Article(id=1325535809906163765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325535161890398372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025363, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751472000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-03, revisedDate=1760112000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961964346, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961964346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961964346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961964346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325535161890398372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1673', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961809846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961809846, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1792, endPage=1795, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325535814167576631, articleId=1325535809906163765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of the risk of class clustering of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis from Xiamen City in 2023, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the intra-class transmission pattern of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) among students, so as to provide a basis for formulating precise prevention and control strategies.

Methods

The data of AHC students in 2023 was obtained from the teacher-student health information module of the "Xiamen i-Education" platform. Taking the onset date from January 1st to December 31st, 2023 as the search criteria, the epidemiological data of confirmed AHC cases among students in the whole city in 2023 was collected. And the Knox test method was employed to quantify cluster risk at the class level. Subgroup comparisons were conducted to examine differences in cluster risk between academic stages and gender combinations. Cross-analysis was performed to investigate the interactive effects of two characteristics on cluster risk.

Results

In 2023, 708 cases of AHC students were reported in Xiamen, among which 54 class-clustered outbreaks were identified. These outbreaks accounted for 40.54% of total cases. Among them, the incidence of class-clustered outbreaks with male first-onset cases was higher than that with female first-onset cases (χ2=4.55, P < 0.05). The class cluster risk was at a relatively high level within the incubation period (0-2 d) after AHC onset (RR=4.61-6.43, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that female-female case pairs had a higher class cluster risk (RR=4.81-10.29) compared to other gender combinations (P < 0.05). Primary school case pairs showed a higher risk (RR=4.60-6.77) than middle school case pairs (RR=3.85-4.57) (both P < 0.05). Cross-analysis indicated that primary school and female-female combinations had a higher risk (RR=4.70-11.24) than other combinations, while middle school and male-female combinations showed a positive interaction (RR=3.68-6.68)(both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

AHC infection among students is primarily transmitted within classes. Gender and educational stage are key demographic factors influencing class cluster transmission risks. Transmission risks should be assessed by analyzing population characteristics and contact patterns, and targeted interventions should be implemented.

, authors=Yuedong LIN1, 2, Zhinan GUO1, Mantian WENG3, Juanjuan CHEN1, Yidun ZHANG*, 1, authorsList=Yuedong LIN, Zhinan GUO, Mantian WENG, Juanjuan CHEN, Yidun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yidun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325535837273997373, articleId=1325535809906163765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=厦门市2023年急性出血性结膜炎疫情班级聚集性风险分析, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)在学生群体中的班级内传播模式,为制定精准防控策略提供依据。

方法

2023年AHC学生发病数据来源于“厦门i教育”平台的师生健康信息模块,以发病日期在2023年1月1日至12月31日为搜索条件,导出2023年全市AHC学生确诊病例的流行病学资料。采用Knox检验方法在班级尺度量化聚集性风险,分组对比学段与性别组合的聚集性风险差异,交叉分析2种特征对聚集性风险的影响。

结果

2023年厦门市共报告AHC学生病例708例,发现班级内聚集性疫情54起,班级聚集性疫情涉及的发病人数占总发病数的40.54%,其中首发病例为男性的班级聚集性疫情发生率高于女性(χ2=4.55,P < 0.05)。AHC发病后潜伏期(0~2 d)内班级聚集性风险处于较高水平(RR=4.61~6.43);亚组分析显示潜伏期内班级聚集性风险女-女病例对子(RR=4.81~10.29)高于其他性别组合,小学病例对子(RR=4.60~6.77)高于中学病例对子(RR=3.85~4.57);交叉分析显示潜伏期内班级聚集性风险呈小学学段女-女特征组合病例对子(RR=4.70~11.24)高于其他组合,中学学段中男-女特征组合对子(RR=3.68~6.68)存在正向交互(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

