Article(id=1325500712435724693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728230400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-07, revisedDate=1733068800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953596457, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953596457, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953596457, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953596457, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=177, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500713731764630, articleId=1325500712435724693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Impacts of sports games on prosocial behavior of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities attending regular classes, columnId=1325500683088167114, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Column on Physical and Mental Health of Children with Disabilities, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore impacts of sports games designed based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB) on prosocial behavior in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) attending regular classes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the development of prosocial behavior in school-age IDD children.

Methods

From February to March 2023, 40 children with intellectual disabilities aged 8-9 who were enrolled in ordinary schools in Beijing were recruited by using WeChat parents to send messages. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (19 before intervention, 17 after intervention) and a control group (19 before intervention, 19 after intervention) by lottery method. During the study period, children in both groups received the same frequency and quality of regular physical activities. The experimental group, in addition, underwent a 13-week sports game intervention based on the IMB model, 4 times a week, each session lasting 50 minutes. The sports game intervention scheme based on IMB model was divided into two modules, including basic training and development training: low-difficulty sports game intervention based on emotion recognition, and medium-low-difficulty and medium-difficulty sports game intervention based on social training such as "prosocial". The Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM) and the Prosocial Behavior Scale for Adolescents (PBSA) were used to assess empathy ability and prosocial behavior levels of children in both groups before and after the intervention.

Results

After intervention, the cognitive empathy dimension, emotional empathy dimension and total score of GEM in the experimental group (39.15±2.85, 38.54±1.94, 77.69±3.95) were higher than control group (32.18±4.18, 32.28±4.28, 64.56±6.48) and before intervention (33.92±4.94, 31.30±4.61, 65.23±8.47), and the differences were statistically significant (F=12.06, 6.99, 14.90; 8.95, 7.36, 13.22, P < 0.05). After intervention, compliance with public welfare factors, trait factors and total score (31.33±1.97, 16.67±1.03, 71.83±2.93) were higher than control group (22.65±1.58, 12.59±0.71, 59.47±2.18) and before intervention (22.00±1.27, 12.17±0.75, 58.00±1.67), and the differences were statistically significant (F=17.00, 36.54, 12.71; 29.87, 13.09, 13.12, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Sports game intervention based on IMB model can effectively promote the development of prosocial behavior of children with IDD attending regular classes.

, authors=Guanting DUAN1, Xiaoxia SHANG2, Huisheng HOU*, 1, Shicheng ZHENG1, Wenxia SHI3, authorsList=Guanting DUAN, Xiaoxia SHANG, Huisheng HOU, Shicheng ZHENG, Wenxia SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huisheng HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500717502443927, articleId=1325500712435724693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾儿童亲社会行为的影响, columnId=1325500683864113356, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=残疾儿童身心健康状况专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨以信息-动机-行为技巧模型(IMB)为框架设计的体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾(IDD)儿童亲社会行为的影响,为促进学龄IDD儿童的亲社会行为发展提供参考依据。

方法

2023年2—3月,在北京市运用微信家长群发送信息的方式招募40名就读于北京市普通学校的8~9岁的智力残疾儿童,采用抽签法分为试验组(干预前19名,干预后17名)和对照组(干预前19名,干预后19名)。研究期间,试验组与对照组儿童接受同频且同质的常规体育活动,试验组儿童在此基础上进行为期13周(每周4次,每次50 min)基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预。干预游戏分基础和发展训练两大模块进行:以情绪识别为主的低难度体育游戏、以“亲社会”等社会性训练为主的中低和中难度体育游戏干预。干预前后运用Griffith共情问卷(GEM)和青少年亲社会行为量表(PBSA)评估两组儿童的共情能力和亲社会行为水平。

