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Article(id=1259565860042228183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758470400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-22, revisedDate=1766937600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778233502636, onlineDateStr=2026-05-08, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778233502636, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778233502636, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233502636, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259565853893378510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='319', pageEnd='416', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778233501170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778233964926, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259567799123493033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259567799123493034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1259565853893378510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=374, endPage=378, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259565862210683356, articleId=1259565860042228183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Current status of preschool children neglect and the correlation with family characteristics of rural areas in Xi'an, columnId=1259565855189418448, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Mental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the current status of neglect among rural preschool children in Xi'an under the multi-child policy and the association with family characteristics, so as to provide a reference for preventing and reducing the occurrence of child neglect.

Methods

A total of 7 052 parents of preschool children were selected using stratified cluster sampling across 9 suburban counties/districts in Xi'an from March to April 2025.A questionnaire survey was administered using the Chinese Norm Scale for Neglect Assessment of Rural (Preschool) Children Aged 3-6.The t-test, Chi-quare test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for inter-group comparisons.

Results

The overall prevalence rate and mean score of neglect among rural preschool-aged children in Xi'an were 32.4% and 38.27±6.70, respectively.Statistically significant differences were detected in neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children of different genders and grade levels (χ2=30.41, 15.15, t/F=4.92, 7.03, all P < 0.05).Statistically significant differences were also detected in neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children from whether only one-child, different family structures, numbers of children in a family and families with different annual incomes (χ2=29.22, 10.41, 31.99, 186.47, t/F=-9.96, 5.50, 33.57, 68.63, all P < 0.05).In multi-child families, there was a statistically significant difference in neglect degree among children with different birth orders (F=4.25, P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in neglect rate (χ2=5.73, P>0.05).Among all subgroups, the highest neglect rates and neglect degrees were observed in children from multi-child families (35.0%, 39.00±6.71), other family types (50.0%, 42.38±12.34) and families with three children (39.9%, 39.50±7.43).Lower annual family income was associated with higher neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children (χtrend2=186.47, F=270.68, both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Under the multiple-child policy, the neglect of preschool children in rural areas of Xi'an is quite severe, particularly in families with multiple children and low-income households.Targeted interventions should be implemented for high-risk groups.

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目的

了解多孩政策背景下西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视及其与家庭特征的关联, 为预防和减少儿童忽视的发生提供参考。

方法

2025年3-4月, 根据分层整群随机抽样方法抽取西安市9个远郊区县7 052名学龄前儿童家长, 采用中国农村3~6岁(学龄前)儿童忽视评价常模量表进行问卷调查, 组间比较采用t检验、χ2检验与方差分析。

结果

西安市农村学龄前儿童总忽视率和忽视度分别为32.4%和38.27±6.70。不同性别和年级组的学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为30.41, 15.15;t/F值分别为4.92, 7.03);是否独生子女、不同家庭类型、家庭中孩子数量、家庭年收入的学龄前儿童忽视率与忽视度差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为29.22, 10.41, 31.99, 186.47;t/F值分别为-9.96, 5.50, 33.57, 68.63)(P值均 < 0.05)。多孩家庭中, 孩子排行不同, 其忽视度差异有统计学意义(F=4.25, P < 0.05), 但忽视率差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.73, P>0.05);各类分组中, 分别以多孩家庭(35.0%, 39.00±6.71)、其他家庭(50.0%, 42.38±12.34)、家中有3个孩子(39.9%, 39.50±7.43)的学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度最高; 家庭年收入越低, 学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度越高(χ趋势2=186.47, F=270.68, P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

多孩政策背景下, 西安市农村地区学龄前儿童遭受忽视的情况较为严峻, 特别是多孩家庭与低收入家庭。应针对高风险群体实施具有针对性的干预措施。

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潘建平，E-mail:
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杨武悦(1986-)，女，陕西宝鸡人，大学本科，主治医师，主要从事妇幼保健工作

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杨武悦(1986-)，女，陕西宝鸡人，大学本科，主治医师，主要从事妇幼保健工作