学生感染AHC以班级内部传播为主,性别、学段是班级聚集性风险的重要人群特征。需根据人群特征结合接触模式评估传播风险,制定针对性干预措施。

, authors=林越东1, 2, 郭志南1, 翁曼恬3, 陈娟娟1, 张怡盾*, 1, authorsList=林越东, 郭志南, 翁曼恬, 陈娟娟, 张怡盾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张怡盾, authorNote=

林越东(1996-),男,福建莆田人,硕士,医师,主要从事急性传染病预防控制工作

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张怡盾,E-mail:
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厦门市2023年急性出血性结膜炎疫情班级聚集性风险分析
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林越东 1, 2 , 郭志南 1 , 翁曼恬 3 , 陈娟娟 1 , 张怡盾 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(12): 1792-1795
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (12) : 1792 -1795
厦门市2023年急性出血性结膜炎疫情班级聚集性风险分析
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林越东1, 2, 郭志南1, 翁曼恬3, 陈娟娟1, 张怡盾*, 1
作者信息
  • 1福建省厦门市疾病预防控制中心急性传染病预防控制处,361021
  • 2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)现场流行病学项目
  • 3福建省厦门市疾病预防控制中心业务质量控制处
通讯作者:
张怡盾,E-mail:
作者简介:

林越东(1996-),男,福建莆田人,硕士,医师,主要从事急性传染病预防控制工作

Analysis of the risk of class clustering of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis from Xiamen City in 2023
Yuedong LIN1, 2, Zhinan GUO1, Mantian WENG3, Juanjuan CHEN1, Yidun ZHANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1Division of Acute Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361021, Fujian Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025363
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目的

探究急性出血性结膜炎(AHC)在学生群体中的班级内传播模式,为制定精准防控策略提供依据。

方法

2023年AHC学生发病数据来源于“厦门i教育”平台的师生健康信息模块,以发病日期在2023年1月1日至12月31日为搜索条件,导出2023年全市AHC学生确诊病例的流行病学资料。采用Knox检验方法在班级尺度量化聚集性风险,分组对比学段与性别组合的聚集性风险差异,交叉分析2种特征对聚集性风险的影响。

结果

2023年厦门市共报告AHC学生病例708例,发现班级内聚集性疫情54起,班级聚集性疫情涉及的发病人数占总发病数的40.54%,其中首发病例为男性的班级聚集性疫情发生率高于女性(χ2=4.55,P < 0.05)。AHC发病后潜伏期(0~2 d)内班级聚集性风险处于较高水平(RR=4.61~6.43);亚组分析显示潜伏期内班级聚集性风险女-女病例对子(RR=4.81~10.29)高于其他性别组合,小学病例对子(RR=4.60~6.77)高于中学病例对子(RR=3.85~4.57);交叉分析显示潜伏期内班级聚集性风险呈小学学段女-女特征组合病例对子(RR=4.70~11.24)高于其他组合,中学学段中男-女特征组合对子(RR=3.68~6.68)存在正向交互(P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

学生感染AHC以班级内部传播为主,性别、学段是班级聚集性风险的重要人群特征。需根据人群特征结合接触模式评估传播风险,制定针对性干预措施。

结膜炎,急性出血性  /  疾病暴发流行  /  交叉分析  /  学生保健服务
Objective

To explore the intra-class transmission pattern of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) among students, so as to provide a basis for formulating precise prevention and control strategies.

Methods

The data of AHC students in 2023 was obtained from the teacher-student health information module of the "Xiamen i-Education" platform. Taking the onset date from January 1st to December 31st, 2023 as the search criteria, the epidemiological data of confirmed AHC cases among students in the whole city in 2023 was collected. And the Knox test method was employed to quantify cluster risk at the class level. Subgroup comparisons were conducted to examine differences in cluster risk between academic stages and gender combinations. Cross-analysis was performed to investigate the interactive effects of two characteristics on cluster risk.

