR=1.38，95%CI=1.24~1.54)、幼儿园儿童(OR=2.33，95%CI=1.91~2.83)、小学生(OR=1.26，95%CI=1.12~1.42)、家长学历研究生及以上(OR=1.62，95%CI=1.13~2.31)、家庭月均收入10 000~ < 20 000元(OR=1.67，95%CI=1.41~1.99)是儿童流感疫苗接种的正性相关因素(P值均 < 0.05)。未接种流感疫苗的儿童家长中，完全接受流感疫苗接种和接受但仍在考虑的占61.61%；最受家长欢迎的获取流感知识的途径是学校在流感季节及时推送专业机构的流感防控知识(77.38%)。

结论

天津市西青区初中及以下儿童流感疫苗接种率低；建议加强儿童流感疫苗接种宣传，提高儿童流感疫苗接种率，降低校园流感暴发的风险。

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郭立春(1979-)，女，辽宁康平人，副主任医师，硕士，主要研究方向为传染病预防与控制

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Investigation on the willingness and influencing factors of the recommendation of quadrivalent influenza vaccine among the parents of school-aged children[J]. Chin J Public Health Manage, 2020, 36(4): 508-512. 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Comparison of influenza vaccination rates among children of parents with different knowledge about influenza

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
知识选项家长人数接种流感疫苗学生数χ2值P值
流感是普通感冒吗是3 693599(16.22)0.400.40
否9 3821 579(16.83)
流感是传染病吗是11 251878(16.69)0.070.80
否1 824300(16.45)
知道流感疫苗的最佳接种时间是7 0501 176(16.68)0.010.94
否6 0251 002(16.63)
流感的传播途径消化道传播13944(31.65)27.97< 0.01
呼吸道传播11 3301 898(16.75)
接触传播1 594233(14.62)
血液传播123(25.00)
接种流感疫苗是最有效的防护措施是2 689720(26.78)249.63< 0.01
否10 3861 458(14.04)
流感疫苗需要每年接种是8 3071 762(21.21)340.19< 0.01
否4 768416(8.72)
流感疫苗能降低感染风险是10 8932 022(18.56)170.56< 0.01
否2 182156(7.15)
总计13 0752 178(16.66)
), ArticleFig(id=1325500888990753754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500884255384499, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同流感相关知识了解情况的家长其子女流感疫苗接种率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
知识选项家长人数接种流感疫苗学生数χ2值P值
流感是普通感冒吗是3 693599(16.22)0.400.40
否9 3821 579(16.83)
流感是传染病吗是11 251878(16.69)0.070.80
否1 824300(16.45)
知道流感疫苗的最佳接种时间是7 0501 176(16.68)0.010.94
否6 0251 002(16.63)
流感的传播途径消化道传播13944(31.65)27.97< 0.01
呼吸道传播11 3301 898(16.75)
接触传播1 594233(14.62)
血液传播123(25.00)
接种流感疫苗是最有效的防护措施是2 689720(26.78)249.63< 0.01
否10 3861 458(14.04)
流感疫苗需要每年接种是8 3071 762(21.21)340.19< 0.01
否4 768416(8.72)
流感疫苗能降低感染风险是10 8932 022(18.56)170.56< 0.01
否2 182156(7.15)
总计13 0752 178(16.66)
), ArticleFig(id=1325500889095611355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500884255384499, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Univariate analysis of influenza vaccination for children during the 2023-2024 influenza season