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259565866497262060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565866509844973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, companyId=1259565866497262060, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Primary Healthcare, Xi'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565866535010798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, companyId=1259565866497262060, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安市妇幼保健院基层保健科, 陕西 710002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259565866866360820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259565866891526645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, companyId=1259565866866360820, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259565878568469081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Reporting rates on the number of neglected rural preschool children in different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数1项2项3项4项5项6项
年级小班925139(15.0)63(6.8)22(2.4)12(1.3)7(0.8)5(0.5)
中班2 032340(16.7)129(6.3)53(2.6)24(1.2)14(0.7)12(0.6)
大班2 549488(19.1)177(6.9)80(3.1)44(1.7)19(0.7)8(0.3)
性别女2 716433(15.9)166(6.1)62(2.3)31(1.1)17(0.6)12(0.4)
男2 790534(19.1)203(7.3)93(3.3)49(1.8)23(0.8)13(0.5)
是否独生子女否3 313622(18.8)251(7.6)107(3.2)53(1.6)25(0.8)20(0.6)
是2 193345(15.7)118(5.4)48(2.2)27(1.2)15(0.7)5(0.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1259565879667376731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别农村学龄前儿童受忽视项数报告率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数1项2项3项4项5项6项
年级小班925139(15.0)63(6.8)22(2.4)12(1.3)7(0.8)5(0.5)
中班2 032340(16.7)129(6.3)53(2.6)24(1.2)14(0.7)12(0.6)
大班2 549488(19.1)177(6.9)80(3.1)44(1.7)19(0.7)8(0.3)
性别女2 716433(15.9)166(6.1)62(2.3)31(1.1)17(0.6)12(0.4)
男2 790534(19.1)203(7.3)93(3.3)49(1.8)23(0.8)13(0.5)
是否独生子女否3 313622(18.8)251(7.6)107(3.2)53(1.6)25(0.8)20(0.6)
是2 193345(15.7)118(5.4)48(2.2)27(1.2)15(0.7)5(0.2)
), ArticleFig(id=1259565879956783710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of detection rates of total neglect and each dimension neglect among preschool children in different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值身体忽视情感忽视教育忽视安全忽视医疗忽视社会忽视总忽视
性别男3 003297(8.6)408(12.4)75(2.2)271(7.7)348(9.8)576(18.0)1 071(35.7)
女2 892241(7.3)306(9.7)74(2.3)176(5.2)296(8.7)474(15.5)837(28.9)
χ2值4.0211.250.0317.852.397.3330.41
P值0.05< 0.010.86< 0.010.120.01< 0.01
年级大班2 742246(7.9)358(12.1)67(2.2)256(8.1)290(9.1)520(18.0)954(34.8)
中班2 174197(7.9)258(10.9)56(2.3)137(5.4)243(9.4)374(16.3)672(30.9)
小班97995(8.2)98(8.8)26(2.3)54(4.6)111(9.4)156(14.5)282(28.8)
χ2值0.149.310.0825.540.277.7115.15
P值0.930.010.96< 0.010.880.02< 0.01
民族汉族5 818535(8.0)707(11.1)148(2.2)445(6.6)638(9.3)1 034(16.8)1 888(32.5)
其他773(3.5)7(8.1)1(1.2)2(2.2)6(6.7)16(19.5)20(26.0)
χ2值2.370.770.095.680.690.441.46
P值0.120.380.760.100.410.510.23
是否独生子女是2 342174(6.4)213(8.1)44(1.6)178(6.4)226(8.1)359(14.6)663(28.3)
否3 553364(9.0)501(13.1)105(2.6)269(6.5)418(10.0)691(18.2)1 245(35.0)
χ2值14.9238.546.980.037.4414.2229.22
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.87< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
家庭类型三代同堂3 963381(8.4)490(11.3)107(2.4)303(6.6)438(9.4)696(16.7)1 283(32.4)
核心1 779139(6.8)194(9.9)35(1.7)127(6.1)178(8.4)314(16.4)559(31.4)
单亲9711(10.4)18(18.6)3(2.8)9(8.0)16(14.2)26(26.0)45(46.4)
再婚466(11.3)9(18.8)3(5.5)5(9.4)7(13.5)11(22.0)16(34.8)
其他101(7.7)3(25.0)1(9.1)3(21.4)5(33.3)3(27.3)5(50.0)
χ2值7.0012.226.535.0412.577.3310.41
P值0.140.020.160.280.010.120.03
家庭中孩子数量一2 342174(6.4)213(8.1)44(1.6)178(6.4)226(8.1)359(14.6)663(28.3)
二3 292330(8.8)455(12.8)94(2.5)245(6.4)378(9.8)635(18.1)1 142(34.7)
三23830(11.1)43(16.6)10(3.7)23(8.3)36(12.9)52(20.5)95(39.9)
四至五234(17.4)3(13.0)1(4.2)1(4.2)4(16.7)4(18.2)8(34.8)
χ2值18.9342.668.691.7111.0615.3231.99
P值< 0.01< 0.010.030.640.01< 0.01< 0.01
多孩家庭中孩子排行182271(7.5)111(12.3)22(2.3)64(6.6)82(8.3)146(16.4)272(33.1)
22 561273(9.4)358(13.1)78(2.7)191(6.5)310(10.4)505(18.6)901(35.2)
315819(10.6)30(17.4)5(2.8)13(7.1)25(13.4)38(22.6)68(43.0)
4~581(8.3)2(16.7)01(8.3)1(8.3)2(16.7)4(50.0)
χ2值4.003.211.100.166.004.415.73
P值0.260.360.780.980.110.220.13
家庭年收入/万元< 31 499238(14.2)267(16.8)74(4.4)127(7.3)225(12.9)378(24.3)645(43.0)
3~ < 51 208125(9.0)184(14.1)32(2.3)98(7.0)149(10.4)247(19.2)438(36.3)
5~ < 101 510104(6.0)148(9.0)20(1.2)109(6.2)157(8.8)255(15.9)470(31.1)
10~ < 1592142(3.9)75(7.3)15(1.4)60(5.5)62(5.7)103(10.4)211(22.9)
≥1575729(3.3)40(4.6)8(0.9)53(5.9)51(5.6)67(8.2)144(19.0)
χ2值150.53123.7555.004.7161.62142.14186.47
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.32< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1259565880279745121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同组别学龄前儿童总忽视及各维度忽视报告率比较

