Article(id=1325535470289178887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325535161890398372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025373, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754236800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-04, revisedDate=1762617600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961883375, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961883375, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961883375, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961883375, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325535161890398372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1673', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961809846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961809846, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1809, endPage=1814, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325535476144427272, articleId=1325535470289178887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Research progress on influencing factors of bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents, columnId=1325500927146341345, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the influence of the occurrence and development of bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents, the paper reviews the factors influencing bystander behavior from the perspective of social ecosystem theory at the individual level, microsystem (family and school factors), peripheral system (contextual factors), macrosystem (cultural factors) and digital environment (media factors). It is pointed out that the future research needs to further explore the internal interaction of micro-system, the influence of time system and technological development on bystanders, and the complex interaction between social ecosystems, and design feasible intervention strategies to transform passive bystanders into active interveners.

, authors=Kexin WANG1, Yining LU2, Zhiyun ZHANG1, Rongze LIU3, Xuan CHEN1, Shuang CHEN*, 2, authorsList=Kexin WANG, Yining LU, Zhiyun ZHANG, Rongze LIU, Xuan CHEN, Shuang CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325535547321766158, articleId=1325535470289178887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为影响因素研究进展, columnId=1325500927309919203, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为发生、发展的影响,研究基于社会生态系统的理论视角对网络欺凌旁观者行为个人层面、微观系统(家庭及学校因素)、外围系统(情境因素)、宏观系统(文化因素)和数字环境(媒介因素)的影响因素展开综述。并指出未来研究需进一步探索微观系统内部交互作用,时间系统、技术发展对旁观者的影响,社会生态系统间的复杂交互影响等,设计切实可行的引导方案,使被动旁观者转化为主动干预者。

, authors=王可欣1, 卢亦宁2, 张之昀1, 留榕泽3, 陈绚1, 陈爽*, 2, authorsList=王可欣, 卢亦宁, 张之昀, 留榕泽, 陈绚, 陈爽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈爽, authorNote=

王可欣(1989-),女,河南安阳人,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为传播心理学

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陈爽,E-mail:
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青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为影响因素研究进展
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王可欣 1 , 卢亦宁 2 , 张之昀 1 , 留榕泽 3 , 陈绚 1 , 陈爽 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 综述 2025,46(12): 1809-1814
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中国学校卫生 |综述 2025 , 46 (12) : 1809 -1814
青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为影响因素研究进展
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王可欣1, 卢亦宁2, 张之昀1, 留榕泽3, 陈绚1, 陈爽*, 2
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学传媒与国际文化学院,杭州 310058
  • 2清华大学新闻与传播学院
  • 3英属哥伦比亚大学计算机科学系
通讯作者:
作者简介:

王可欣(1989-),女,河南安阳人,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为传播心理学

Research progress on influencing factors of bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents
Kexin WANG1, Yining LU2, Zhiyun ZHANG1, Rongze LIU3, Xuan CHEN1, Shuang CHEN*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025373
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为探索青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为发生、发展的影响,研究基于社会生态系统的理论视角对网络欺凌旁观者行为个人层面、微观系统(家庭及学校因素)、外围系统(情境因素)、宏观系统(文化因素)和数字环境(媒介因素)的影响因素展开综述。并指出未来研究需进一步探索微观系统内部交互作用,时间系统、技术发展对旁观者的影响,社会生态系统间的复杂交互影响等,设计切实可行的引导方案,使被动旁观者转化为主动干预者。

因特网  /  暴力  /  行为  /  青少年

To explore the influence of the occurrence and development of bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents, the paper reviews the factors influencing bystander behavior from the perspective of social ecosystem theory at the individual level, microsystem (family and school factors), peripheral system (contextual factors), macrosystem (cultural factors) and digital environment (media factors). It is pointed out that the future research needs to further explore the internal interaction of micro-system, the influence of time system and technological development on bystanders, and the complex interaction between social ecosystems, and design feasible intervention strategies to transform passive bystanders into active interveners.