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数接种人数χ2值P值
学校类别幼儿园998288(28.86)200.98< 0.01
小学5 8671 107(18.87)
初中6 210783(12.61)
性别男6 8661 129(16.44)0.480.49
女6 2091 049(16.89)
家庭儿童数量15 334905(16.97)2.150.34
25 965998(16.73)
≥31 776275(15.48)
家长年龄/岁≤30915173(18.91)34.50< 0.01
31~407 4971 347(17.97)
41~503 910555(14.19)
≥51753103(13.68)
家长学历中专/高中3 919565(14.42)103.90< 0.01
大专2 632461(17.52)
大学2 553533(20.88)
研究生及以上26283(31.68)
初中及以下3 709536(14.45)
家长职业机关企事业单位1 298269(20.72)57.11< 0.01
医务人员25059(23.60)
工人2 798415(14.83)
商业服务人员820135(16.46)
个体2 687507(18.87)
其他3 833617(16.10)
无业1 389176(12.67)
家庭月均收入5 000~ < 10 0006 6201 124(16.98)133.33< 0.01
10 000~ < 20 0001 972480(24.34)
≥20 00046367(14.47)
＜5 0004 020507(12.61)
2020—2022年流感疫苗接种是3 4691 536(44.28)2 594.62< 0.01
否9 606642(6.68)
家长知晓流感相关知识是7 4231 440(19.40)92.96< 0.01
否5 652738(13.06)
), ArticleFig(id=1325500889183691740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500884255384499, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数接种人数χ2值P值
学校类别幼儿园998288(28.86)200.98< 0.01
小学5 8671 107(18.87)
初中6 210783(12.61)
性别男6 8661 129(16.44)0.480.49
女6 2091 049(16.89)
家庭儿童数量15 334905(16.97)2.150.34
25 965998(16.73)
≥31 776275(15.48)
家长年龄/岁≤30915173(18.91)34.50< 0.01
31~407 4971 347(17.97)
41~503 910555(14.19)
≥51753103(13.68)
家长学历中专/高中3 919565(14.42)103.90< 0.01
大专2 632461(17.52)
大学2 553533(20.88)
研究生及以上26283(31.68)
初中及以下3 709536(14.45)
家长职业机关企事业单位1 298269(20.72)57.11< 0.01
医务人员25059(23.60)
工人2 798415(14.83)
商业服务人员820135(16.46)
个体2 687507(18.87)
其他3 833617(16.10)
无业1 389176(12.67)
家庭月均收入5 000~ < 10 0006 6201 124(16.98)133.33< 0.01
10 000~ < 20 0001 972480(24.34)
≥20 00046367(14.47)
＜5 0004 020507(12.61)
2020—2022年流感疫苗接种是3 4691 536(44.28)2 594.62< 0.01
否9 606642(6.68)
家长知晓流感相关知识是7 4231 440(19.40)92.96< 0.01
否5 652738(13.06)
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天津市西青区2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种状况
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郭立春 1 , 陈少伟 2 , 冯海涛 3
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(2): 280-284
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (2) : 280 -284
天津市西青区2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种状况
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郭立春1, 陈少伟2, 冯海涛3
作者信息
  • 1天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心卫生应急管理办公室，天津 300380
  • 2天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制科
  • 3天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心主任室
作者简介:

郭立春(1979-)，女，辽宁康平人，副主任医师，硕士，主要研究方向为传染病预防与控制

Influenza vaccination among children during the flu season of 2023-2024 in Xiqing District of Tianjin
Lichun GUO1, Shaowei CHEN2, Haitao FENG3
Affiliations
  • 1Health Emergency Management Office, Xiqing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin (300380), China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025047
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摘要
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目的

了解天津市西青区儿童流感疫苗接种情况和相关因素，为提高儿童流感疫苗覆盖率提供科学依据。

方法

采用分层随机整群抽样方法选取天津市西青区东、西、南、北、中5个方位15所学校的13 075名初中及以下学生，对学生家长进行问卷调查，分析2023—2024年度(10月至次年3月)儿童流感疫苗接种现状，并采用二分类Logistic回归模型对流感疫苗接种的影响因素进行分析。

