Article(id=1325535412823016174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325535161890398372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025357, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1762790400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961869674, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1766592000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961869674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961869674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961869674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325535161890398372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1673', pageEnd='1824', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1766592000000', pubDateStr='2025-12-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961809846, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961809846, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1681, endPage=1685, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325535418237862639, articleId=1325535412823016174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Leverage national policies to protect children and adolescents from school bullying, columnId=1325500683172065622, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Editorial, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

School bullying has become a common adverse life event in primary and secondary schools, occurring at younger ages, which seriously harms the physical and mental health of children and adolescents, as well as social well-being. The article analyzes the current situation of efforts to prevent and address school bullying at home and abroad, proposes the necessity and urgency of promoting the prevention and control of school bullying, as well as the innovative methods and suggestions of prevention, intervention and empowerment mechanisms in school bullying, and leverages the national policy of preventing school bullying, in order to protect children and adolescents from school bullying.

, authors=Zhihao LIU, authorsList=Zhihao LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325535429612815088, articleId=1325535412823016174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=借力国家政策 促进儿童青少年远离校园欺凌, columnId=1325500684380025177, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

校园欺凌已成为中小学校常见的负性生活事件且呈低龄化趋势,严重危害儿童青少年的身心健康和社会安定。文章通过分析国内外预防校园欺凌工作现状,提出促进校园欺凌防治工作的必要性与迫切性,以及校园欺凌防治工作在预防、干预和赋能机制方面的创新方法和建议,并借力国家预防校园欺凌政策,促使儿童青少年远离校园欺凌。

, authors=刘志浩, authorsList=刘志浩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

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刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

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刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

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借力国家政策 促进儿童青少年远离校园欺凌
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刘志浩
中国学校卫生 | 述评 2025,46(12): 1681-1685
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中国学校卫生 |述评 2025 , 46 (12) : 1681 -1685
借力国家政策 促进儿童青少年远离校园欺凌
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刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

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刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

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刘志浩
作者信息
  • 江苏省疾病预防控制中心健康教育所,南京 210009
作者简介:

刘志浩(1985-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为学校卫生与健康教育

Leverage national policies to protect children and adolescents from school bullying
Zhihao LIU
Affiliations
  • Institute for Health Education, Jiangsu Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025357
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校园欺凌已成为中小学校常见的负性生活事件且呈低龄化趋势,严重危害儿童青少年的身心健康和社会安定。文章通过分析国内外预防校园欺凌工作现状,提出促进校园欺凌防治工作的必要性与迫切性,以及校园欺凌防治工作在预防、干预和赋能机制方面的创新方法和建议,并借力国家预防校园欺凌政策,促使儿童青少年远离校园欺凌。

暴力  /  政府政策  /  健康促进  /  儿童  /  青少年

School bullying has become a common adverse life event in primary and secondary schools, occurring at younger ages, which seriously harms the physical and mental health of children and adolescents, as well as social well-being. The article analyzes the current situation of efforts to prevent and address school bullying at home and abroad, proposes the necessity and urgency of promoting the prevention and control of school bullying, as well as the innovative methods and suggestions of prevention, intervention and empowerment mechanisms in school bullying, and leverages the national policy of preventing school bullying, in order to protect children and adolescents from school bullying.