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组别选项人数统计值身体忽视情感忽视教育忽视安全忽视医疗忽视社会忽视总忽视
性别男3 003297(8.6)408(12.4)75(2.2)271(7.7)348(9.8)576(18.0)1 071(35.7)
女2 892241(7.3)306(9.7)74(2.3)176(5.2)296(8.7)474(15.5)837(28.9)
χ2值4.0211.250.0317.852.397.3330.41
P值0.05< 0.010.86< 0.010.120.01< 0.01
年级大班2 742246(7.9)358(12.1)67(2.2)256(8.1)290(9.1)520(18.0)954(34.8)
中班2 174197(7.9)258(10.9)56(2.3)137(5.4)243(9.4)374(16.3)672(30.9)
小班97995(8.2)98(8.8)26(2.3)54(4.6)111(9.4)156(14.5)282(28.8)
χ2值0.149.310.0825.540.277.7115.15
P值0.930.010.96< 0.010.880.02< 0.01
民族汉族5 818535(8.0)707(11.1)148(2.2)445(6.6)638(9.3)1 034(16.8)1 888(32.5)
其他773(3.5)7(8.1)1(1.2)2(2.2)6(6.7)16(19.5)20(26.0)
χ2值2.370.770.095.680.690.441.46
P值0.120.380.760.100.410.510.23
是否独生子女是2 342174(6.4)213(8.1)44(1.6)178(6.4)226(8.1)359(14.6)663(28.3)
否3 553364(9.0)501(13.1)105(2.6)269(6.5)418(10.0)691(18.2)1 245(35.0)
χ2值14.9238.546.980.037.4414.2229.22
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.87< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
家庭类型三代同堂3 963381(8.4)490(11.3)107(2.4)303(6.6)438(9.4)696(16.7)1 283(32.4)
核心1 779139(6.8)194(9.9)35(1.7)127(6.1)178(8.4)314(16.4)559(31.4)
单亲9711(10.4)18(18.6)3(2.8)9(8.0)16(14.2)26(26.0)45(46.4)
再婚466(11.3)9(18.8)3(5.5)5(9.4)7(13.5)11(22.0)16(34.8)
其他101(7.7)3(25.0)1(9.1)3(21.4)5(33.3)3(27.3)5(50.0)
χ2值7.0012.226.535.0412.577.3310.41
P值0.140.020.160.280.010.120.03
家庭中孩子数量一2 342174(6.4)213(8.1)44(1.6)178(6.4)226(8.1)359(14.6)663(28.3)
二3 292330(8.8)455(12.8)94(2.5)245(6.4)378(9.8)635(18.1)1 142(34.7)
三23830(11.1)43(16.6)10(3.7)23(8.3)36(12.9)52(20.5)95(39.9)
四至五234(17.4)3(13.0)1(4.2)1(4.2)4(16.7)4(18.2)8(34.8)
χ2值18.9342.668.691.7111.0615.3231.99
P值< 0.01< 0.010.030.640.01< 0.01< 0.01
多孩家庭中孩子排行182271(7.5)111(12.3)22(2.3)64(6.6)82(8.3)146(16.4)272(33.1)
22 561273(9.4)358(13.1)78(2.7)191(6.5)310(10.4)505(18.6)901(35.2)
315819(10.6)30(17.4)5(2.8)13(7.1)25(13.4)38(22.6)68(43.0)
4~581(8.3)2(16.7)01(8.3)1(8.3)2(16.7)4(50.0)
χ2值4.003.211.100.166.004.415.73
P值0.260.360.780.980.110.220.13
家庭年收入/万元< 31 499238(14.2)267(16.8)74(4.4)127(7.3)225(12.9)378(24.3)645(43.0)
3~ < 51 208125(9.0)184(14.1)32(2.3)98(7.0)149(10.4)247(19.2)438(36.3)
5~ < 101 510104(6.0)148(9.0)20(1.2)109(6.2)157(8.8)255(15.9)470(31.1)
10~ < 1592142(3.9)75(7.3)15(1.4)60(5.5)62(5.7)103(10.4)211(22.9)
≥1575729(3.3)40(4.6)8(0.9)53(5.9)51(5.6)67(8.2)144(19.0)
χ2值150.53123.7555.004.7161.62142.14186.47
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.32< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1259565880632066660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of total and each dimension neglect degree among preschool children in different groups(x±s)