Results

In 2023, 708 cases of AHC students were reported in Xiamen, among which 54 class-clustered outbreaks were identified. These outbreaks accounted for 40.54% of total cases. Among them, the incidence of class-clustered outbreaks with male first-onset cases was higher than that with female first-onset cases (χ2=4.55, P < 0.05). The class cluster risk was at a relatively high level within the incubation period (0-2 d) after AHC onset (RR=4.61-6.43, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that female-female case pairs had a higher class cluster risk (RR=4.81-10.29) compared to other gender combinations (P < 0.05). Primary school case pairs showed a higher risk (RR=4.60-6.77) than middle school case pairs (RR=3.85-4.57) (both P < 0.05). Cross-analysis indicated that primary school and female-female combinations had a higher risk (RR=4.70-11.24) than other combinations, while middle school and male-female combinations showed a positive interaction (RR=3.68-6.68)(both P < 0.05).

Conclusions

AHC infection among students is primarily transmitted within classes. Gender and educational stage are key demographic factors influencing class cluster transmission risks. Transmission risks should be assessed by analyzing population characteristics and contact patterns, and targeted interventions should be implemented.

Conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic  /  Disease outbreaks  /  Crossover analysis  /  Student health services
林越东, 郭志南, 翁曼恬, 陈娟娟, 张怡盾. 厦门市2023年急性出血性结膜炎疫情班级聚集性风险分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1792 -1795 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025363
Yuedong LIN, Zhinan GUO, Mantian WENG, Juanjuan CHEN, Yidun ZHANG. Analysis of the risk of class clustering of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis from Xiamen City in 2023[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1792 -1795 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025363
急性出血性结膜炎(acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, AHC)是由肠道病毒70型(human enterovirus 70, EV70)、柯萨奇病毒A组24型变种(Coxsackievirus A24 variant, CV-A24v)及部分人腺病毒引起的急性传染性眼病,具有潜伏期短、传染性强、人群普遍易感的特点,是我国法定丙类传染病[1]。我国AHC疫情呈现周期性变化,每隔3~5年出现一次流行高峰,且学校等人群高度聚集地是AHC暴发疫情的重点场所[2]。2023年福建省AHC疫情出现了较为明显的流行高峰,发病率高达14.38/10万,显著高于2004—2023年平均水平(2.31/10万),发病人群以学生为主[3-4]。本研究基于2023年1月1日至12月31日期间厦门市学生AHC发病监测数据,描述学生发病及班级聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,探索学生人群的疾病传播模式,为应对AHC流行提供科学指导。