Violence  /  Public policy  /  Health promotion  /  Child  /  Adolescent
刘志浩. 借力国家政策 促进儿童青少年远离校园欺凌. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1681 -1685 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025357
Zhihao LIU. Leverage national policies to protect children and adolescents from school bullying[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (12) : 1681 -1685 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025357
校园欺凌是发生在校园内外,由欺凌者重复使用肢体、语言、社交及网络等手段对被欺凌者施加生理或心理上的攻击,导致受欺凌者长期受到伤害且通常难以反抗的行为[1-2],是中小学校中常见的负性生活事件,受到社会的广泛关注[3-4]。校园欺凌分为传统欺凌(包括身体、言语、关系、财物欺凌等)和网络欺凌[1]。欺凌行为涉及旁观者、欺凌者、受欺凌者和欺凌-受欺凌者4种角色[5]。
校园欺凌对欺凌者有不良影响,可能导致欺凌者攻击倾向增长,甚至增加成年后的犯罪风险[3]。校园欺凌对被欺凌者的伤害覆盖心理健康、生理健康、学业发展、社交能力甚至人生轨迹[4]。另外,校园欺凌消极影响还会蔓延到其他群体,引发更多的欺凌事件,严重影响学生的身心健康与校园的和谐稳定[6-8]。预防儿童青少年校园欺凌,使其在健康、安全的环境中成长和学习,是建设健康中国的重要基础。
目前,全球范围内校园欺凌现象普遍存在,已成为社会关注的焦点。2022年,美国皮尤研究中心一项针对13~17岁青少年的调查显示,46%报告遭受过1种欺凌,28%报告遭受过多种形式的欺凌[9]。2018年,一项对中国6座城市18 341名儿童青少年的调查显示,42.9%报告遭受过校园欺凌[10]。另有调查显示,31.0%的高中生报告遭受过校园欺凌,其中言语欺凌、关系欺凌、身体欺凌、网络欺凌、财物欺凌的报告率分别为25.9%,10.8%,6.2%,5.0%和3.1%[11]。一项对4 034名大学生的回顾性调查显示,59.7%报告遭受过欺凌,31.6%报告曾对别人实施过欺凌行为[12]。
第一,个体因素。许多欺凌者存在情绪不稳定、自卑等心理问题,缺乏同理心,通过欺凌他人的方式获得自我认同感和优越感[3]。第二,家庭环境。一些家庭,父母关系紧张或存在暴力行为,孩子可能通过模仿父母行为处理自己的问题[8];此外,过于溺爱或缺乏有效管教,也容易导致孩子形成不恰当的行为模式。第三,学校环境和教育方式。若学校对欺凌行为缺乏有效的预防和干预,欺凌者可能会认为这种行为是可以被容忍的,从而导致欺凌事件的持续发生。第四,社会因素。社会的竞争压力导致一些学生产生焦虑感,进而采用欺凌行为缓解这种压力,社交媒体的普及也加剧了该问题。
校园欺凌行为通常始于小学高年级,在初中和高中阶段达到高峰[13]。近年来,校园欺凌问题呈现低龄化趋势,越来越多的小学生成为校园欺凌的一员[14]。这种低龄化的原因较为复杂。首先,家庭教育缺失或不当是重要因素。一些孩子的成长缺乏父母的陪伴和引导,导致其在人际交往和情绪管理方面出现问题,以至于采用欺凌他人的方式来获取自我认同[15]。其次,随着网络和电子设备的普及,部分网络暴力和不良信息的传播可能会影响儿童青少年的行为方式[16]。最后,学校对社会情感教育的重视不足。部分学校侧重于传授知识,忽视了对学生人际关系处理、情绪行为规范和道德观念的培养,导致学生缺乏正确的道德观念和情感管理能力,遭受挫折或情绪失控时,容易通过暴力或言语欺凌等方式宣泄情绪。
校园欺凌会对儿童青少年心理健康造成严重不良后果,包括缺课率增加、学习成绩下降、低自尊、抑郁、孤独、焦虑、高退学率,甚至出现自杀等问题,对学校和社会产生强烈的排斥和恐惧心理[17-19]。校园欺凌还是儿童精神健康的重要独立影响因素[20],长期遭受欺凌的儿童青少年在缺乏有效解决策略的情境下,会采取极端行为[21]。
校园欺凌对儿童青少年身体健康同样存在影响。遭受欺凌的学生,尤其是低龄学生,可能承受较大的心理压力、影响健康成长[22]。有研究显示,校园欺凌与女生月经初潮年龄提前存在一定关联[23]。校园欺凌的不良影响会长期持续,Takizawa等[24]在对7 771名儿童40余年的随访研究发现,相比未遭受欺凌的同龄人,童年期遭受欺凌的个体在50岁时身心健康问题及认知能力问题的风险增加。
立法方面,韩国在2004年颁布了《校园暴力预防及对策法》[25],日本于2013年通过了《防止校园欺凌对策推进法》[26],美国于2025年实现50个州通过反校园欺凌专项立法,并在联邦层面亦有“制止欺凌行动”草案[27]。反欺凌法规可有效降低校园欺凌发生率,促进学校构建更安全的教育环境[28]。