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组别选项人数统计值身体忽视情感忽视教育忽视安全忽视医疗忽视社会忽视总忽视
性别男3 00340.63±9.4241.38±7.8138.30±8.7834.11±6.0437.18±11.3138.90±9.1438.71±6.71
女2 89239.79±9.7040.59±7.6537.64±8.8733.31±5.7536.41±11.2738.07±9.1137.82±6.67
t值3.614.083.055.672.853.614.92
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年级大班2 74240.46±9.5841.57±7.7638.09±8.8234.39±6.1236.86±11.3338.84±9.1238.61±6.69
中班2 17440.06±9.5340.84±7.7637.93±8.8433.38±5.6236.81±11.3338.44±9.2838.08±6.65
小班97939.92±9.6339.78±7.5237.76±8.8232.65±5.7236.64±11.1537.68±8.8137.75±6.83
F值1.9122.470.6544.250.166.427.03
P值0.15< 0.010.52< 0.010.85< 0.01< 0.01
民族汉族5 81840.26±9.5741.02±7.7438.00±8.8433.73±5.9236.83±11.3138.50±9.1338.29±6.71
其他7737.17±8.7938.92±7.6336.21±7.9732.74±5.0334.61±10.0638.26±9.4436.46±6.05
t值2.982.501.861.571.850.232.34
P值< 0.010.010.060.120.070.820.02
是否独生是2 19338.88±9.3939.73±7.5636.64±8.6133.60±5.8335.90±11.0237.59±8.8937.17±6.55
子女否3 31341.12±9.5841.86±7.7538.86±8.8633.80±5.9737.41±11.4439.08±9.2439.00±6.71
t值-9.49-10.90-10.14-1.34-5.49-6.37-9.96
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.18< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
家庭类型三代同堂3 69840.35±9.6141.11±7.8338.20±8.9133.75±5.9236.99±11.2438.45±9.1238.39±6.74
核心1 67439.69±9.3340.59±7.4737.28±8.5233.57±5.7736.14±11.2038.41±9.0437.83±6.47
单亲8243.01±10.5942.80±8.3041.22±9.2434.64±7.1740.18±12.3040.94±10.1440.35±7.14
再婚4443.46±10.2843.11±8.4939.32±9.7634.12±6.3638.08±13.3339.75±10.7039.90±8.41
其他843.75±12.3744.12±9.4539.61±12.8037.30±9.4843.67±17.8841.48±12.2742.38±12.34
F值6.064.317.922.386.262.385.50
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.05< 0.010.05< 0.01
家庭中孩子12 19338.88±9.3939.73±7.5636.64±8.6133.60±5.8335.90±11.0237.59±8.8937.17±6.55
数量23 06541.07±9.5241.81±7.7238.84±8.8033.78±5.9037.33±11.3939.09±9.2238.96±6.65
322641.76±10.3042.51±8.2839.22±9.6433.98±6.8438.39±12.0239.15±9.5739.50±7.43
4~52242.66±10.2242.14±6.8938.84±10.0434.26±6.0038.96±12.8537.50±9.0539.35±7.37
F值30.6940.2534.440.7410.8413.5433.57
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.53< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
多孩家庭中一77039.92±9.3441.50±7.8038.04±8.7233.63±5.8536.23±11.2438.42±9.1238.32±6.67
孩子排行二2 38041.45±9.6041.91±7.7139.09±8.8533.82±5.9437.70±11.4539.24±9.2739.15±6.67
三15142.09±9.9942.96±8.0739.57±9.5534.16±6.8639.06±11.8840.22±9.2940.03±7.24
四至五1241.93±9.7441.79±8.2638.99±10.4935.19±6.7436.67±13.3736.98±9.0239.29±7.71
F值6.851.853.720.735.422.844.25
P值< 0.010.140.010.53< 0.010.040.01
家庭年收< 31 34242.82±10.5642.64±8.3439.92±9.6034.07±6.1538.59±12.3640.56±10.2639.84±7.34
入/万元3~ < 51 13141.35±7.4342.32±7.7939.28±8.8233.87±5.9537.82±11.3339.48±9.0939.43±6.69
5~ < 101 42639.92±8.8640.85±7.3237.72±8.2433.66±5.7736.68±10.7838.17±8.6438.08±6.21
10~ < 1587538.41±8.6439.59±7.0236.30±8.1033.33±5.8035.39±10.3936.91±8.1536.90±6.12
≥1573236.33±8.3837.93±6.8834.70±7.8333.39±5.7333.71±10.2335.58±7.7635.60±5.89
F值86.9273.2370.833.6635.9254.2368.63
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1259565880934056550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1259565860042228183, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同组别学龄前儿童各维度及总忽视度比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值身体忽视情感忽视教育忽视安全忽视医疗忽视社会忽视总忽视
性别男3 00340.63±9.4241.38±7.8138.30±8.7834.11±6.0437.18±11.3138.90±9.1438.71±6.71
女2 89239.79±9.7040.59±7.6537.64±8.8733.31±5.7536.41±11.2738.07±9.1137.82±6.67
t值3.614.083.055.672.853.614.92