结果

天津市西青区2023—2024年度儿童流感疫苗接种率为16.66%，其中幼儿园接种率最高(28.86%)，其次为小学(18.87%)和初中(12.61%)。二分类Logistic回归分析显示，2020—2022年度接种过流感疫苗(OR=10.55，95%CI=9.48~11.73)、家长知晓流感相关知识(OR=1.38，95%CI=1.24~1.54)、幼儿园儿童(OR=2.33，95%CI=1.91~2.83)、小学生(OR=1.26，95%CI=1.12~1.42)、家长学历研究生及以上(OR=1.62，95%CI=1.13~2.31)、家庭月均收入10 000~ < 20 000元(OR=1.67，95%CI=1.41~1.99)是儿童流感疫苗接种的正性相关因素(P值均 < 0.05)。未接种流感疫苗的儿童家长中，完全接受流感疫苗接种和接受但仍在考虑的占61.61%；最受家长欢迎的获取流感知识的途径是学校在流感季节及时推送专业机构的流感防控知识(77.38%)。

结论

天津市西青区初中及以下儿童流感疫苗接种率低；建议加强儿童流感疫苗接种宣传，提高儿童流感疫苗接种率，降低校园流感暴发的风险。

流感，人  /  疫苗  /  接种  /  回归分析  /  儿童
Objective

To understand the influenza vaccination rate and related factors of children in Xiqing District of Tianjin, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the influenza vaccination coverage rate among children.

Methods

A stratified random cluster sampling method was employed to select junior high school students and below students from 15 schools in five directions(east, west, south, north, midland) in Xiqing District, Tianjin, involving 13 075 students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of students to analyze the influenza vaccination rate of children in 2023-2024 flu season (October to March of the following year). A binary Logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting influenza vaccination.

Results

The influenza vaccination rate was 16.66% for children in Xiqing District of Tianjin, in 2023-2024 flu season, among them, the vaccination rate in kindergartens was the highest (28.86%), followed by primary schools (18.87%) and junior high schools (12.61%). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that having received the influenza vaccine during the 2020-2022 (OR=10.55, 95%CI=9.48-11.73), parents' awareness of influenza-related knowledge (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.24-1.54), kindergarten children (OR=2.33, 95%CI=1.91-2.83), primary school students (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.12-1.42), parents with a postgraduate degree or above (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.13-2.31), and a monthly average family income of 10 000- < 20 000 yuan (OR=1.67, 95%CI=1.41-1.99) were positive correlation factors with influenza vaccination of children (P < 0.05). Among parents of children who have not received the flu vaccine, 61.61% fully accepted flu vaccination or accepted but still considered. The most popular way for parents to obtain flu knowledge was flu prevention and control information from professional institutions during the flu season (77.38%).

Conclusions

The influenza vaccination rate among kindergarten, as well as primary and junior high school students in Xiqing District of Tianjin is low. Promotion of influenza vaccination among children and increase the vaccination rate of influenza among children might help reduce the risk of campus flu outbreak.

