Article(id=1259565862772663233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=1764777600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778233503287, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778233503287, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778233503287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233503287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259565853893378510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='319', pageEnd='416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778233501170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233964926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259567799123493033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259567799123493034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=413, endPage=416, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259565867638055896, articleId=1259565862772663233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Isotemporal substitution analysis of 24-hour activity behaviors on fine motor development among preschool children, columnId=1259565862181286284, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Growth, Development and Surveillance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the relationship between 24-hour activity behaviors and fine motor development in preschool children, and to simulate the effects of reallocating time among different activity behaviors on fine motor development using isotemporal substitution analysis.

Methods

From March to July 2022, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 447 preschool children aged 3-6 years (254 boys and 193 girls) from Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province. The 24-hour activity behaviors in preschool children were measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers and subjective sleep reports. Fine motor development was assessed using the Gesell Developmental Schedules. A component linear regression model was employed to analyze the impact of 24-hour activity behaviors on the development of fine motor activities, and the potential effects of adjusting activity behaviors were simulated through an isochoric substitution model.

Results

The daily durations of sedentary behavior (SB) was (572.92±102.96) min (accounting for 39.79% of 24 h), the duration of light physical activity (LPA) was (131.21±38.11) min (9.11%), the duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was (65.61±22.21) min (4.56%), and sleep duration was (670.65±57.58) min (46.82%). Sleep composition was positively associated with fine motor development (β=2.74), while MVPA (β=-0.84) and SB (β=-1.93) compositions were negatively associated with fine motor development (all P < 0.01). Isochoric substitution analysis showed that sleep had positive effects on the development of fine motor skills when replacing other activity behaviors (all P < 0.05), with the substitution effect for MVPA being the most significant and gradually increasing with the duration of substitution (60 min: β=28.66); sleep replacement of SB and LPA also showed positive effects (60 min: β=4.25, 2.00) (all P < 0.05). On the contrary, the substitution of sleep with MVPA showed negative effects (60 min: β=-7.86), and the substitution of LPA and SB with MVPA also showed negative effects (60 min: β=-5.65, -3.40) (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The overall composition of 24-hour activity behaviors is associated with fine motor development in preschool children, with sleep playing a crucial role. Ensuring adequate sleep and optimizing the structure of activity behaviors may effectively promote the development of fine motor skills in preschool children.

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目的

探究学龄前儿童24 h活动行为与精细运动发展的关系,并运用等时替代分析模拟不同活动行为重新分配对其精细运动发展的影响。

方法

于2022年3—7月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在江西省萍乡市抽取447名3~6岁学龄前儿童(男童254名,女童193名),通过ActiGraph wGT3-BT加速度计和主观睡眠报告测量儿童24 h活动行为,采用格赛尔发展量表评估其精细运动发展水平,采用成分线性回归模型分析24 h活动行为对精细运动发展的影响,并通过等时替代模型模拟活动行为调整的潜在效应。

结果

学龄前儿童24 h久坐行为(SB)时间为(572.92±102.96)min(占24 h的39.79%),低强度体力活动(LPA)时间为(131.21±38.11)min(占9.11%),中高强度体力活动(MVPA)时间为(65.61±22.21)min(占4.56%),睡眠时间为(670.65±57.58)min(占46.82%)。睡眠时间占比与精细运动发展呈正相关(β=2.74),MVPA(β=-0.84)和SB(β=-1.93)时间占比与精细运动发展呈负相关(P值均 < 0.01)。等时替代分析显示,睡眠替代其他活动行为时,对精细运动发展均呈正向效应(P值均 < 0.05),其中替代MVPA的效应最为明显,且随替代时长增加而逐步增强(60 min:β=28.66);睡眠替代SB和LPA亦呈正向效应(60 min:β值分别为4.25, 2.00)(P值均 < 0.05)。相反,MVPA替代睡眠呈负向效应(60 min:β=-7.86),MVPA替代LPA和SB亦呈负向效应(60 min:β值分别为-5.65,-3.40)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

24 h活动行为整体与学龄前儿童精细运动发展相关,睡眠在其中发挥关键作用。需保障学龄前儿童充足睡眠和优化活动行为结构,以有效促进精细运动技能的发展。

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付近梅,E-mail:
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温蕾(1999-),女,江西吉安人,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为运动与健康促进