Internet  /  Violence  /  Behavior  /  Adolescent
王可欣, 卢亦宁, 张之昀, 留榕泽, 陈绚, 陈爽. 青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为影响因素研究进展. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1809 -1814 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025373
Kexin WANG, Yining LU, Zhiyun ZHANG, Rongze LIU, Xuan CHEN, Shuang CHEN. Research progress on influencing factors of bystander behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1809 -1814 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025373
网络欺凌是利用数字技术进行的欺凌行为,即通过社交媒体、即时通讯平台、游戏平台和手机等,以恐吓、激怒或羞辱他人为目的的重复行为[1]。《2021年全国未成年人互联网使用情况研究报告》显示,未成年人在网上遭到讽刺或谩骂的比例为16.6%,遭到恶意骚扰的比例为7.0%,个人信息未经允许被公开的比例为6.1%[2],有50%~80%的青少年目睹过网络暴力行为[3]。网络欺凌对青少年的危害巨大,可分为短期身心伤害和长期发展隐患。短期表现为负面情绪、生理反应及不良行为,如睡眠障碍、非自杀性自伤[4];长期则可能导致抑郁症、焦虑症、低自尊、创伤后应激障碍等问题[5]。网络欺凌广泛且持久地威胁着当代青少年群体的身心健康,又因其隐蔽性难以得到有效整治[6]。
卷入网络欺凌的个体可分为发起欺凌的欺凌者、遭受侮辱的受害者以及目击事件的旁观者[7],其中旁观者占比达60%~90%[8-9]。根据行为属性,旁观者行为通常被分为积极干预、消极助长和冷漠局外三大类,其中积极干预行为包括向成年人报告、保护/安慰受害者或阻止欺凌者;消极助长行为包括负面评论、转发、嘲笑等协助欺凌者、为欺凌者提供正面反馈;冷漠局外行为即指什么都不做的“局外人”[10-11]。旁观者的行为选择对欺凌有关键影响,积极干预行为可有效终止欺凌并减轻对受害者的负面影响;冷漠局外行为会加重对受害者的心理伤害并可能削弱其他旁观者的干预意愿;消极助长行为则可能使欺凌形势进一步升级[12]。当前多数欺凌治理措施聚焦欺凌者惩罚和受害者保护,忽略了旁观者群体在欺凌中的关键作用。
在生态系统理论[13]和欺凌的社会生态模型[14]基础上,Patel等[15]提出了网络欺凌的社会生态模型,分为个人层面、微观系统、中部系统、外围系统、宏观系统、时间系统、数字环境7个层面。本研究在该模型框架基础上,整合国内外青少年网络欺凌旁观者的实证研究,对旁观者行为的影响因素展开综述。
青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为的影响因素包括人口统计学因素(青春期及年龄段)、人格特质(大五人格、冲动性、共情)、状态性心理过程(道德推脱、自我效能感、孤独感)及既往网络欺凌经历等。在人口统计学因素层面,网络欺凌在整个青春期持续处于高发状态[16],8~10岁年龄段旁观者对网络欺凌评价更为负面,也更倾向于帮助受害者[17],青春期中后期的青少年则更顾虑同龄人对自己的看法,进而不愿意帮助受害者[17-18]。但也有研究表明,青少年的道德判断力与责任感会随着年龄增长而提高,进而增强其帮助网络欺凌受害者的意愿[19]。人格特质是影响网络欺凌旁观者行为的重要变量,如外倾性会促使旁观者干预网络欺凌,而神经质则可能使旁观者强化欺凌者的攻击行为[20-21]。网络欺凌中青少年旁观者的冲动性与其积极干预行为呈负相关,与支持施暴者行为呈正相关[22];冲动性越高青少年越不愿意帮助受害者的原因可能是,冲动性更多影响采取行动和帮助的速度,而非意愿,同时冲动性高的个体缺乏助人行为所需要的自我调节、反思和抑制能力[18]。在状态性心理过程层面,道德推脱水平越高,网络欺凌旁观者的积极干预行为越少[23];网络自我效能感越高,个体对自己网络使用能力的评价越积极,对通过网络行动实现预期结果的信念越坚定,也就更可能采取积极干预行为[24]。