Influenza, Human  /  Vaccines  /  Vaccination  /  Regression analysis  /  Child
郭立春, 陈少伟, 冯海涛. 天津市西青区2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种状况. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 280 -284 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025047
Lichun GUO, Shaowei CHEN, Haitao FENG. Influenza vaccination among children during the flu season of 2023-2024 in Xiqing District of Tianjin[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 280 -284 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025047
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流行性感冒(流感)是由流感病毒引起的对人类健康危害较重的急性呼吸道传染病，传播迅速，每年(10月至次年3月)可引起季节性流行[1]。学校具有人群密集的特点，容易造成流感的暴发与流行[1]，基于学校的流感疫情暴发往往早于并加剧流感在社区的传播[2]，我国每年流感暴发疫情中，90%以上发生在学校和托幼机构[3]。2019—2020年流行季我国各类学校和托幼机构报告流感样病例(含流感)暴发疫情占全年度的98.5%，其中暴发的主要场所为中小学校(87.5%)[4]。全球每年儿童流感罹患率为20%~30%，在流感流行季节，儿童流感罹患率可高达50%[5]，每年接种流感疫苗是预防流感最经济有效的方法，可有效减少流感发病率和由流感导致的住院率[6-7]，托幼机构幼儿与中小学生是我国优先接种流感疫苗的重点人群之一[3]。本研究旨在调查2023—2024年流感季天津市西青区初中及以下学生流感疫苗接种情况及影响因素，为提高儿童流感疫苗覆盖率提供科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2024年4月，采用分层随机整群抽样方法，按照西青区东、西、南、北、中的地理方位，每个方位分别采用随机数字表法抽取中学、小学和幼儿园各1所，共抽取幼儿园、小学、初中各5所；将抽取的15所学校全部学生家长作为调查对象。本次调查共收回问卷13 100份，有效问卷13 075份，问卷有效率为99.81%。其中男生6 866名(52.51%)，女生6 209名(47.49%)；幼儿园幼儿998名(7.63%)，小学生5 867名(44.87%)，初中生6 210名(47.50%)。本文依托中国疾病预防控制中心的中美疾控中心合作项目(5U01IP001106-04-00)，伦理审批号为201901-05。
1.2　调查方法
调查对象通过微信扫码参与问卷调查。在发放问卷的二维码前向儿童家长说明调查目的、意义和要求，由家长在知情同意的情况下自愿、匿名填写问卷。自制问卷主要内容包括学校类别、儿童性别、家长职业、家长文化程度等基本信息；流感传播途径、流感疫苗接种时间、流感相关知识获取途径等7项流感相关知识；2023—2024年度流感疫苗接种情况、接种原因与意愿、获取知识来源等8项接种态度与行为。7项流感相关知识共7分，答对计1分；平均得分 < 5分为不知晓，≥5分为知晓。问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.79，KMO值为0.85，Bartlett's检验P＜0.01，提示信、效度良好。
1.3　质量控制
参考同类型研究文献[8-10]设计调查问卷，并通过专家咨询及预调查修订问卷；借助“问卷星”平台，通过逻辑设置，保证问卷的逻辑性与完整性；在当地教委支持下，组织被抽中学校的保健教师培训，由调查员向老师解释本次调查的目的和意义，统一调查口径；由2名研究者对调查问卷进行审核，剔除存在明显逻辑错误的问卷。
1.4　统计学分析
数据采用SPSS 24.0软件进行分析，计数资料采用频数和率描述，采用χ2检验和二分类Logistic回归模型(α入=0.05，α出=0.10)对流感疫苗接种的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析，双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　儿童流感疫苗接种率