2023年AHC学生发病数据来源于“厦门i教育”平台的师生健康信息模块[5],以发病日期在2023年1月1日至12月31日为搜索条件,导出2023年厦门市AHC中小学及幼儿园学生确诊病例的流行病学资料,并匹配病例学籍信息。本研究通过厦门市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会审查批准[批件号:XJK/LLSC(2025)-010],病例信息经脱敏处理后进行统计分析,确保研究过程符合隐私保护要求。
平台共覆盖厦门市1 400多所学校,采用主动报告与主动监测相结合的方式收集学生的发病信息。首先,学生发病后家长通过微信公众平台和小程序登记因病缺课信息;其次,疾病流行期间或学校出现聚集性疫情后校医通过系统补充采集晨午检发现病例信息。AHC班级聚集性疫情定义参考《中小学校传染病预防控制工作管理规范》[6],即7 d内同一班级发生3例及以上AHC病例。班级聚集性疫情发生率=(出现聚集性疫情的班级数/有病例报告的班级数)×100%。
采用χ2检验分析首发病例性别、学段等因素与AHC班级聚集性疫情发生是否存在关联。运用R 4.4.3软件surveillance包的knox.test函数实现Knox检验,进行AHC班级聚集性检验,其核心思想是将纳入分析的所有病例两两组成病例对子,计算所有病例对子之间的发病时间间隔与空间距离。根据设定的空间距离阈值s与时间距离阈值t构建四格表,若病例对子的空间距离≤s且发病时间间隔≤t,则标记为“邻近对”,基于四格表计算“邻近对”的期望数,期望数E(a)= Ns×Nt/N,E(a)表示“邻近对”期望数,Ns表示空间距离≤s的病例对子数,Nt表示发病时间间隔≤t的病例对子数,N表示病例对子总数。并通过风险比(risk ratio, RR)衡量特定时空阈值下疾病聚集性强度,RR为“邻近对”的实际数与期望数之比。基于Poisson检验计算四格表中“邻近对”实际数的95%可信区间(95%CI),进而计算RR的95%CI。检验水准α=0.05。
为评估小范围内疾病传播的时空聚集性,本研究中病例对子的空间距离阈值s取同班级,考虑到AHC最长潜伏期为6 d并评估多代续发风险,以0~30 d作为时间距离阈值范围t,间隔1 d取值。
2023年厦门市学生人群累计报告AHC确诊病例708例,高发时间为9—10月,共638例(90.11%)。发病较多的地区为厦门岛外的海沧区247例(34.89%)与同安区151例(21.33%),高发区域以郊区(344例,48.59%)和农村(252例,35.59%)为主。按性别分类,男生450例,女生258例,男女性别发病比为1.74∶1。按学段分类,小学生占发病总数的73.59%(521例),中学生占23.87%(169例),幼儿园幼儿占2.54%(18例)。
AHC学生病例中共发现54起聚集性疫情,疫情暴发的时空趋势与AHC发病基本一致。有病例的班级中聚集性疫情发生率为13.85%(54/390),班级聚集性疫情涉及的发病人数占总发病数的40.54%(287例),每起聚集性疫情持续时间及病例中位数分别为4 d和5人。
从首发病例性别来看,首发病例为男生的班级聚集性疫情发生率(16.96%,39/230)高于女生(9.38%,15/160;χ2=4.55,P=0.03),首发病例为男生的聚集性疫情持续时间及病例中位数分别为4 d和5人,女生为4 d和4人。从学段来看,幼儿园的病例中未发现班级聚集性疫情,小学有病例的班级中聚集性疫情发生率为15.05%(42/279),中学为12.90%(12/93),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.26,P=0.61),小学和中学聚集性疫情持续时间及病例中位数均为5 d和5人。
AHC学生病例共组成病例对子250 278对,其中同班级的病例对子占0.38%(939/250 278),发病时间距离中位数为1 d。
Knox检验显示,学生人群中AHC发病存在班级聚集性,随着时间阈值增大,班级聚集性风险趋近于1,见图1(A)。以2 d为疾病一般潜伏期,班级聚集性风险在潜伏期内处于较高水平(RR=4.61~6.43,P < 0.01)。进一步分组分析学生人群不同性别组合病例对子的聚集性风险,结果表明,男-男、男-女两类性别组合病例对子的聚集性风险随时间阈值的变化趋势未见明显差异,但潜伏期内女-女病例对子(RR=4.81~10.29)班级聚集性风险高于男-男(RR=4.62~5.72)、男-女(RR=4.52~6.13)(P值均 < 0.01)。见图1(B~D)。