最后,旁观者网络欺凌的经历也会预测其积极干预行为,曾经作为欺凌者的旁观者,由于在过往欺凌经历中获得了成就感与自豪感,其同情心水平降低,从而较少表现出积极干预行为[25-26];而曾作为受害者的旁观者则更可能主动干预[27]。
微观系统包括青少年直接接触的社会网络,即家庭和学校。家庭是青少年最早接触的社会系统,其中亲子关系、父母教养方式、沟通模式等均会影响青少年网络欺凌旁观者的行为。亲子关系亲密程度与保护受害者的行为呈正相关,与冷漠局外呈负相关[28];父母教养方式会通过自尊等中介变量影响旁观者的干预行为,情感温暖型教养显著提升青少年在目睹网络欺凌时积极干预的可能性[29];父母沟通模式在共情与旁观者行为间起中介作用[30];此外,家庭管理程度越高,青少年干预欺凌可能性越大[31]。
学校是绝大多数青少年活动最为频繁的场所之一,学校的环境、同伴因素会从现实世界延伸到网络世界,对青少年的网络欺凌旁观者行为造成影响。缺乏良性的同伴互动、线下欺凌较多的校园氛围会使青少年在目睹网络欺凌时倾向于协助欺凌者[32];而在校园安全感强、不必担心遭受报复的情况下,青少年更愿意保护受害者[33]。此外,青少年感知到的同伴压力与旁观者干预行为呈正相关[34]。
近期有研究发现父母温暖会通过更高的友谊质量和共情水平来促进青少年旁观者积极干预行为[35];同时,教师支持和父母温暖会通过共情间接影响青少年旁观者的积极干预行为,获得更多教师支持的青少年往往具备更高的网络自我效能感和更好的共情能力[36]。
影响旁观者行为的外围系统因素指网络欺凌的情境因素,如受害者反应、感知人际相似性、社交网络特征等。相比传统欺凌中直面受害者,网络情境中的受害者反应因屏幕阻隔而削减直观真实性,但其仍影响旁观者行为[36-37]。当受害者表现出不安时,青少年旁观者对于网络欺凌的感知严重性会提高,进而倾向于寻求成人的帮助[38];而当受害者并未表露沮丧或生气等情绪时,旁观者更可能采取默许态度,促使网络欺凌恶劣程度升级[39]。因此鼓励受害者表达情绪是促进旁观者积极干预的有效举措。
有研究报道,感知人际相似性——感知与受害者的相似程度会激发青少年旁观者对其情感反应(如亲近感)[40],但这种亲近感并不足以推动旁观者帮助受害者,相反,当旁观者与受害者相似度低时,网络欺凌严重性通过共情提升干预意愿的间接作用更为明显[7]。网络欺凌的相关信息(如其他旁观者的身份)相比传统欺凌更加公开且留痕,但往往会埋没于海量信息中,旁观者通常不会留意,除非欺凌涉及旁观者的家人与密友[41],因此,社交网络广的人更易获得关注和保护,从而更不容易遭受网络欺凌[42];研究还发现,青少年旁观者的线下社会资本与其积极干预行为呈正相关,在同伴中越受欢迎、得到更多老师支持的孩子往往有更高的安全感和保护受害者的信心[43]。
青少年出于寻求同伴社会认同的需求,倾向于效仿与自己关系紧密的其他旁观者的行为,即当个体感知到同伴支持或期望其参与欺凌时,他们更可能参与其中,以维持现有的人际关系与社会地位[44]。
网络欺凌旁观者的行为与其文化背景及价值观导向高度相关。研究发现,与集体主义文化中的中国学生相比,个人主义文化背景下的加拿大青少年网络欺凌旁观者更易加入欺凌[45-46],可能由于集体主义文化中个体更多的受文化规范指导,为维护集体利益,中国学生视网络欺凌为紧急事件,会向权威人士报告而干预网络欺凌事件[46]。
社会价值观也会影响旁观网络欺凌时的应对策略,其作为个体内在核心认知和信念体系,塑造了个体对社会关系、公平正义以及自我实现的基本看法,并指导其在社会交往中的判断和行为;拥有社会取向价值观(如亲社会、社会承诺、正义、社会平等)的青少年在旁观网络欺凌时更倾向于积极干预行为,个人取向价值观(如个人责任、诚实、道德原则)和自我中心价值观(如享乐主义、社会认可)与积极干预行为之间的关联均无统计学意义[47]。
