Article(id=1325532981364019750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325531848021140417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025344, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=1755532800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961289969, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961289969, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961289969, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961289969, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325531848021140417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961019759, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961019759, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1635, endPage=1639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325532998480974376, articleId=1325532981364019750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Network analysis of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, columnId=1259565855189418448, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Mental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To apply network analysis for exploring the relationship of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, so as to provide empirical evidences for the development of targeted intervention programs.

Methods

From March to April 2024, a total of 2 119 middle school students aged 12-18 in Shantou City were selected through stratified cluster random sampling. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on bullying experiences, maltreatment, and peer relationships. The Glasso network model was employed to estimate network structure.

Results

The strongest edge in the network of maltreatment experiences, peer relationships and school bullying was the connecting line connecting peer acceptance and peer terrorized low self-esteem (edge weight=0.59) among middle school students. The network faked fraudulent victimization was the most central node in the whole network (strength=7.98). The bridge symptoms of the network were sexual abuse, property bullying of others, relational bullying victimization, and verbal bullying of others, with the strongest bridge node being sexual abuse (bridge strength=1.07). In the accuracy estimation of centrality indices, closeness centrality demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by strength and betweenness, with coefficient of stability of 0.60, 0.44 and 0.21, respectively. The stability of the network was good.

Conclusion

Peer acceptance has the strongest correlation with peer fear and inferiority, and is closely related to emotional abuse and emotional neglect.

, authors=Linlin XIE1, Yaqing TANG1, Ziyue TAN1, 2, Xiujuan LI1, Liping LI1, 2, authorsList=Linlin XIE, Yaqing TANG, Ziyue TAN, Xiujuan LI, Liping LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325533022073934384, articleId=1325532981364019750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中学生虐待经历和同伴关系与校园欺凌的网络分析, columnId=1259565858817491410, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=心理卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

应用网络分析方法探究中学生虐待经历、同伴关系和校园欺凌的关系,为制定有针对性的干预方案提供实证依据。

方法

2024年3—4月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取汕头市2 119名12~18岁中学生为研究对象,采用自填式问卷收集研究对象校园欺凌、虐待经历和同伴关系等相关信息,并采用Glasso网络模型进行网络结构估计。

结果

中学生虐待经历、同伴关系和校园欺凌的网络中最强的边线为同伴接纳和同伴恐惧自卑(边权值为0.59),网络伪造欺诈受害是整个网络中最核心的节点(强度为7.98)。网络的桥梁症状为性虐待、财产欺凌他人、关系受欺凌和语言欺凌他人,其中最强的桥梁节点为性虐待(桥接强度为1.07)。中心性指标的准确性估计中接近中心性的准确性最高,其次是强度和中介度,稳定性系数(CS)分别为0.60,0.44和0.21,网络的准确性较好。

结论

中学生同伴接纳与同伴恐惧自卑呈现最强相关性,且与情感虐待和情感忽视密切相关。

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谢琳琳(1998-),女,广东汕头人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为伤害预防

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谢琳琳(1998-),女,广东汕头人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为伤害预防

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谢琳琳(1998-),女,广东汕头人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为伤害预防

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注 网络中各节点间连线越粗,表示相关性越大;各节点间距离越远,表明中心性越低;TBV1~4分别为身体受欺凌、关系受欺凌、语言受欺凌、财产受欺凌;TBP1~4分别为身体欺凌他人、关系欺凌他人、语言欺凌他人、财产欺凌他人;CV1~3分别为网络言语欺凌受害、(他人)隐匿身份、(他人)网络伪造欺诈;CP1~3分别为网络言语欺凌他人、(本人)隐匿身份、(本人)网络伪造欺诈;CM1~5分别为情感虐待、身体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、身体忽视;PR1~2分别为同伴接纳和同伴恐惧自卑。

, figureFileSmall=g8Pqy9mQ8kH3uXsZW4AM4A==, figureFileBig=vueK5ey+hACz0K1MND7XWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325533086548775523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532981364019750, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Standardized node centrality indices of the maltreatment, peer relationships, and school bullying networks among middle school students of different genders, figureFileSmall=RFd1ktYV1c+khdr6pBa0Fg==, figureFileBig=e6GBzagDcUjETFX31Ea03w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325533088662704740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532981364019750, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同性别中学生虐待经历、同伴关系、校园欺凌网络的标准化节点中心性指标

注 TBV1~4分别为身体受欺凌、关系受欺凌、语言受欺凌、财产受欺凌;TBP1~4分别为身体欺凌他人、关系欺凌他人、语言欺凌他人、财产欺凌他人;CV1~3分别为网络言语欺凌受害、(他人)隐匿身份、(他人)网络伪造欺诈;CP1~3分别为网络言语欺凌他人、(本人)隐匿身份、(本人)网络伪造欺诈;CM1~5分别为情感虐待、身体虐待、性虐待、情感忽视、身体忽视;PR1~2分别为同伴接纳和同伴恐惧自卑。

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中学生虐待经历和同伴关系与校园欺凌的网络分析
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谢琳琳 1 , 汤雅清 1 , 谭子曰 1, 2 , 李秀娟 1 , 李丽萍 1, 2
中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2025,46(11): 1635-1639
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中国学校卫生 |心理卫生 2025 , 46 (11) : 1635 -1639
中学生虐待经历和同伴关系与校园欺凌的网络分析
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谢琳琳1, 汤雅清1, 谭子曰1, 2, 李秀娟1, 李丽萍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1汕头大学公共卫生学院, 广东 515041
  • 2汕头大学医学院伤害预防研究中心
作者简介:

谢琳琳(1998-),女,广东汕头人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为伤害预防

Network analysis of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students
Linlin XIE1, Yaqing TANG1, Ziyue TAN1, 2, Xiujuan LI1, Liping LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025344
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目的