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Trend of effects on fine motor development under isotemporal substitutions of different durations in preschool children(β, n=447)

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时长/minSP↑SB↑LPA↑MVPA↑
LPA↓MVPA↓SB↓LPA↓MVPA↓SB↓MVPA↓SB↓SP↓LPA↓SB↓SP↓
50.18**0.87**0.35**-0.17**0.51**-0.35**0.69**0.17**-0.18**-0.64**-0.46**-0.82**
100.36**1.79**0.71**-0.35**1.09**-0.71**1.43**0.35**-0.36**-1.23**-0.88**-1.59**
150.53**2.79**1.06**-0.52**1.74**-1.06**2.26**0.52**-0.55**-1.78**-1.25**-2.32**
200.70**3.88**1.42**-0.69**2.49**-1.42**3.17**0.70**-0.74**-2.30**-1.59**-3.03**
250.88**5.08**1.77**-0.86**3.35**-1.77**4.19**0.88**-0.93**-2.79**-1.90**-3.70**
301.04**6.42**2.12**-1.03**4.35**-2.12**5.36**1.06**-1.12**-3.26**-2.18**-4.35**
351.21**7.96**2.48**-1.20**5.55**-2.48**6.72**1.24**-1.31**-3.70**-2.43**-4.98**
401.37**9.77**2.83**-1.37**7.03**-2.83**8.36**1.42**-1.50**-4.12**-2.66**-5.59**
451.54**11.99**3.19**-1.54**8.92**-3.19**10.41**1.60**-1.70**-4.53**-2.88**-6.18**
501.69**14.92**3.54**-1.71**11.51**-3.55**13.16**1.79**-1.90**-4.92**-3.07**-6.75**
551.85**19.28**3.90**-1.88*15.55**-3.90**17.35**1.97**-2.10**-5.29**-3.24**-7.31**
602.00*28.66**4.25**-2.05*24.60**-4.26**26.56**2.16**-2.30**-5.65**-3.40**-7.86**
), ArticleFig(id=1259565898373914845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565862772663233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时长等时替代活动行为对学龄前儿童精细运动发展评分变化值的影响(β值,n=447)

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时长/minSP↑SB↑LPA↑MVPA↑
LPA↓MVPA↓SB↓LPA↓MVPA↓SB↓MVPA↓SB↓SP↓LPA↓SB↓SP↓
50.18**0.87**0.35**-0.17**0.51**-0.35**0.69**0.17**-0.18**-0.64**-0.46**-0.82**
100.36**1.79**0.71**-0.35**1.09**-0.71**1.43**0.35**-0.36**-1.23**-0.88**-1.59**
150.53**2.79**1.06**-0.52**1.74**-1.06**2.26**0.52**-0.55**-1.78**-1.25**-2.32**
200.70**3.88**1.42**-0.69**2.49**-1.42**3.17**0.70**-0.74**-2.30**-1.59**-3.03**
250.88**5.08**1.77**-0.86**3.35**-1.77**4.19**0.88**-0.93**-2.79**-1.90**-3.70**
301.04**6.42**2.12**-1.03**4.35**-2.12**5.36**1.06**-1.12**-3.26**-2.18**-4.35**
351.21**7.96**2.48**-1.20**5.55**-2.48**6.72**1.24**-1.31**-3.70**-2.43**-4.98**
401.37**9.77**2.83**-1.37**7.03**-2.83**8.36**1.42**-1.50**-4.12**-2.66**-5.59**
451.54**11.99**3.19**-1.54**8.92**-3.19**10.41**1.60**-1.70**-4.53**-2.88**-6.18**
501.69**14.92**3.54**-1.71**11.51**-3.55**13.16**1.79**-1.90**-4.92**-3.07**-6.75**
551.85**19.28**3.90**-1.88*15.55**-3.90**17.35**1.97**-2.10**-5.29**-3.24**-7.31**
602.00*28.66**4.25**-2.05*24.60**-4.26**26.56**2.16**-2.30**-5.65**-3.40**-7.86**
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学龄前儿童24小时活动行为对精细运动发展的等时替代分析
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张础安 1 , 温蕾 2 , 付近梅 3 , 张芷毓 4 , 张姝娜 1 , 温兴辉 5 , 赵广高 6
中国学校卫生 | 生长发育与健康监测 2026,47(3): 413-416
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中国学校卫生 | 生长发育与健康监测 2026, 47(3): 413-416
学龄前儿童24小时活动行为对精细运动发展的等时替代分析
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张础安1, 温蕾2, 付近梅3 , 张芷毓4, 张姝娜1, 温兴辉5, 赵广高6
作者信息
  • 1广西师范大学体育与健康学院,桂林 541006
  • 2南昌理工学院医学院
  • 3江西省体育科学医疗中心
  • 4岳阳学院经济与管理学院
  • 5中央民族大学舞蹈学院
  • 6南昌大学体育与健康学院
  • 张础安(1999-),男,湖南郴州人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为学龄前儿童身体活动与体质健康促进