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年级大班2 74240.46±9.5841.57±7.7638.09±8.8234.39±6.1236.86±11.3338.84±9.1238.61±6.69
中班2 17440.06±9.5340.84±7.7637.93±8.8433.38±5.6236.81±11.3338.44±9.2838.08±6.65
小班97939.92±9.6339.78±7.5237.76±8.8232.65±5.7236.64±11.1537.68±8.8137.75±6.83
F值1.9122.470.6544.250.166.427.03
P值0.15< 0.010.52< 0.010.85< 0.01< 0.01
民族汉族5 81840.26±9.5741.02±7.7438.00±8.8433.73±5.9236.83±11.3138.50±9.1338.29±6.71
其他7737.17±8.7938.92±7.6336.21±7.9732.74±5.0334.61±10.0638.26±9.4436.46±6.05
t值2.982.501.861.571.850.232.34
P值< 0.010.010.060.120.070.820.02
是否独生是2 19338.88±9.3939.73±7.5636.64±8.6133.60±5.8335.90±11.0237.59±8.8937.17±6.55
子女否3 31341.12±9.5841.86±7.7538.86±8.8633.80±5.9737.41±11.4439.08±9.2439.00±6.71
t值-9.49-10.90-10.14-1.34-5.49-6.37-9.96
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.18< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
家庭类型三代同堂3 69840.35±9.6141.11±7.8338.20±8.9133.75±5.9236.99±11.2438.45±9.1238.39±6.74
核心1 67439.69±9.3340.59±7.4737.28±8.5233.57±5.7736.14±11.2038.41±9.0437.83±6.47
单亲8243.01±10.5942.80±8.3041.22±9.2434.64±7.1740.18±12.3040.94±10.1440.35±7.14
再婚4443.46±10.2843.11±8.4939.32±9.7634.12±6.3638.08±13.3339.75±10.7039.90±8.41
其他843.75±12.3744.12±9.4539.61±12.8037.30±9.4843.67±17.8841.48±12.2742.38±12.34
F值6.064.317.922.386.262.385.50
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.05< 0.010.05< 0.01
家庭中孩子12 19338.88±9.3939.73±7.5636.64±8.6133.60±5.8335.90±11.0237.59±8.8937.17±6.55
数量23 06541.07±9.5241.81±7.7238.84±8.8033.78±5.9037.33±11.3939.09±9.2238.96±6.65
322641.76±10.3042.51±8.2839.22±9.6433.98±6.8438.39±12.0239.15±9.5739.50±7.43
4~52242.66±10.2242.14±6.8938.84±10.0434.26±6.0038.96±12.8537.50±9.0539.35±7.37
F值30.6940.2534.440.7410.8413.5433.57
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.53< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
多孩家庭中一77039.92±9.3441.50±7.8038.04±8.7233.63±5.8536.23±11.2438.42±9.1238.32±6.67
孩子排行二2 38041.45±9.6041.91±7.7139.09±8.8533.82±5.9437.70±11.4539.24±9.2739.15±6.67
三15142.09±9.9942.96±8.0739.57±9.5534.16±6.8639.06±11.8840.22±9.2940.03±7.24
四至五1241.93±9.7441.79±8.2638.99±10.4935.19±6.7436.67±13.3736.98±9.0239.29±7.71
F值6.851.853.720.735.422.844.25
P值< 0.010.140.010.53< 0.010.040.01
家庭年收< 31 34242.82±10.5642.64±8.3439.92±9.6034.07±6.1538.59±12.3640.56±10.2639.84±7.34
入/万元3~ < 51 13141.35±7.4342.32±7.7939.28±8.8233.87±5.9537.82±11.3339.48±9.0939.43±6.69
5~ < 101 42639.92±8.8640.85±7.3237.72±8.2433.66±5.7736.68±10.7838.17±8.6438.08±6.21
10~ < 1587538.41±8.6439.59±7.0236.30±8.1033.33±5.8035.39±10.3936.91±8.1536.90±6.12
≥1573236.33±8.3837.93±6.8834.70±7.8333.39±5.7333.71±10.2335.58±7.7635.60±5.89
F值86.9273.2370.833.6635.9254.2368.63
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.010.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
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西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视现状及其与家庭特征的关联
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杨武悦 1 , 潘建平 2 , 相晓妹 1 , 董宁 1 , 席璇 1
中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2026,47(3): 374-378
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中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2026, 47(3): 374-378
西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视现状及其与家庭特征的关联
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杨武悦1, 潘建平2 , 相晓妹1, 董宁1, 席璇1
作者信息
  • 1西安市妇幼保健院基层保健科, 陕西 710002
  • 2西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院