结果

干预后,试验组GEM中的认知共情维度、情绪共情维度和共情总分(39.15±2.85,38.54±1.94,77.69±3.95)均高于对照组(32.18±4.18,32.28±4.28,64.56±6.48)和干预前(33.92±4.94,31.30±4.61,65.23±8.47),差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为12.06,6.99,14.90;8.95,7.36,13.22,P值均 < 0.05)。干预后,试验组亲社会行为中的遵守公益性因子、特质性因子和总分(31.33±1.97,16.67±1.03,71.83±2.93)均高于对照组(22.65±1.58,12.59±0.71,59.47±2.18)和干预前(22.00±1.27,12.17±0.75,58.00±1.67),差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为17.00,36.54,12.71;29.87,13.09,13.12,P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预能有效促进随班就读IDD儿童亲社会行为的发展。

, authors=段冠婷1, 尚晓霞2, 侯会生*, 1, 郑世成1, 时文霞3, authorsList=段冠婷, 尚晓霞, 侯会生, 郑世成, 时文霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯会生, authorNote=

段冠婷(1994-),女,山西省人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为特殊儿童的运动心理康复、运动心理学

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侯会生,E-mail:
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Comparison of empathy ability scores of children with intellectual disabilities before and after intervention(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干预前后组别人数认知共情情绪共情共情
干预前试验组1933.92±4.9431.30±4.6165.23±8.47
对照组1933.22±4.1732.00±4.6565.22±5.38
干预后试验组1739.15±2.8538.54±1.9477.69±3.95
对照组1932.18±4.1832.28±4.2864.56±6.48
F时间值13.41*5.25*14.24*
F组别值9.51*9.79*15.99*
F时间×组别值12.93*8.36*17.64*
), ArticleFig(id=1325500739275076038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500712435724693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干预前后智力残疾儿童共情能力评分比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干预前后组别人数认知共情情绪共情共情
干预前试验组1933.92±4.9431.30±4.6165.23±8.47
对照组1933.22±4.1732.00±4.6565.22±5.38
干预后试验组1739.15±2.8538.54±1.9477.69±3.95
对照组1932.18±4.1832.28±4.2864.56±6.48
F时间值13.41*5.25*14.24*
F组别值9.51*9.79*15.99*
F时间×组别值12.93*8.36*17.64*
), ArticleFig(id=1325500739673534919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500712435724693, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of prosocial behavior scores for children with intellectual disabilities before and after intervention(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干预前后组别人数利他性关系性遵守公益性特质性亲社会行为
干预前试验组1912.00±0.8911.83±1.1722.00±1.2712.17±0.7558.00±1.67
对照组1912.18±1.0211.82±1.1322.65±1.7712.22±0.8858.17±1.35
干预后试验组1713.00±0.8914.83±0.9831.33±1.9716.67±1.0371.83±2.93
对照组1912.35±1.0611.88±1.2222.65±1.5812.59±0.7159.47±2.18
F时间值5.27*2.83243.38*21.17*4.57*
F组别值0.341.1529.97*5.39*13.46*
F时间×组别值2.582.23243.38*30.89**6.45*
), ArticleFig(id=1325500740113936840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500712435724693, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

干预前后智力残疾儿童亲社会行为评分比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干预前后组别人数利他性关系性遵守公益性特质性亲社会行为
干预前试验组1912.00±0.8911.83±1.1722.00±1.2712.17±0.7558.00±1.67
对照组1912.18±1.0211.82±1.1322.65±1.7712.22±0.8858.17±1.35
干预后试验组1713.00±0.8914.83±0.9831.33±1.9716.67±1.0371.83±2.93
对照组1912.35±1.0611.88±1.2222.65±1.5812.59±0.7159.47±2.18
F时间值5.27*2.83243.38*21.17*4.57*
F组别值0.341.1529.97*5.39*13.46*
F时间×组别值2.582.23243.38*30.89**6.45*
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体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾儿童亲社会行为的影响
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段冠婷 1 , 尚晓霞 2 , 侯会生 *, 1 , 郑世成 1 , 时文霞 3
中国学校卫生 | 残疾儿童身心健康状况专栏 2025,46(2): 177-180
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中国学校卫生 |残疾儿童身心健康状况专栏 2025 , 46 (2) : 177 -180
体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾儿童亲社会行为的影响
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段冠婷(1994-),女,山西省人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为特殊儿童的运动心理康复、运动心理学