教育层面,一些国家将反欺凌教育纳入了学前教育和基础教育课程,帮助学生从小认识欺凌危害,学习沟通、理解和尊重他人来避免冲突[29-30]。如英国中小学普遍举办的“反欺凌周”活动,通过讨论、演讲、角色扮演游戏,帮助学生更好地理解欺凌问题的严重性,并学会如何应对欺凌行为[30]。
心理支持方面,一些国家的学校建立了心理辅导室,帮助受到欺凌的学生恢复自信,并对欺凌者进行行为矫正与情绪管理辅导[31]。学校建立多渠道反馈机制,确保学生及时获得帮助。心理干预的介入不仅有助于遏制欺凌行为,还能在校园内营造良好氛围[32]。
家庭与社区协作方面,一些国家通过家长教育、社区合作等形式,帮助家长和社会各界共同关注校园欺凌问题[33]。芬兰通过“家长学校”定期向家长普及反欺凌知识,鼓励家庭与学校联合干预,预防家庭矛盾向校园蔓延[34]。加拿大借助非政府组织力量,为学校提供心理咨询、法律援助及教育培训等资源,形成政府、学校、家庭、社会多方联动的反欺凌网络[35]。
随着数字化时代的到来,网络欺凌已成为全球面临的新问题。美国通过“网络安全法”要求学校强化学生的网络安全教育与管理,引导学生正确使用网络社交平台,提升对网络欺凌的识别与防范意识[36]。部分国家还在校园课程中加入网络素养与责任教育,让学生认识到网络行为同样应遵守社会伦理并受到法律约束[37]。
2020年第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十二次会议修订的《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》已专设“学生欺凌”条款。2021年1月,教育部印发了《防范中小学生欺凌专项治理行动工作方案》[38],要求各地教育部门于2021年7月前完成专项治理。2025年6月第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十六次会议修订的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》也首次明确了学生欺凌的处理方式,规定公安机关可对实施殴打、侮辱、恐吓等欺凌行为的学生依法处罚,并采取矫治措施;同时,明确了学校若未按规定报告或处置校园欺凌事件,将被责令改正,相关责任人员将面临处分。
此外,各有关部门陆续出台了多项政策,如2016年4月国务院教育督导委员会办公室印发了《关于开展校园欺凌专项治理的通知》,2016年7月教育部、司法部、全国普法办联合印发了《青少年法治教育大纲》,2016年11月教育部等九部门印发了《关于防治中小学生欺凌和暴力的指导意见》,2016年12月国务院教育督导委员会办公室印发了《中小学(幼儿园)安全工作专项督导暂行办法》,2021年5月,教育部审议通过了《未成年人学校保护规定》等,以加强学生欺凌防控工作。
目前,我国部分省份将反校园欺凌纳入地方法规,如2017年江苏省第十二届人民代表大会常务委员会颁布的《江苏省预防未成年人犯罪条例》,山东省第十四届人民代表大会常务委员会第四次会议修订的《山东省未成年人保护条例》(2023年修订),上海市第十六届人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修订的《上海市未成年人保护条例》(2024年修订)等,这些地方法律法规均要求学校建立防治校园欺凌的工作制度,建立早期预警、事中处置及事后干预机制,并对欺凌者进行批评教育和警示谈话,必要时由公安机关介入,体现了地方立法进展。
尽管预防校园欺凌工作取得阶段性成效,但在实际执行过程中仍面临挑战,制约防治效能提升。
第一,主体权责界定需要明晰。校园欺凌涉及多重因素,现行法律与政策未明确政府、学校、家长、社会组织的具体责任与职权,导致出现“多头管理却无人担责”的问题。
第二,处理程序与实施细则需要细化。现有法律法规在欺凌事件的界定、处罚措施和救助途径方面较为模糊。(1)行为界定模糊,如“言语侮辱与玩笑话的区别”“肢体推搡与正常打闹的界限”缺乏标准;(2)处罚措施和救助途径缺乏操作性指南,导致学校在面临欺凌事件时常因“无据可依”陷入困境。
第三,处置标准需要统一。不同地区对防治校园欺凌的做法差异较大,部分地区存在地方保护主义。发达地区处理较为严格,而一些教育资源薄弱地区倾向于内部调解[39]。这种差异既削弱了政策的威慑力,也导致跨区域欺凌事件难以协同解决,影响受欺凌者权益的保障。
第四,校园欺凌行为需要充分报告。许多受害者因羞耻、害怕报复等原因选择隐瞒,部分青少年认为欺凌是“成长的一部分”,也有一些受害者因为缺乏情感支持,未意识到自己应当寻求帮助[40];此外,沉默也使许多欺凌行为得不到及时干预,导致问题长期存在。
第五,隐性网络欺凌行为需要揭示。随着网络技术的普及,网络欺凌的形式和影响变得更加隐蔽、复杂和匿名。网络欺凌不仅包括言语侮辱,还涉及散布谣言、隐私泄露等行为,且其传播速度快、影响范围广,极易对受害者造成心理伤害[1]。
第六,常规监测制度需要建立。目前缺乏校园欺凌常规监测制度,同时因缺乏有效的学生“欺凌知信行”评估问卷,无法明确当前各类学校学生有关欺凌知识、态度与行为认知的全貌,从而制约了针对性欺凌防控教育的开展。另外,亟需开发具有普适性的、有效性的欺凌防控干预包,以便学校、家庭和社会推广应用[41]。