    • 杨武悦(1986-)，女，陕西宝鸡人，大学本科，主治医师，主要从事妇幼保健工作

通讯作者:

潘建平，E-mail:
Current status of preschool children neglect and the correlation with family characteristics of rural areas in Xi'an
Wuyue YANG1, Jianping PAN2 , Xiaomei XIANG1, Ning DONG1, Xuan XI1
Affiliations
  • Department of Primary Healthcare, Xi'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Xi'an 710002, Shaanxi Province, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026081
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摘要
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目的

了解多孩政策背景下西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视及其与家庭特征的关联, 为预防和减少儿童忽视的发生提供参考。

方法

2025年3-4月, 根据分层整群随机抽样方法抽取西安市9个远郊区县7 052名学龄前儿童家长, 采用中国农村3~6岁(学龄前)儿童忽视评价常模量表进行问卷调查, 组间比较采用t检验、χ2检验与方差分析。

结果

西安市农村学龄前儿童总忽视率和忽视度分别为32.4%和38.27±6.70。不同性别和年级组的学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为30.41, 15.15;t/F值分别为4.92, 7.03);是否独生子女、不同家庭类型、家庭中孩子数量、家庭年收入的学龄前儿童忽视率与忽视度差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为29.22, 10.41, 31.99, 186.47;t/F值分别为-9.96, 5.50, 33.57, 68.63)(P值均 < 0.05)。多孩家庭中, 孩子排行不同, 其忽视度差异有统计学意义(F=4.25, P < 0.05), 但忽视率差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.73, P>0.05);各类分组中, 分别以多孩家庭(35.0%, 39.00±6.71)、其他家庭(50.0%, 42.38±12.34)、家中有3个孩子(39.9%, 39.50±7.43)的学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度最高; 家庭年收入越低, 学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度越高(χ趋势2=186.47, F=270.68, P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

多孩政策背景下, 西安市农村地区学龄前儿童遭受忽视的情况较为严峻, 特别是多孩家庭与低收入家庭。应针对高风险群体实施具有针对性的干预措施。

虐待儿童  /  家庭  /  精神卫生  /  儿童, 学龄前
Objective

To understand the current status of neglect among rural preschool children in Xi'an under the multi-child policy and the association with family characteristics, so as to provide a reference for preventing and reducing the occurrence of child neglect.

Methods

A total of 7 052 parents of preschool children were selected using stratified cluster sampling across 9 suburban counties/districts in Xi'an from March to April 2025.A questionnaire survey was administered using the Chinese Norm Scale for Neglect Assessment of Rural (Preschool) Children Aged 3-6.The t-test, Chi-quare test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for inter-group comparisons.

Results

The overall prevalence rate and mean score of neglect among rural preschool-aged children in Xi'an were 32.4% and 38.27±6.70, respectively.Statistically significant differences were detected in neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children of different genders and grade levels (χ2=30.41, 15.15, t/F=4.92, 7.03, all P < 0.05).Statistically significant differences were also detected in neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children from whether only one-child, different family structures, numbers of children in a family and families with different annual incomes (χ2=29.22, 10.41, 31.99, 186.47, t/F=-9.96, 5.50, 33.57, 68.63, all P < 0.05).In multi-child families, there was a statistically significant difference in neglect degree among children with different birth orders (F=4.25, P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in neglect rate (χ2=5.73, P>0.05).Among all subgroups, the highest neglect rates and neglect degrees were observed in children from multi-child families (35.0%, 39.00±6.71), other family types (50.0%, 42.38±12.34) and families with three children (39.9%, 39.50±7.43).Lower annual family income was associated with higher neglect rates and neglect degrees among preschool children (χtrend2=186.47, F=270.68, both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Under the multiple-child policy, the neglect of preschool children in rural areas of Xi'an is quite severe, particularly in families with multiple children and low-income households.Targeted interventions should be implemented for high-risk groups.