2023—2024年度流感季儿童流感疫苗接种率为16.66%(2 178/13 075)，其中幼儿园儿童接种率最高(28.86%，288/998)，其次为小学生(18.87%，1 107/5 867)和初中生(12.61%，783/6 210)。儿童接种流感疫苗的主要原因：家长知晓流感疫苗的作用(70.11%，1 527/2 178)、学校推荐(12.21%，266/2 178)、医务人员推荐(9.32%，203/2 178)、孩子体质差(4.22%，92/2 178)、受其他家长影响(2.20%，48/2 178)、亲戚朋友的推荐(1.93%，42/2 187)；儿童未接种流感疫苗的主要原因：家长害怕接种后出现不良反应(22.25%，2 425/10 897)、担心疫苗的安全性(20.39%，2 222/10 897)、接种了流感疫苗也有感染流感的风险(18.89%，2 058/10 897)、没时间带孩子接种(7.86%，857/10 897)、孩子体质好(7.36%，802/10 897)、不知道有流感疫苗(6.90%，752/10 897)、以前接种过就不用再接种(4.88%，532/10 897)、疫苗价格太高(3.56%，388/10 897)、孩子怕打针(3.48%，379/10 897)、没必要接种疫苗(3.46%，377/10 897)、孩子有接种禁忌症(0.96%，105/10 897)。
2.2　家长对流感相关知识了解情况
见表1。
86.65%(11 330/13 075)的家长认为流感是通过呼吸道传播，53.92%(7 050/13 075)的家长知道流感疫苗的最佳接种时间。知道接种流感疫苗可以降低流感感染风险、流感疫苗需要每年接种的家长，其子女疫苗接种率更高(P值均 < 0.01)。
2.3　儿童流感疫苗接种的相关因素
单因素分析结果显示，学校类别、家长年龄、家长文化程度、家长职业、家庭月均收入、2020—2022年是否接种流感疫苗和家长是否知晓流感相关知识7个因素与儿童流感疫苗接种的关联有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)，见表2。
将单因素分析中7个有意义的因素(学校类别：初中=1，小学=2，幼儿园=3；家长年龄：≥51岁=1，41~50岁=2，31~40岁=3，≤30岁=4；家长学历：初中及以下=1，研究生及以上=2，大学=3，大专=4，中专/高中=5；家长职业：无业=1，其他=2，个体=3，商业服务人员=4，工人=5，医务人员=6，机关企事业单位=7；家庭月均收入：＜5 000元=1，≥20 000元=2，10 000~＜20 000元=3，5 000~＜10 000元=4；2020—2022年是否接种流感疫苗：否=1，是=2；家长是否知晓流感相关知识：否=1，是=2)纳入Logistic回归分析，以2023—2024年流感季的流感疫苗接种史(有=1，无=0)为因变量，结果显示，幼儿园儿童(OR=2.33，95%CI=1.91~2.83)、小学生(OR=1.26，95%CI=1.12~1.42)，家长学历研究生及以上(OR=1.62，95%CI=1.13~2.31)，家庭月均收入10 000~ < 20 000元(OR=1.67，95%CI=1.41~1.99)，2020—2022年度接种过流感疫苗(OR=10.55，95%CI=9.48~11.73)、家长知晓流感相关知识(OR=1.38，95%CI=1.24~1.54)与儿童流感疫苗接种呈正性相关(P值均 < 0.05)；家庭月均收入≥20 000元对学生流感疫苗接种的影响则无统计学意义(OR=0.80，95%CI=0.58~1.10，P＞0.05)。
2.4　家长接种流感疫苗意愿与获取流感相关知识的意愿渠道
未接种流感疫苗的儿童家长接受流感疫苗但仍在考虑占33.98%(3 703/10 897)，完全接受但因其他因素未接种占27.63%(3 011/10 897)，尚未决定或从未考虑的占20.25%(2 207/10 897)，拒绝但仍会考虑占10.89%(1 187/10 897)，拒绝接种占7.24%(789/10 897)。最受家长欢迎的获取流感知识的途径是学校在流感季节及时推送专业机构的流感防控知识(77.38%，10 117/13 075)；有68.41%(8 944/13 075)的家长希望在流感季可以提供流感疫苗接种提醒服务(短信、学校通知等)，如医务人员推荐接种流感疫苗的家长会给孩子接种(66.80%，8 734/13 075)。
3　讨论
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我国流感疫苗全人群接种率每年仅为2%~3%[11]。本研究结果显示，2023—2024年度天津市西青区儿童流感疫苗接种率为16.66%，低于发达国家的接种率[12-14]，同时低于贵阳市2020—2021年度中学及以下学生的流感疫苗覆盖率[8]。全球儿童常规疫苗覆盖率受新型冠状病毒感染疫情严重影响[15]，我国流感疫苗接种率由2020—2021年度的3.16%下降至2021—2022年度的2.47%[16]。新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间，全世界包括我国均采取了严格的呼吸道防控措施，流感均处于低流行水平，导致公众对流感的感知风险降低，同时推行新冠疫苗接种后，因病毒不断变异，接种疫苗后仍有人发病，从而影响家长的接种意愿。