    温蕾(1999-),女,江西吉安人,硕士,助教,主要研究方向为运动与健康促进

通讯作者:

付近梅,E-mail:
Isotemporal substitution analysis of 24-hour activity behaviors on fine motor development among preschool children
Chu'an ZHANG1, Lei WEN2, Jinmei FU3 , Zhiyu ZHANG4, Shuna ZHANG1, Xinghui WEN5, Guanggao ZHAO6
Affiliations
  • College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026096
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目的

探究学龄前儿童24 h活动行为与精细运动发展的关系,并运用等时替代分析模拟不同活动行为重新分配对其精细运动发展的影响。

方法

于2022年3—7月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在江西省萍乡市抽取447名3~6岁学龄前儿童(男童254名,女童193名),通过ActiGraph wGT3-BT加速度计和主观睡眠报告测量儿童24 h活动行为,采用格赛尔发展量表评估其精细运动发展水平,采用成分线性回归模型分析24 h活动行为对精细运动发展的影响,并通过等时替代模型模拟活动行为调整的潜在效应。

结果

学龄前儿童24 h久坐行为(SB)时间为(572.92±102.96)min(占24 h的39.79%),低强度体力活动(LPA)时间为(131.21±38.11)min(占9.11%),中高强度体力活动(MVPA)时间为(65.61±22.21)min(占4.56%),睡眠时间为(670.65±57.58)min(占46.82%)。睡眠时间占比与精细运动发展呈正相关(β=2.74),MVPA(β=-0.84)和SB(β=-1.93)时间占比与精细运动发展呈负相关(P值均 < 0.01)。等时替代分析显示,睡眠替代其他活动行为时,对精细运动发展均呈正向效应(P值均 < 0.05),其中替代MVPA的效应最为明显,且随替代时长增加而逐步增强(60 min:β=28.66);睡眠替代SB和LPA亦呈正向效应(60 min:β值分别为4.25, 2.00)(P值均 < 0.05)。相反,MVPA替代睡眠呈负向效应(60 min:β=-7.86),MVPA替代LPA和SB亦呈负向效应(60 min:β值分别为-5.65,-3.40)(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

24 h活动行为整体与学龄前儿童精细运动发展相关,睡眠在其中发挥关键作用。需保障学龄前儿童充足睡眠和优化活动行为结构,以有效促进精细运动技能的发展。

运动活动  /  生长和发育  /  等时替代  /  儿童,学龄前
Objective

To investigate the relationship between 24-hour activity behaviors and fine motor development in preschool children, and to simulate the effects of reallocating time among different activity behaviors on fine motor development using isotemporal substitution analysis.

Methods

From March to July 2022, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 447 preschool children aged 3-6 years (254 boys and 193 girls) from Pingxiang City, Jiangxi Province. The 24-hour activity behaviors in preschool children were measured using ActiGraph wGT3-BT accelerometers and subjective sleep reports. Fine motor development was assessed using the Gesell Developmental Schedules. A component linear regression model was employed to analyze the impact of 24-hour activity behaviors on the development of fine motor activities, and the potential effects of adjusting activity behaviors were simulated through an isochoric substitution model.