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段冠婷1, 尚晓霞2, 侯会生*, 1 , 郑世成1, 时文霞3
作者信息
  • 1中央民族大学体育学院,北京 100081
  • 2河北经贸大学体育教学部
  • 3北京师范大学体育与运动学院
通讯作者:
侯会生,E-mail:
作者简介:

段冠婷(1994-),女,山西省人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为特殊儿童的运动心理康复、运动心理学

Impacts of sports games on prosocial behavior of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities attending regular classes
Guanting DUAN1, Xiaoxia SHANG2, Huisheng HOU*, 1 , Shicheng ZHENG1, Wenxia SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physical Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing (100081), China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025055
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目的

探讨以信息-动机-行为技巧模型(IMB)为框架设计的体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾(IDD)儿童亲社会行为的影响,为促进学龄IDD儿童的亲社会行为发展提供参考依据。

方法

2023年2—3月,在北京市运用微信家长群发送信息的方式招募40名就读于北京市普通学校的8~9岁的智力残疾儿童,采用抽签法分为试验组(干预前19名,干预后17名)和对照组(干预前19名,干预后19名)。研究期间,试验组与对照组儿童接受同频且同质的常规体育活动,试验组儿童在此基础上进行为期13周(每周4次,每次50 min)基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预。干预游戏分基础和发展训练两大模块进行:以情绪识别为主的低难度体育游戏、以“亲社会”等社会性训练为主的中低和中难度体育游戏干预。干预前后运用Griffith共情问卷(GEM)和青少年亲社会行为量表(PBSA)评估两组儿童的共情能力和亲社会行为水平。

结果

干预后,试验组GEM中的认知共情维度、情绪共情维度和共情总分(39.15±2.85,38.54±1.94,77.69±3.95)均高于对照组(32.18±4.18,32.28±4.28,64.56±6.48)和干预前(33.92±4.94,31.30±4.61,65.23±8.47),差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为12.06,6.99,14.90;8.95,7.36,13.22,P值均 < 0.05)。干预后,试验组亲社会行为中的遵守公益性因子、特质性因子和总分(31.33±1.97,16.67±1.03,71.83±2.93)均高于对照组(22.65±1.58,12.59±0.71,59.47±2.18)和干预前(22.00±1.27,12.17±0.75,58.00±1.67),差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为17.00,36.54,12.71;29.87,13.09,13.12,P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预能有效促进随班就读IDD儿童亲社会行为的发展。

体育和训练  /  精神卫生  /  社会行为  /  干预性研究  /  残疾儿童
Objective

To explore impacts of sports games designed based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB) on prosocial behavior in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) attending regular classes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the development of prosocial behavior in school-age IDD children.

Methods

From February to March 2023, 40 children with intellectual disabilities aged 8-9 who were enrolled in ordinary schools in Beijing were recruited by using WeChat parents to send messages. They were randomly divided into an experimental group (19 before intervention, 17 after intervention) and a control group (19 before intervention, 19 after intervention) by lottery method. During the study period, children in both groups received the same frequency and quality of regular physical activities. The experimental group, in addition, underwent a 13-week sports game intervention based on the IMB model, 4 times a week, each session lasting 50 minutes. The sports game intervention scheme based on IMB model was divided into two modules, including basic training and development training: low-difficulty sports game intervention based on emotion recognition, and medium-low-difficulty and medium-difficulty sports game intervention based on social training such as "prosocial". The Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM) and the Prosocial Behavior Scale for Adolescents (PBSA) were used to assess empathy ability and prosocial behavior levels of children in both groups before and after the intervention.

Results

After intervention, the cognitive empathy dimension, emotional empathy dimension and total score of GEM in the experimental group (39.15±2.85, 38.54±1.94, 77.69±3.95) were higher than control group (32.18±4.18, 32.28±4.28, 64.56±6.48) and before intervention (33.92±4.94, 31.30±4.61, 65.23±8.47), and the differences were statistically significant (F=12.06, 6.99, 14.90; 8.95, 7.36, 13.22, P < 0.05). After intervention, compliance with public welfare factors, trait factors and total score (31.33±1.97, 16.67±1.03, 71.83±2.93) were higher than control group (22.65±1.58, 12.59±0.71, 59.47±2.18) and before intervention (22.00±1.27, 12.17±0.75, 58.00±1.67), and the differences were statistically significant (F=17.00, 36.54, 12.71; 29.87, 13.09, 13.12, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Sports game intervention based on IMB model can effectively promote the development of prosocial behavior of children with IDD attending regular classes.