网络欺凌因场域特性呈现新内涵,微妙且深刻地影响旁观者行为,体现为媒介可供性、开放性、模糊性等。首先,“可供性”指人在特定场所行动的可能性,存在于人与环境之间,是经由人的感知所形成的特定关系[48],现多被应用于探讨信息技术对具有特定感知和技能的行动者而言所具备的行动可能性[49]。
在网络欺凌情境下,媒介可供性包括匿名性、时空异步性等,对旁观者行为产生显著影响。当下青少年群体中匿名网络欺凌尤为突出,而匿名网络欺凌中,旁观者更容易采取冷漠局外或消极助长行为[50],匿名性会降低个体身份可识别性和可问责性及个体责任感,抑制社会称许的作用[51]。但也有研究表明,匿名性能促进旁观者干预,匿名降低了人们被欺凌者报复的担忧,提升主动报告等积极干预行为的信心[52]。
互联网打破了传统欺凌中旁观者须在事发现场目睹欺凌的时空限制,网络欺凌中欺凌事件发生、旁观者目睹、旁观者行为三个事件可异步发生。一方面,从网络欺凌发生到旁观者目睹存在一定时间差,旁观者并不清楚事件是否已经妥善解决[53]。另一方面,在大部分网络欺凌事件中,旁观者行为并不会收到实时反馈,而线下他人的注视通常会使行为向符合社会规范的方向发展,因而网络欺凌旁观者可能会表现出冷漠局外或消极助长行为[44]。最后,在线交流使旁观者有更多时间对信息内容进行斟酌和编辑,这一沟通方式赋予相对胆小、害羞的青少年以勇气和掌控感[54],从而激发积极干预行为。
网站或平台的界面特征和功能对旁观者行为亦存在影响。例如网页设置已阅读的提醒、平台显示的他人是否在观看的状态,会诱发旁观者产生“他人可能对我的行为进行评价”的意识,通过影响其责任感等因素提升积极干预欺凌的可能性[55-56]。
媒介可供性除了影响旁观者是否干预以外,还会影响其干预方式。由于在线交流时空异步性,旁观者私下干预(如一对一私信安慰)受害者成为可能,能规避公开帮助带来的潜在风险,因此,旁观者更倾向于选择在线、私下的干预而非线下、公开的干预方式[57-58]。同时,旁观者对网络欺凌的间接干预(如举报)很大程度依赖于平台/网站的功能设置及监管力度,旁观者在目睹网络欺凌时常存在干预无效的顾虑,平台仍需进一步改善相关功能并加强监管[59]。
其次,开放的网络环境不仅导致大规模网络欺凌旁观者的存在,也引发了典型的线下旁观者效应的网络复现,即旁观者的干预意愿随其数量的增加而显著降低[60]。然而,也有学者指出,网络欺凌旁观者数量并不直接影响其干预意愿,而是通过个体责任感间接促进干预意愿[56];还有学者提出旁观者人数与干预意愿是三次曲线关系,即最初干预意愿随旁观者数量增加而升高,当达到一定数量后下降,最后干预意愿又随人数增长有所回升[61]。旁观者越多干预意愿反而随之上升的原因可能是旁观者意识到其所在群体的数量显著多于欺凌者,采取行动可能获得其他沉默旁观者的支持,干预的风险较小,干预的自我效能感提升[61]。
最后,网络欺凌行为发生情境的模糊性给旁观者积极干预带来了一定难度。线下人际交流高度依赖非语言线索(如面部表情、眼神接触、语音语调等),但线上交流缺乏这些线索,旁观者难以评估欺凌的形势、受害者的感受和伤害程度[9, 51]。同时,社会和情感线索的缺乏损害了个体对他人情感的共情能力,进而淡化了欺凌对受害者的伤害[62-63]。网络欺凌也往往缺少物理性的身体攻击线索,弱化了感知欺凌严重性,因而降低了积极干预的可能性[59]。
虽然网络欺凌旁观者的相关研究在不断深入,但仍需进一步拓展方向。随着技术和时代环境等不断进展变化,未来研究可以在以下几个方面深入探索。
随着青少年年龄增长,微观系统内部父母和教师的影响减弱,同龄人的影响增强[64]。如果父母和老师的行为可以抵消同伴的负面影响,则表明家庭和学校协同引导教育网络欺凌旁观者是必要的。因此,未来可系统考察同伴、父母和教师对旁观者行为的交互作用。
个体生命历程的变化会重塑其对网络欺凌的认知与行为模式。例如在青少年阶段,网络欺凌通常表现为刻薄的信息、社会排斥;而在成年早期(尤其是大学阶段),网络欺凌增加了色情短信、性骚扰等形式[65-66]。青少年过往经历也会改变网络欺凌的参与程度,如新型冠状病毒疫情流行期间,青少年更多使用数字技术进行社交和学习[67],增加了旁观或参与网络欺凌的可能性。此外,青少年在不同年龄阶段展现出不同心理特征。有学者通过纵向研究发现,随着年龄增长,部分青少年会从消极助长行为转变为积极干预行为[68]。未来研究可通过纵向设计探讨不同成长阶段青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为的差异及转变过程,并关注重点社会事件对其的长期影响,这将有助于揭示旁观者行为的动态发展路径。