Results

The daily durations of sedentary behavior (SB) was (572.92±102.96) min (accounting for 39.79% of 24 h), the duration of light physical activity (LPA) was (131.21±38.11) min (9.11%), the duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was (65.61±22.21) min (4.56%), and sleep duration was (670.65±57.58) min (46.82%). Sleep composition was positively associated with fine motor development (β=2.74), while MVPA (β=-0.84) and SB (β=-1.93) compositions were negatively associated with fine motor development (all P < 0.01). Isochoric substitution analysis showed that sleep had positive effects on the development of fine motor skills when replacing other activity behaviors (all P < 0.05), with the substitution effect for MVPA being the most significant and gradually increasing with the duration of substitution (60 min: β=28.66); sleep replacement of SB and LPA also showed positive effects (60 min: β=4.25, 2.00) (all P < 0.05). On the contrary, the substitution of sleep with MVPA showed negative effects (60 min: β=-7.86), and the substitution of LPA and SB with MVPA also showed negative effects (60 min: β=-5.65, -3.40) (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The overall composition of 24-hour activity behaviors is associated with fine motor development in preschool children, with sleep playing a crucial role. Ensuring adequate sleep and optimizing the structure of activity behaviors may effectively promote the development of fine motor skills in preschool children.

Motor activity  /  Growth and development  /  Isotemporal substitution  /  Child, preschool
张础安, 温蕾, 付近梅, 张芷毓, 张姝娜, 温兴辉, 赵广高. 学龄前儿童24小时活动行为对精细运动发展的等时替代分析. 中国学校卫生, 2026 , 47 (3) : 413 -416 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026096
Chu'an ZHANG, Lei WEN, Jinmei FU, Zhiyu ZHANG, Shuna ZHANG, Xinghui WEN, Guanggao ZHAO. Isotemporal substitution analysis of 24-hour activity behaviors on fine motor development among preschool children[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2026 , 47 (3) : 413 -416 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026096
学龄前期是精细运动技能发展的关键窗口期,手眼协调、双手配合和精细动作控制能力的发展直接影响儿童的认知学习、生活自理和社会适应水平[1]。随着城镇化进程加快和电子设备普及,学龄前儿童的精细运动技能发展呈现下降趋势,约30%存在运动发育迟缓问题[2-4]。世界卫生组织发布的《24小时行为指南》强调,身体活动、久坐行为与睡眠作为24 h活动行为的核心组成部分,应被视为相互关联的整体系统[5]。现有研究表明,学龄前儿童普遍存在中高强度体力活动(moderate-to-vigorous physical activity,MVPA)时间不足、久坐行为时间过长等问题[6-7]。考虑到24 h总量恒定的约束特性,如何在有限时间内合理配置各类活动行为以促进精细运动发展,已成为学龄前儿童健康促进领域的重要议题[8-10]