Physical education and training  /  Mental health  /  Social behavior  /  Intervention studies  /  Disabled children
段冠婷, 尚晓霞, 侯会生, 郑世成, 时文霞. 体育游戏对随班就读智力残疾儿童亲社会行为的影响. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 177 -180 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025055
Guanting DUAN, Xiaoxia SHANG, Huisheng HOU, Shicheng ZHENG, Wenxia SHI. Impacts of sports games on prosocial behavior of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities attending regular classes[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 177 -180 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025055
智力残疾儿童(intellectual and developmental disabilities, IDD)与普通儿童相比,在社会交往和自我实现方面存在问题[1-3]。融合教育虽然为IDD儿童创造了平等学习环境[4-5],但在现实中仍存在对该群体的歧视和偏见[6]。亲社会行为与个体良好的适应能力相关[7],亲社会行为水平高的儿童更受欢迎且被同伴接纳[8]。此外,共情与亲社会行为呈正相关,个体共情可以正向预测亲社会行为[9]。因此,培养IDD的亲社会行为可以帮助IDD儿童更好地融入集体生活。有研究表明,体育运动与儿童亲社会行为呈正相关[10],并且体育运动可增强心理变量,帮助儿童积极融入社会[11-12]。培养儿童亲社会行为的主要手段有移情训练、榜样练习和游戏训练等[13],尽管方式不同,但均强调引导儿童学会体验和感悟,从他人的角度看待问题。体育游戏将运动和游戏相结合,具有趣味性和社交性,是让IDD儿童参与体育活动的最佳方式之一[14-15]。笔者以信息-动机-行为技巧(information-motivation-behavioral skills model, IMB)模型[16]为理论框架,对IDD儿童进行多角度、多方位评估,探究基于IMB模型的体育游戏对随班就读IDD儿童亲社会行为的影响,为促进学龄IDD儿童的亲社会行为发展提供理论依据。
于2023年2—3月,在北京市运用微信家长群发送信息的方式招募40名普通学校8~9岁随班就读的IDD儿童,筛选标准如下:(1)符合《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(第五版)[17]的轻度智力障碍标准,被试具备边缘及以上的智力水平;(2)年龄8~9岁;(3)所有参加报名的被试进行Peabody图片词汇测试(Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, PPVT)和Brockport体能测试(Brockport Physical Fitness Test, BPFT),确保言语理解和运动能力无障碍;(4)视力或矫正视力正常;(5)受试者自愿参加,并要求家长签订知情同意书。排除标准:(1)有运动障碍;(2)不配合干预;(3)监护人不同意。
剔除2名不符合纳入标准的儿童后,采用抽签法进行分组(各19名),研究中试验组2名儿童因个人愿意中途退出研究,全程参与干预的有效被试为36名(试验组17名,对照组19名),两组被试在年龄、PPVT、BPFT、共情能力和亲社会行为方面差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经中央民族大学生物与医学伦理审查委员会批准(批号:ECMUC2023013CO)和中国临床试验中心审批(ChiCTR2400085468)。
干预于2023年9—12月在儿童所在学校进行,共计13周。受试者入组后,由4名工作人员进行干预实施,其中包括1名主教人员,3名辅助人员。干预频率为每周4次,每次50 min。试验组与对照组儿童接受同频且同质的常规体育活动,试验组儿童并在此基础上每周一、二、四、五进行50 min的基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预(若遇节假日则顺延至下一周进行补课)。具体内容如下:(1)信息管理。招募完成后,收集儿童的基本资料,主动与儿童的班主任和家长进行沟通,深入了解儿童的日常心理状态、性格特征、运动水平和强化物等,以此为基础制定针对性的体育游戏干预方案。(2)动机管理。研究人员告知儿童家长、班主任干预方案的具体内容,定期分享儿童参与干预活动的照片和视频,鼓励儿童家长和班主任给予儿童更多的支持和关注,及时与研究人员沟通了解儿童的真实状态。(3)行为技巧。干预方案分成4步实施,包括a.热身部分,帮助儿童打开身心,做好开始活动的准备;b.主题引导,通过不同主题的社会故事使儿童身临其境,累积不同的情绪体验,引导儿童建立全新的认知概念,逐渐提升认知水平,培养移情能力;c.探究体验,为体育游戏干预的核心环节,将上一环节提出的情感认知和体验落实到具体的活动中,通过儿童自主探究与体验互动各种类型的体育游戏,不断强化儿童的积极行为;d.总结反思,引导儿童主动表达自己的感想与体验,以此为基础将学到的技能拓展和延伸到现实生活中。