本研究中幼儿园儿童流感疫苗接种率最高(28.86%)，略高于全国26%的水平[17]，其次为小学生(18.87%)，初中生最低(12.61%)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示，幼儿园儿童与小学生家长相较于初中生家长更愿意给孩子接种流感疫苗。家长对年龄越小的儿童越倾向接种流感疫苗加以保护，提示在流感宣教中，对中学生家长的宣教工作应更深入，以全面提升学生家长对流感与流感疫苗的正确认识。知晓流感相关知识的家长，儿童流感疫苗接种率是不知晓的1.38倍。朱素翠等[9]研究也有类似发现。近70%的家长因“知晓流感疫苗的作用”为儿童接种流感疫苗，同时曾经接种过流感疫苗者流感疫苗接种率是未接种过的10.55倍，说明家长对流感疫苗的认知水平直接决定儿童流感疫苗的接种率。
本研究中20%以上的儿童接种流感疫苗是因学校或医疗机构医务人员推荐接种，若医务人员推荐接种流感疫苗，66.80%的家长会选择接种，另外77.38%的家长希望能通过学校方面推荐获取流感和流感疫苗相关知识。提示要提高儿童流感疫苗接种率，学校教师与接种单位或医疗机构的医务人员作用不可忽视。在每年的流感季节，教师通过校讯通等方式推送流感防控知识以及流感疫苗接种等相关信息；对于6岁以下儿童，接种单位的医务人员对前来进行免疫接种的儿童开展流感疫苗接种的推荐，以及各级各类医疗机构的儿科门诊、发热门诊以及呼吸道门诊的医务人员对就诊的人群开展流感疫苗推荐，可大幅提升流感疫苗的接种率。但目前医务人员向人群建议接种流感疫苗并不普遍，医务人员对流感和流感疫苗的认识和态度仍存在很大不足[18]；同样在实际工作中，教师对流感等传染病防控方面认知不足，因此，提高教师与医务人员对流感以及流感疫苗的认知并给予宣传，可大幅提高儿童流感疫苗的接种率。
未接种流感疫苗儿童的家长中，主要是担心疫苗的安全性(20.39%)、有效性(18.89%)以及接种后出现不良反应(22.25%)，与既往其他研究结果相似[8, 10, 19]，说明疫苗认知水平、疫苗的安全性和疫苗的预防效果是儿童家长考虑是否接种的重要影响因素。调查显示，未接种流感疫苗的儿童家长流感疫苗的接种意愿相对较积极，完全接受和接受但在考虑中占60%以上，提示今后流感宣传的重点不仅应关注流感的相关知识，更应重点关注流感疫苗的安全性与有效性等，提升家长对流感疫苗的全面认知水平，对提升流感疫苗的接种率可起重要作用。在流感流行季节，绝大多数家长希望收到短信或学校通知等形式的疫苗接种提醒服务，希望学校在流感季及时推送专业机构的相关流感防控知识，提示在流感季，通过学校以及手机短信等便捷的宣传形式，对提升流感疫苗接种率有一定的影响，同时也能提高流感疫苗的知晓率。
疫苗接种率与家长的文化水平相关，家长文化水平越高儿童的接种率越高，研究生及以上学历家长以及家庭月均收入在10 000~ < 20 000元的家庭更愿意给孩子进行接种。家庭年均收入超过2万元者，不愿意为孩子接种疫苗可能性更高，与既往研究结果类似[10]，可能由于收入越高的家长对疫苗关注较多，更关注负面报道，对疫苗认知较片面，从而影响疫苗的接种。
综上所述，家长接种流感疫苗的主要因素是流感疫苗安全性与有效性问题。儿童家长接种态度比较积极，教师与医务人员的宣传对促进流感疫苗接种有积极影响，因此疾病预防控制部门应进一步联合医务人员与教师共同利用社交媒体等宣传平台，以简化生动的、易接受的、高效的宣传方式，积极开展多样性的流感和流感疫苗的科普宣传，提高家长对流感严重性与疫苗重要性的认知，以提高疫苗接种率，减少校园流感暴发风险。
基金
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  • 中美疾控中心合作项目(5U01IP001106-04-00)
文献
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2025年第46卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025047
  • 接收时间：2024-09-24
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-24
  • 修回日期：2024-11-26
基金
中美疾控中心合作项目(5U01IP001106-04-00)
作者信息
    1天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心卫生应急管理办公室，天津 300380
    2天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制科
    3天津市西青区疾病预防控制中心主任室
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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