成分数据分析(compositional data analysis,CoDA)方法通过对数比值转换有效解决了传统研究中总量恒定导致的统计学难题[11],等时替代模型(isotemporal substitution model,ISM)进一步允许研究者模拟用一种活动替代另一种活动所产生的健康效应[12]。因此,本研究采用CoDA方法,探讨学龄前儿童24 h活动行为与精细运动发展的关联性,并通过等时替代分析模拟活动行为调整的潜在效应,以期为制定科学的儿童精细运动发展促进方案提供实证依据。
采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2022年3—7月在江西省萍乡市按照城市、城郊、农村进行分层,每层采用抽签法选择2所幼儿园,共计6所幼儿园参与研究,再采用随机数字表法选取参与研究的儿童。纳入标准:(1)年龄3~6岁的在园儿童;(2)身体健康,无严重疾病或运动功能障碍;(3)能够独立完成基本运动测试;(4)监护人签署知情同意书。排除标准:(1)患有影响运动能力的先天性疾病;(2)近期有运动创伤史;(3)精神发育迟缓或严重行为问题;(4)加速度计配戴时间不足或数据缺失。最终纳入分析的有效样本为447份,其中男童254名,女童193名。研究方案经南昌大学第二附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:研临审[2020]第125号)。
使用三轴加速度计(ActiGraph wGT3X-BT, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA)测量学龄前儿童体力活动时长,设备固定在右髂嵴上。连续7 d配戴加速度计,包括5个学习日和2个休息日,不包括洗澡和游泳等水上活动。采用Actilife(6.13.3)软件进行数据导出与分析。身体活动强度分类基于Pate切点(2006)[13],有效数据标准:每天配戴时间≥480 min,至少4 d(3个学习日+1个休息日)。睡眠时间采用儿童睡眠习惯问卷(Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire,CSHQ)[14],由家长填写获得。问卷包含33个条目,评估儿童过去1周的睡眠习惯。中文版CSHQ在中国学龄前儿童中具有良好的信效度,本研究中该问卷Cronbach α系数为0.72。家长报告儿童的就寝时间、起床时间及夜间觉醒情况,据此计算每日总睡眠时间。
人体测量使用国家体质监测官方设备“健民”品牌,遵循《国家体质测量标准手册》(学龄前儿童版)[15],收集儿童身高和体重信息,数据精确到小数点后1位,并根据身高体重计算体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。精细运动发展评估采用格赛尔发展量表中的精细运动分量表,由测评师在安静、光线充足的独立房间内进行测试[16]。量表包含39个标准化测试项目,涵盖绘画与图形复制、工具操作、认知与精细动作结合、感知觉精细动作、语言与精细动作协调、复杂精细动作、日常生活精细动作、平衡与协调等领域。每个项目根据儿童完成情况计分(0=未通过,1=部分通过,2=完全通过),原始总分参照格赛尔发展量表常模转换为精细运动发展商(fine motor development quotient,FMDQ),得分范围0~100分,分值越高表示精细运动发展水平越好。测试由2名评估员同时观察记录,取平均值作为最终得分。
研究团队由1名副研究员、2名博士和3名硕士组成,所有成员在项目实施前接受为期3 d的标准化培训,培训内容包括加速度计配戴指导、问卷调查方法、精细运动测评流程等。测评人员间一致性检验显示,加速度计配戴位置判定的组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coefficient,ICC)=0.94,问卷调查记录录入的ICC=0.92,均达到优秀水平。数据采集过程中,每天由专人检查加速度计配戴时长,确保有效数据满足标准。数据录入采用双人独立录入并核对,保证数据准确性。
统计分析均采用R语言4.3.0完成。计量资料采用(x±s)表示。正态性检验采用Shapiro-Wilk检验,结果显示FMDQ、年龄、BMI等符合正态分布,故采用参数检验方法。24 h活动行为数据采用成CoDA方法。首先对零值采用贝叶斯方法进行多重插补,然后进行等距对数比值(isometric log-ratio, ilr)转换。变异矩阵分析采用对数比方差方法,对数比方差越小,表明两种行为容易替换;反之则表明两种行为相对独立。成分线性回归模型以FMDQ为因变量,ilr转换后的24 h活动行为成分[MVPA、低强度体力活动(light physical activity, LPA)、久坐行为(sedentary behavior, SB)、睡眠(sleep, SP)]为自变量,控制年龄、性别、BMI等协变量。等时替代分析采用ISM框架,模拟MVPA、LPA、SB与睡眠之间时间重新分配对精细运动发展的影响。所有CoDA均采用R语言compositions包和robCompositions包,等时间替代分析采用epicoda包完成,以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
学龄前儿童SB时间[(572.92±102.96)min]占24 h的39.79%,SP时间[(670.65±57.58)min]占46.82%,MVPA时间[(65.61±22.21)min]占4.56%,LPA时间[(131.21±38.11)min]占9.11%;FMDQ平均值为(85.45±11.11)分。