基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预方案分为基础训练和发展训练两大模块:基础训练是以情绪识别为主的低难度体育游戏干预,发展训练是以“亲社会”等社会性训练为主的中低难度和中难度体育游戏干预。根据发展目标设立一个鲜明的主题,根据主题选择相应的社会故事,每次活动均由社会故事引出后续的体育游戏,而体育游戏的设计、动作的设置均围绕主题进行,按照一一对应的逻辑顺序设计干预方案,具备较高可操作性。
(1) Griffith共情问卷(Griffith Empathy Measure, GEM)。使用肖运华[18]修订的中文版格里菲斯共情测验(他评版),并根据研究目标和对象对部分题目做了调整。该问卷包含认知共情(11个项目)和情绪共情(10个项目)2个基本维度,共21个项目,Likert 9点记分对回答的结果进行标记(“非常不同意=-4”至“非常同意=4”),得分越高代表共情水平越高,该问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.80,具有良好的信、效度。(2)青少年亲社会行为量表(Prosocial Behavior Scale for Adolescent, PBSA)[19]。该量表适用于8岁以上的中国儿童青少年, 由于研究对象为智力残疾儿童,本研究针对问卷的内容做了适当修改,测评方式及计分方式与原问卷保持一致。该量表共15道题目,亲社会行为划分为利他性(4道)、关系性(3道)、遵守公益性(5道)、特质性(3道)4个维度[19],采用7级记分对回答的结果进行标记(“完全不符合=1”至“完全符合=7”),得分越高亲社会水平越好,该量表的Cronbach α系数为0.87,具有良好的信、效度。
所有家长及儿童(由家长代签)均签署保密承诺,干预时试验组儿童均在同一教室进行干预活动,课后学生不进行相关内容的练习,干预活动完成后教师再次提醒所有家长及学生不得在后测开展前讨论或复习相关内容。
20.0软件进行统计学分析。经过正态性Shapiro-Wilk检验,GEM及PBSA各项指标得分均服从正态分布,计量资料用(x±s)表示。采用单因素方差分析比较所有指标基线时的组间差异。基线同质时,采用重复测量方差分析两组时间和组别的主效应,采用双因素重复测量方差分析,探讨组别和时间2个因素的交互作用。当交互作用有统计学意义时,采用简单效应进一步进行分析,检验水准α=0.05。
结果发现,认知共情、情绪共情,及整体共情能力在时间主效应上差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);在组别主效应上及时间×组别的交互效应上差异也均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05),表明基于IMB模型的体育游戏活动干预前后试验组与对照组的共情能力水平差异有统计学意义。见表1。
进一步对IDD儿童共情能力的时间×组别的交互作用进行简单效应分析,结果发现,试验组在干预前、后的认知共情、情绪共情以及共情总分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为8.95,7.36,13.22,P值均 < 0.05);对照组在干预前、后的认知共情、情绪共情以及共情总分上差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。干预前试验组与对照组之间的共情能力及子项得分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);干预后,试验组与对照组的共情能力,包括认知共情、情绪共情以及共情总分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为12.06,6.99,14.90,P值均 < 0.05)。
结果发现,关系性在时间主效应上无统计学意义(P>0.05),而利他性、遵守公益性、特质性、亲社会行为总分在时间主效应上均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);遵守公益性、特质性以及亲社会行为总分在组别主效应上均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);遵守公益性和特质性以及亲社会行为总分在时间×组别的交互效应上差异也均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表2。