随着媒介技术的不断更迭,更多网络欺凌新形式出现[69],元宇宙和人工智能生成内容助长网络欺凌新形式衍生,网络欺凌旁观者行为也会随之变化。例如在元宇宙中,旁观者可能感觉自己的行动更加脱离现实,会影响其对欺凌的责任感与反应[70]。新兴媒介形式下网络欺凌旁观者行为的演化仍待进一步探索。此外,人工智能在网络欺凌预防中的应用也亟待探究,比如利用自然语言处理识别欺凌模式、通过聊天机器人为受害者提供即时支持等[71]。
在各层系统分别影响旁观者行为的同时,社会生态系统间也有复杂的交互影响。首先,未来可以研究外层各系统施加于内层个体因素的影响,例如网络欺凌对旁观者自身的影响。在传统校园欺凌中,旁观者目睹而未阻止欺凌会导致其自尊下降[72],无论是否干预,目睹网络欺凌都更易造成旁观者产生抑郁和社交焦虑等症状[73]。未来研究可以关注网络欺凌旁观者积极干预行为能否有效减少目睹带来的负面影响,而这些影响又是否有别于传统欺凌等。其次,未来可以关注内层个体因素对外层各系统的反作用,例如个体的媒介数字素养对旁观者行为的影响,有学者发现网络欺凌旁观者每天使用互联网的时间往往多于没有目睹过网络欺凌者[19],但暂无媒介素养是否会影响旁观者行为的实证研究。最后,外层各系统间的交互也需进一步探讨,以丰富社会生态模型的解释力。微观、外部及宏观系统的影响可能蔓延到数字环境中,数字环境的效果也可能体现在其他外层系统中。例如线上线下联动欺凌中旁观者角色的流动性,Wegge等[74]发现受害者在线下和线上往往面临相同的欺凌者。校园欺凌中的受害者也可能会在线上化身欺凌者,旁观者也会在线上线下不同的欺凌情境中采取不同的行为,甚至有些旁观者一方面在线上助长欺凌,另一方面又在线下安慰受害者[75]。未来可以从旁观者在线上和线下欺凌中的角色转换与行为差异等方面进一步探索。
尽管现有研究和相关政策都取得了较大的进展,但依然不足以遏制随新技术发展而不断涌现的网络欺凌现象。当前迫切需要深入的理论研究并与实践结合,开展本土化调查,为制定有针对性的引导策略提供切实有效的实证支持,撬动隐匿的援手,发挥旁观者潜在的巨大作用。联动平台、政府、学校、家庭等全社会力量,维护清朗网络空间,为青少年营造健康良好的成长环境。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(72004198);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2705300);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(S20220191)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025373
  • 接收时间:2025-08-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-04
  • 修回日期:2025-11-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(72004198);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2705300);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目(S20220191)
作者信息
    1浙江大学传媒与国际文化学院,杭州 310058
    2清华大学新闻与传播学院
    3英属哥伦比亚大学计算机科学系

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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