对数比方差分析显示,SP与SB、LPA、MVPA的方差相对较大(分别为0.080,0.053,0.116),说明SP在时间分配上具有相对独立性。控制性别、年龄、BMI后,成分线性回归分析结果显示,儿童SP时间占比与精细运动发展呈正相关(β=2.74,95%CI=2.13~3.35),MVPA(β=-0.84,95%CI=-1.13~-0.54)和SB(β=-1.93,95%CI=-2.50~-1.36)时间占比与精细运动发展均呈负相关(P值均 < 0.01),而LPA时间占比与精细运动发展关联无统计学意义(β=0.03,95%CI=-0.17~0.23,P=0.76)。
等时替代分析显示,不同活动行为重新分配对学龄前儿童精细运动发展评分变化值的影响存在差异。总体来看,SP替代其他活动行为时,对精细运动发展均呈正向效应,且效应值随替代时长增加而持续增大(P值均 < 0.05);其中SP替代MVPA的效应最为明显(60 min:β=28.66)。相反,当MVPA时间增加并替代其他活动行为时,对精细运动发展均呈负向效应(P值均 < 0.05);其中,MVPA替代SP的负向效应最明显(60 min:β=-7.86)。LPA替代MVPA或SB时、对精细运动发展呈正向效应,LPA替代SP时呈负向效应;SB替代MVPA时呈正向效应,SB替代SP或LPA时呈负向效应(P值均 < 0.05)。见表 1
研究发现,24 h活动行为与学龄前儿童精细运动发展密切相关,SP发挥重要作用,MVPA和SB行为则产生负面影响。从活动行为分布特征来看,学龄前儿童SB行为时间占比较高(39.79%),这一现象与城镇化进程加快和电子设备普及导致的生活方式改变密切相关。
成分线性回归模型显示,MVPA时间占比与精细运动发展呈负相关。精细运动技能主要依赖大脑皮层的精确控制,需要高度专注和低唤醒状态,而MVPA激活粗大运动模式,产生高唤醒状态,可能干扰精细动作控制[17]。在24 h时间恒定约束下,MVPA时间占比增加会压缩结构化精细运动练习时间。考虑到3~6岁是精细运动技能发展的敏感期,在体育活动安排中需要统筹考虑各类运动技能发展的平衡性[18-19]。SB时间占比与精细运动发展呈负相关。从生理层面看,SB导致手部和前臂肌群张力下降,血液循环减缓影响手部神经末梢的敏感性,同时SB姿势常伴随的头颈前倾会制约上肢灵活性[18];从行为层面看,当前儿童SB时间主要集中在电子屏幕使用等被动性活动,缺乏抓握、捏取、操控等多样化手部动作练习,形成了生理功能下降与练习机会减少的双重负面循环。Kwofie等[20]的研究表明,总体SB行为与精细运动技能发展呈负相关,过多的SB时间可能限制儿童进行必要的感知运动体验。SP时间占比与精细运动发展呈正相关。在学龄前期,儿童的神经系统快速发育,SP为大脑提供了进行记忆整合和神经网络重塑的关键时间窗口;深度SP阶段大脑皮层的神经连接得到强化,有助于精细动作模式的形成和优化[21]。此外,充足的SP还能保证儿童在清醒状态下具备良好的注意力和认知状态,这对需要高度专注的精细动作练习至关重要[20]。轻度身体活动时间占比与精细运动发展无显著关联,可能与轻度身体活动的异质性特征有关。
等时替代分析结果表明,SP等时替代其他活动行为均产生积极效益,其中替代MVPA的效果最为显著,替代SB次之。提示在促进学龄前儿童精细运动发展的过程中,确保充足的SP时间比单纯调整其他活动更为重要。在CoDA框架下,替代效应的大小不仅取决于活动类型的差异,还与被替代活动的基线水平密切相关。
时长变化趋势分析揭示了等时替代效应的动态特征,SP替代MVPA的积极效应随替代时长增加而持续增强,从5 min的小幅改善逐步增至60 min的显著效应,印证了充足SP的核心作用。SP替代SB表现出稳定的正向效应,且随时长增加呈现线性递增模式。提示在24 h活动行为配置中,适当增加SP时间、相应减少SB或MVPA时间,可能对精细运动发展产生积极影响[20]。然而需要强调的是,24 h活动行为配置需要遵循平衡原则,过度压缩某一活动时间可能影响儿童其他领域的发展,如MVPA对粗大运动技能和心肺功能发展同样具有重要价值[22-23]。因此,在实践指导中应综合考虑儿童的整体发展需求。
本研究存在一定局限性:横断面研究设计限制了因果关系的推断,未来需要开展纵向追踪研究,SP数据依赖父母主观报告,可能存在回忆偏差和社会期望偏差;加速度计无法有效区分不同类型的久坐行为,如构建性静态活动(拼图、手工)与被动性静态活动(看电视、电子游戏)对精细运动发展可能产生不同影响;研究样本来自特定地区,在文化背景、教育环境和社会经济条件方面可能存在地域特异性,结果的普适性有待更大规模、多中心研究的验证;同时,研究仅控制了基本人口学变量,家庭社会经济地位、父母教育水平等潜在混杂因素未能充分控制。
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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026096
  • 接收时间:2025-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-05-08
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-07
  • 修回日期:2025-12-04
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    1广西师范大学体育与健康学院,桂林 541006
    2南昌理工学院医学院
    3江西省体育科学医疗中心
    4岳阳学院经济与管理学院
    5中央民族大学舞蹈学院
    6南昌大学体育与健康学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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