进一步对IDD儿童亲社会行为的时间×组别的交互作用进行简单效应分析,结果发现,试验组在干预前、后的遵守公益性、特质性以及亲社会行为总分上差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为29.87,13.09,13.12,P值均 < 0.05);对照组在干预前、后的遵守公益性、特质性以及亲社会行为总分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。干预前试验组与对照组之间的亲社会行为,包括遵守公益性、特质性以及亲社会行为总分差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);干预后,试验组与对照组之间的亲社会行为,包括遵守公益性、特质性以及亲社会行为差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为17.00,36.54,12.71,P值均 < 0.05)。
由干预前后两组被试GEM得分变化可知,基于IMB模型的体育游戏可以促进IDD儿童共情能力的提高,其中儿童认知共情比情绪共情的促进效果明显。从神经生物学角度分析,共情个体能够无意识地模仿他人的姿势、举止和面部表情[20]。当个体模仿或观察面部表情时,大脑会激活类似的网络区域,个体在观察面部情绪的兴奋度低于模仿面部情绪行为[20]。共情会帮助个体与他人联系起来,因此,个体往往对长相或行为与他们相似的人,亦或是对那些遭受过类似痛苦的人,或对那些有共同目标的人能激发共情反应[21]。基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预中的认知训练并不能改变先天认知缺陷的IDD儿童已经存在的缺陷事实,只是期望通过研究,引导和强化儿童在面临某类情境下如何关注自我以及他人感受,如何正确回应他人,让儿童在未来面临相似情景时可以快速做出合适的反应。儿童的共情能力与亲社会行为密切相关,共情能力正向预测儿童的亲社会行为[22]。基于IMB模型的体育游戏对IDD儿童共情能力的促进效果,也可侧面验证干预方案对IDD儿童亲社会行为具有促进作用。
由干预前后两组被试PBSA得分变化可知,基于IMB模型的体育游戏可以促进IDD儿童亲社会行为的发展,其中对亲社会行为的“遵守公益性”和“特质性”促进效果明显,而对“关系性”“利他性”的促进效果不明显。从体育游戏本身来说,体育游戏可以激发儿童的自主动机,从而提升儿童的同伴交往能力,以增加积极的社会行为[23]。从心理学角度解释,动作行为的产生是一系列心理活动的外在表现[24]。在进行干预活动时,会分3步积极引导儿童的内在心理活动:(1)诱发事件,选择鲜明主题的社会故事刺激儿童产生某些自我行为;(2)信念,儿童遇到诱发事件后相应产生的信念,包括道德、观点、个人准则和思想,情景讨论引导儿童产生积极的观点和思想;(3)结果,特定情形下个体的情绪及行为的结果,以社会故事为主线而进行体育游戏活动,不断刺激和强化儿童的积极行为。当然,基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预也不能全面促进IDD的亲社会行为,其中“利他性”发展效果并不明显。有研究指出,儿童青少年的利他性亲社会行为存在缓慢上升的发展趋势[25],提示儿童利他行为的促进是需要长期渐进的过程,仅13周的干预不能有明显的改善,但对于“遵守公益性”和“特质性”2个维度的促进效果明显。
综上所述,基于IMB模型的体育游戏干预对IDD儿童亲社会行为的促进效果从两个方面进行验证,首先是试验组儿童GEM得分提高,由于儿童的共情能力能正向预测亲社会行为,可以间接反映出IMB模型的体育游戏干预对IDD儿童亲社会行为的促进效果;其次,PBSA得分结果表明,IMB模型的体育游戏干预对IDD儿童亲社会行为有显著促进效果。

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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025055
  • 接收时间:2024-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-07
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    1中央民族大学体育学院,北京 100081
    2河北经贸大学体育教学部
    3北京师范大学体育与运动学院

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