选择发病人数较多的中小学生不同学段病例对子的聚集性风险如图1(E和F)所示。结果表明,潜伏期内小学病例对子(RR=4.60~6.77)班级聚集性风险高于中学病例对子(RR=3.85~4.57)(P值均 < 0.01)。
交叉分析学生人群性别组合-学段特征对AHC聚集性风险的影响发现,潜伏期内,小学学段中女-女病例对子(RR=4.70~11.24)班级聚集性风险较高,中学学段中男-女病例对子(RR=3.68~6.68)班级聚集性风险高于男-男(RR=3.29~3.44)和女-女(RR=3.56~5.16)两类病例对子,也高于小学学段中的男-女病例对子(RR=4.50~5.98)(P值均 < 0.01)。
本研究结果显示,AHC班级聚集性疫情涉及的发病人数占总发病数的40.54%,且病例对子之间发病时间距离与AHC的潜伏期相吻合,提示学生人群主要经班级内接触感染AHC。既往研究表明,AHC疫情多发生在学校、幼托机构等重点场所,暴发疫情发生原因与疾病特点、人群聚集、学校办学条件较差、学生卫生习惯差、首发病例未实行严格的隔离治疗等有关[2, 7]。对于此类重点场所的疫情防控,建议实施如晨检制度等全覆盖全症状实时化监测[8],实现早发现、早处置。还可通过微信公众号、视频号等社交媒体平台加强健康宣传教育,增强学生家长对AHC的防控意识,实现班级聚集性疫情的“一级预防”[9-10]。此外,贾静等[11]研究发现,手足口病等接触传播疾病暴发疫情有90%以上发生在学校等重点场所,但有93.75%的疫情归因于社区暴发;主要原因是社区人口相对密集、人员接触频率高、流动性较大,各类防范措施难以规范实施,群防群控效果有限[12]。因此,需重视医院、商场、公共交通站点等各类公共场所的疫情控制,防止社区疫情向学校扩散。
对比不同学段AHC聚集性风险发现,小学总体高于中学,是AHC聚集性疫情的高风险人群。小学生卫生意识薄弱、自我防护能力不强可能是造成学段间聚集性风险差异的重要原因[13]。建议在低年级学生中加强卫生知识教育并促进行为改变,使之逐渐形成良好的卫生习惯,有效减少接触传播疾病的校内传播。
本研究结果还显示,性别特征是班级内部AHC聚集性风险的重要影响因素,即男生发病多于女生,且首发病例为男生的班级出现聚集性疫情风险更高,与既往研究一致[2-4, 14],但小学女生间AHC发病的聚集性更强,提示班级内女生间接触的传播风险高于男生间及男女生之间。可能原因有:(1)女童活动范围相对男童更为局限,感染来源相对单一,以班级内感染为主,社区接触感染较少,班级内聚集性更明显;(2)女童在日常生活中共享纸巾、毛巾等个人用品的倾向性更强,可能容易出现因共用污染物所致的间接接触传播;(3)女童在课间休息或活动时往往聚集性更强,形成相对封闭的小群体,一旦有人感染,病毒容易在小群体内快速传播。
但中学生的性别间AHC传播模式有所改变,同性间聚集性风险较小学下降,但异性间风险上升,成为班级内部传播的重要风险点。Heriana等[15]研究表明,低年龄组学生的接触存在性别偏好,更倾向与同性互动;而高年龄组学生整体性别同质性较弱,异性间接触相对增多。随着年龄增长,青春期学生心理变化导致异性接触模式也有所差异,高年龄组学生在性发育过程中更容易出现趋于亲密的异性接触行为,也可能增加疾病的传播风险。不同性别组合接触方式可能形成不同的传染病传播模式,需根据不同人群特征结合各类接触模式科学评估传播风险,制定针对性干预措施。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:仅基于发病监测数据分析AHC的班级聚集性风险,缺少细化的流行病学调查,无法明确班级内传播链,可能导致研究过程的生态学偏倚。此外,未开展社区聚集性疫情的调查,仅对班级内部聚集性风险进行评估可能忽视社区传播导致班级聚集性疫情的风险。未来应选择不同发病水平的学校开展深入、长期的流行病学调查,基于个体水平的传播关系及接触模式探索学生群体疾病传播机制,强化对AHC暴发原因的认识,完善聚集性风险评估体系,实现早发现、早评估、早干预。
  • 2024年厦门市卫生健康高质量发展科技计划项目青年科研课题项目(2024GZL-QN146)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025363
  • 接收时间:2025-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03
  • 修回日期:2025-10-11
基金
2024年厦门市卫生健康高质量发展科技计划项目青年科研课题项目(2024GZL-QN146)
作者信息
    1福建省厦门市疾病预防控制中心急性传染病预防控制处,361021
    2中国疾病预防控制中心(中国预防医学科学院)现场流行病学项目
    3福建省厦门市疾病预防控制中心业务质量控制处

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张怡盾,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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