Child abuse  /  Family  /  Mental health  /  Child, preschool
杨武悦, 潘建平, 相晓妹, 董宁, 席璇. 西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视现状及其与家庭特征的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2026 , 47 (3) : 374 -378 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026081
Wuyue YANG, Jianping PAN, Xiaomei XIANG, Ning DONG, Xuan XI. Current status of preschool children neglect and the correlation with family characteristics of rural areas in Xi'an[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2026 , 47 (3) : 374 -378 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026081
正文
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儿童忽视是儿童监护人因疏于照护儿童所致，长期遭受忽视对儿童认知、社会情感及行为发育产生严重的、不可逆的损害[1-3]。国际上将儿童忽视分为身体、情感、教育、医疗、安全和社会忽视6种类型(层面)[4]。儿童忽视是一种多维现象，是多种风险因素和儿童特征复杂交织的结果[5-6]；研究表明，低龄儿童更容易遭受忽视[7]，因此学龄前儿童成为忽视防控的关键群体。随着多孩政策的落地，中国家庭结构正在快速变化，多孩家庭比例上升；在此背景下，研究资源分配、父母精力投入等均可能导致农村学龄前儿童忽视出现新的特征和风险。基于此，本研究对西安市远郊区县部分幼儿开展了相关调查，旨在探讨生育政策转变前后儿童忽视状况的变化趋势。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2025年3—4月，根据分层整群随机抽样原则，在西安市9个远郊区县(长安区、鄠邑区、高陵区、阎良区、临潼区、周至县、蓝田县、西咸新区、浐灞国际港)中，采用直接抽选法从每个区县至少抽取2所托幼机构，每所机构每个年级(大、中、小班)各抽取2个班级(如果只有2个班级全部纳入，多于2个班级则采用直接抽选法进行抽取)，班中儿童家长(或监护人)均纳入调查。共收集问卷7 176份，经资料完整性和逻辑性等检查，剔除不合格问卷124份，共收集合格问卷7 052份(合格率98.3%)。其中男童和女童分别有3 604和3 448名；大、中、小班儿童分别为3 235，2 606和1 211名；一孩和多孩家庭分别有2 827和4 225个。所有调查儿童及家长均排除遗传性、精神及心理疾病等患者。本次调查获得西安市妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会审批(批号：2024-7)，学校及监护人均知情同意。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　一般人口学信息
包括性别、年级、民族、是否独生子女、家庭类型、家庭中孩子数量、多孩家庭排行、家庭年收入等。
1.2.2　儿童忽视评估
采用中国农村3~6岁(学龄前)儿童忽视评价常模量表[8-9]对儿童家长展开问卷调查。该常模量表中57个题项的因素负荷量为0.359~0.789，Cronbach α系数为0.904，总分半信度系数为0.820，平行信度为0.785，重测信度为0.613。首先计算受试儿童的6个维度及总忽视得分，每个条目按1~4计分，其中身体忽视8个条目，满分32分；情感忽视17个条目，满分68分；教育忽视14个条目，满分56分；安全忽视9个条目，满分36分；医疗忽视5个条目，满分20分；社会忽视4个条目，满分16分，量表总分57~228分。得分越高，则受忽视程度越严重；儿童在某一维度受到忽视，即可认定该儿童受忽视(身体忽视>18分，情感忽视>35分，教育忽视>33分，安全忽视>16分，医疗忽视>11分，社会忽视>8分，总分>121分)。在此基础上计算忽视度=(被测儿童的整体或某维度忽视分值/忽视满分值或该忽视维度的满分值)×100，表示受忽视强度，其最大值为100。
1.3　质量控制
调查开展前，采用分层整群随机抽样的方式选取托幼机构参与调查。教师借助家长会等方式，对儿童家长开展统一的问卷填写培训。问卷调查依托“问卷星”小程序实施，系统中设置了必填项以及内部逻辑校验机制。调查结束后，调查组对数据的完整性、逻辑性以及取值范围等进行核验，剔除不合格问卷。
1.4　统计学分析
应用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析，计数资料用频数或百分率描述，不同组间忽视率的比较采用χ2检验；计量资料以(x±s)表示，不同组间忽视度的比较采用t检验或方差分析。趋势性χ2检验用于分析有序分类资料的线性趋势。以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　不同组别农村学龄前儿童受忽视项数报告率
在儿童忽视6个维度中，西安市农村学龄前儿童以受单项忽视(仅在某一维度受到忽视)为主，报告率为17.6%(967/5 506)。趋势χ2检验发现，不论以年级、性别或是否独生子女划分，随着同时受忽视项数的增加，其所占比率均呈下降趋势，且在同一项数时比率相近(χ趋势2=260.12~1 177.16，P值均 < 0.05)。见表 1。
2.2　不同组别学龄前儿童忽视率与忽视度比较