第一,政策应从预防、干预和赋能三个方面入手,建立全面的应对机制。首先,预防机制是防止校园欺凌发生的关键。政府和学校应制定严格的预防欺凌政策,要求学校开展心理健康教育,定期组织预防欺凌宣传活动,提高学生和教师的认知水平,增强学生的法治观念和道德意识;同时,学校应通过班级建设、心理辅导和社交技能训练等措施,帮助学生建立健康的人际关系和提高情感管理能力,减少冲突和欺凌行为的发生。其次,干预机制要确保在校园欺凌发生时能够及时制止。学校应建立有效的报告和处理机制,确保受害者能够在安全的环境中报告欺凌事件。学校应配备专门的心理辅导人员和管理团队,迅速对欺凌事件进行调查,并采取适当的惩戒措施;同时,建立跨部门合作机制,确保学校、家庭和社会能够协同合作,共同干预。最后,赋能机制应当提升学生应对校园欺凌的能力。学校可以通过开展自我保护技能和情感调适的培训,让学生学会如何应对欺凌、合理表达情绪、主动寻求帮助以及建立自信心。
第二,明确欺凌行为界定标准,建议制定操作性指南。通过制定明确的行为界定标准、具体的行为分类和标准,帮助学校和家长判断和处理不同类型的欺凌事件。为学校和家长提供可操作的欺凌事件处理手册,细化从事件发生到处理结束的全过程。
第三,制定全国统一的校园欺凌处置标准。通过制定全国统一的校园欺凌防治标准和框架,确保各地区按照标准进行处理,减少地方保护主义的干扰。建立一个全国统一的欺凌事件信息共享平台,使跨区域欺凌案件能够得到快速通报和协同解决。平台应包含事件报告、处理进度跟踪、处理结果反馈等功能,确保所有参与方协同工作。
第四,建立匿名举报平台,使校园欺凌行为得以被充分报告。政府、学校和社会应为学生提供匿名举报欺凌行为的平台,减少学生不敢举报的情况。平台可以通过在线、短信、电话等多种形式提供举报通道。
第五,开发网络欺凌监测技术,赋能校园欺凌防治。通过大数据、人工智能等先进技术的深度融合,开发和部署网络欺凌监测工具,利用人工智能技术对社交媒体、聊天平台等进行实时监控,自动识别可能存在的恶意行为,并及时警告相关人员。监测工具可以基于关键词、语境分析、行为模式等进行多维度分析,制定明确的网络欺凌证据固定流程,包括保存聊天记录、截图、录像等,确保一旦发生网络欺凌事件,能够提供有效证据作为处理依据。
第六,建立校园欺凌常规监测制度。(1)建立“欺凌知信行”评估体系,通过问卷调查、访谈等方式,评估学生在欺凌知识、态度和行为上的认知水平,及时了解学生的心理和行为变化,做好风险预警。根据不同学校、地区的实际情况,开发具有普适性和有效性的欺凌防控干预包,提供具体的教育工具、活动指导和应急处理措施,帮助学校、家庭和社会有效应对校园欺凌。(2)建立实时监控系统,及时采集和分析各类校园欺凌事件的处理结果,并定期反馈给教育管理部门和社会各界,确保防治工作的动态更新和持续改进。
通过这些创新性措施的实施,可以更有效提升校园欺凌防治工作的整体效能,保障学生的身心健康,创建更为和谐的校园环境。
要实现校园欺凌防治从被动应对到主动预防的转型,既需要落地见效的实践举措,更离不开系统的学术研究作为理论支撑与路径指引。本期发表的“儿童青少年同伴欺凌防控专栏”文章[42-45],聚焦于同伴欺凌问卷的编制及信效度检验、同伴欺凌的干预效果评价、同伴欺凌和父母手机冷落与青少年执行功能的关联、青少年网络欺凌旁观者行为的影响因素研究进展等内容,系统剖析儿童青少年同伴欺凌的测量工具构建、干预实践成效及多维度影响机制,深入探究欺凌相关行为与个体发展、家庭环境等因素的交互作用,旨在搭建一个涵盖测量、干预、影响因素的全方位研究框架,推动从“问题应对”向“预防赋能”的范式转型,为儿童青少年同伴欺凌的科学防控、心理健康促进及相关政策制定提供坚实的学术支撑与实践指引。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173539);江苏省科学技术协会科技智库项目(JSKX0225015);江苏省科学技术协会项目(JSKX2020003)
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2025年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025357
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-12-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
  • 修回日期:2025-11-11
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(82173539);江苏省科学技术协会科技智库项目(JSKX0225015);江苏省科学技术协会项目(JSKX2020003)
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    江苏省疾病预防控制中心健康教育所,南京 210009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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