西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视率为32.4%(1 908/5 895)，忽视度为(38.27±6.70)，其中情感忽视(40.99±7.55)和身体忽视(40.22±9.57)得分较高。大班儿童忽视率和忽视度均高于中、小班，男童忽视率和忽视度均高于女童(P值均 < 0.05)；是否独生子女、不同家庭类型、家庭中孩子数量、家庭年收入学龄前儿童忽视率与忽视度差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。多孩家庭中，孩子排行不同，其忽视度差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)，但忽视率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，其中排第三的孩子忽视度最高。在多孩家庭中，7.3%(261/3 553)家庭生育3个及以上孩子，这些家庭中39.5%的孩子受到忽视，其中生育3个孩子的家庭忽视率和忽视度最高。随着家庭年收入增加，儿童忽视率和忽视度呈现逐步降低趋势(χ趋势2=186.47，F=270.68，P值均 < 0.05)。见表 2，3。
2.3　不同组别学龄前儿童忽视各维度报告率和得分比较
男童和女童在教育和医疗维度之外的4个维度的忽视率及6个维度的忽视度差异均有统计学意义；不同年级儿童在情感、安全和社会3个维度忽视率和忽视度差异均有统计学意义；不同民族儿童在身体和情感2个维度忽视度差异均有统计学意义；多孩家庭中不同排行的孩子在身体、教育、医疗和社会4个维度忽视度差异均有统计学意义；除了安全忽视外，家庭中孩子数量不同、是否独生子女的儿童忽视率和忽视度在其他5个维度差异均有统计学意义；不同家庭年收入儿童忽视率在除安全忽视外的其他5个维度差异均有统计学意义，且6个维度忽视度差异亦均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表 2，3。
3　讨论
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本研究聚焦于政策影响显著的农村地区，揭示了西安市农村学龄前儿童的忽视现状及其与家庭特征的内在关联。与独生子女政策时期的全国农村基线数据(2012年)相比[10]，西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视率与忽视度降低，反映了社会经济发展与儿童健康促进工作的整体成效。然而，与本市城区儿童[11]相比，当前农村学龄前儿童的忽视问题依然突出，且呈现出与新时期家庭结构变迁密切相关的新特征。
本调查结果显示，西安市农村学龄前儿童忽视率和忽视度(32.4%，38.27)，低于2012年中国农村数据(53.8%，44.42)[10]，也低于近年来淄博、新疆等地区研究结果[12-14]，这一进步得益于过去10余年我国基层卫生服务体系的完善、普惠性育儿政策的推广以及家庭养育观念的提升。此外，与西安市城区学龄前儿童(忽视率为29.0%，忽视度为37.58)[11]相比，该市农村学龄前儿童受忽视情况更突出，表明农村地区儿童忽视问题仍是公共卫生领域的短板。这种城乡差异可能源于农村相对滞后的经济发展水平，以及大量父母外出务工导致的监护缺失，使农村儿童在情感交流、社会互动和全面发展等方面的需求难以得到充分满足。
在多孩政策背景下，家庭子女数量已成为影响儿童忽视的关键因素。多孩家庭的学龄前儿童忽视率(35.0%)与忽视度(39.00±6.71)均高于一孩家庭(28.3%，37.17±6.55)，且在有3个孩子的家庭中最为严重，与国内一些研究结果一致[15-16]。分析原因，随着子女增多，家庭的养育压力与经济负担增长，父母精力的分散容易导致对个体儿童的关注度下降。特别值得注意的是，在多孩家庭中，排行第三的学龄前儿童忽视度最高，在一定程度上反映了父母在养育多个子女时，其精力与资源分配已接近极限，处于中间及末位的孩子更易被忽视。此外，“其他家庭、单亲家庭”等非传统结构家庭中学龄前儿童的忽视状况最为严峻，凸显了稳定家庭结构与父母角色完整性的保护作用。
本调查结果显示，男童受忽视情况较女童严重，可能与农村地区“男孩应更独立坚强”等传统观念有关，导致其情感需求被忽略。大班儿童受忽视情况比中小班严重，可能与家长注意力向“幼小衔接”的认知学习倾斜，相对忽视了孩子情感与社会发展的持续需求有关。汉族学龄前儿童受忽视程度更严重，可能是由于少数民族的教育方式更具多样性，对儿童身心健康和亲子关系都具有积极的促进作用[17]。此外，家庭年收入与学龄前儿童忽视呈现出梯度关联，最低收入组家庭的忽视率(43.0%)是最高收入组(19.0%)的2.3倍。低收入通过限制资源可及性、加剧父母心理压力等途径，显著提升忽视风险，与国内外研究结论高度一致[18-22]。
综上所述，在生育政策持续优化的新时代，学龄前儿童忽视的防控重点应从普适性宣传转向对高风险家庭的精准识别与干预。首先，应将“多孩家庭”“低收入家庭”及“非核心家庭”纳入学龄前儿童保健重点管理对象。其次，应重点强化家校共育，着力发展针对多孩家庭的育儿指导服务，帮助父母提升育儿水平。最后，政府部门应考虑对多孩家庭，特别是农村低收入多孩家庭，提供更具针对性的经济补贴与服务，从根源上缓解其养育压力，有效预防和减少学龄前儿童忽视的发生。
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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2026081
  • 接收时间：2025-09-22
  • 首发时间：2026-05-08
  • 出版时间：2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-09-22
  • 修回日期：2025-12-29
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    1西安市妇幼保健院基层保健科, 陕西 710002
    2西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院

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total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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