应用网络分析方法探究中学生虐待经历、同伴关系和校园欺凌的关系,为制定有针对性的干预方案提供实证依据。

方法

2024年3—4月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法选取汕头市2 119名12~18岁中学生为研究对象,采用自填式问卷收集研究对象校园欺凌、虐待经历和同伴关系等相关信息,并采用Glasso网络模型进行网络结构估计。

结果

中学生虐待经历、同伴关系和校园欺凌的网络中最强的边线为同伴接纳和同伴恐惧自卑(边权值为0.59),网络伪造欺诈受害是整个网络中最核心的节点(强度为7.98)。网络的桥梁症状为性虐待、财产欺凌他人、关系受欺凌和语言欺凌他人,其中最强的桥梁节点为性虐待(桥接强度为1.07)。中心性指标的准确性估计中接近中心性的准确性最高,其次是强度和中介度,稳定性系数(CS)分别为0.60,0.44和0.21,网络的准确性较好。

结论

中学生同伴接纳与同伴恐惧自卑呈现最强相关性,且与情感虐待和情感忽视密切相关。

虐待  /  人际关系  /  暴力  /  精神卫生  /  学生
Objective

To apply network analysis for exploring the relationship of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students, so as to provide empirical evidences for the development of targeted intervention programs.

Methods

From March to April 2024, a total of 2 119 middle school students aged 12-18 in Shantou City were selected through stratified cluster random sampling. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on bullying experiences, maltreatment, and peer relationships. The Glasso network model was employed to estimate network structure.

Results

The strongest edge in the network of maltreatment experiences, peer relationships and school bullying was the connecting line connecting peer acceptance and peer terrorized low self-esteem (edge weight=0.59) among middle school students. The network faked fraudulent victimization was the most central node in the whole network (strength=7.98). The bridge symptoms of the network were sexual abuse, property bullying of others, relational bullying victimization, and verbal bullying of others, with the strongest bridge node being sexual abuse (bridge strength=1.07). In the accuracy estimation of centrality indices, closeness centrality demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by strength and betweenness, with coefficient of stability of 0.60, 0.44 and 0.21, respectively. The stability of the network was good.

Conclusion

Peer acceptance has the strongest correlation with peer fear and inferiority, and is closely related to emotional abuse and emotional neglect.

Torture  /  Interpersonal relations  /  Violence  /  Mental health  /  Students
谢琳琳, 汤雅清, 谭子曰, 李秀娟, 李丽萍. 中学生虐待经历和同伴关系与校园欺凌的网络分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1635 -1639 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025344
Linlin XIE, Yaqing TANG, Ziyue TAN, Xiujuan LI, Liping LI. Network analysis of maltreatment experiences and peer relationships with school bullying among middle school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1635 -1639 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025344
《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》(2020修订)将学生欺凌定义为“发生在学生之间,一方蓄意或者恶意通过肢体、语言及网络等手段实施欺压、侮辱,造成另一方人身伤害、财产损失或者精神损害的行为”[1]。校园欺凌既可能导致儿童青少年身体损伤[2],还会引发抑郁、焦虑、自杀意念等心理问题[3]。
根据霍尼的人格发展理论,中学生的成长受到同伴、家庭、学校以及社会等多种发展系统的影响,这些影响的程度各不相同[4]。童年虐待作为早期逆境,可能通过破坏个体情绪调节能力和社交认知模式,显著增加青少年遭受校园欺凌的风险[5-6]。在这一过程中,同伴关系可能发挥双重作用,积极的同伴支持可以缓冲童年虐待的负面影响,而消极的同伴压力可能强化欺凌行为的影响[7-8]。传统统计方法难以揭示多变量间的复杂交互机制,而网络分析方法能够通过构建变量间的关联网络,识别关键影响因素及其相互作用路径,从而更全面地分析三者间的潜在机制。同时,本研究还通过构建性别分层的网络结构,识别性别在网络中的作用机制,为制定针对性的干预措施提供坚实基础。
采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,于2024年3—4月在汕头市按照是否中心城区进行分层,采用抽签法在中心城区和非中心城区各抽取2所初中和2所高中,共4所初中和4所高中。每个年级抽取2个班级,不足2个班级则抽取全年级,抽中班级中所有的学生纳入研究。纳入标准:(1)12~18岁中学生;(2)签署了知情同意书。排除标准:(1)严重脑器质性疾病者;(2)不配合调查者。2 150名学生参与了调查,剔除问卷漏答题数超过总题数1/3和回答矛盾或不合理正反向问题答案冲突的无效问卷后,回收有效问卷2 119份,有效率为98.56%。其中男生982名,女生1 137名;10~13岁学生331名,14~17岁1 672名,≥18岁116名。该研究获得汕头大学医学院伦理委员会的审批(批准号:SUMC-2021-01)。
使用由Bernstein等[9]编制的童年创伤经历量表(Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form, CTQ-SF),了解学生18岁前遭受虐待的经历。问卷共28个条目,包含情感虐待(CM1)、躯体虐待(CM2)、性虐待(CM3)、情感忽视(CM4)和躯体忽视(CM5)5个维度。25个条目采用Likert 5点计分法,从1(从不)~5(总是),另有3个条目作为效度评价不计分,问卷总得分25~125分,分数越高表明儿童虐待经历越多。本研究中该量表Cronbach α系数为0.74,KMO值为0.90,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05,信、效度良好。
使用多维朋辈受欺凌量表(Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale, MPVS)和多维朋辈欺凌量表(Multidimensional Peer Bullying Scale, MPVS-RB)了解学生过去半年内校园欺凌发生情况[10]。MPVS包括身体受欺凌(TBV1)、关系受欺凌(TBV2)、语言受欺凌(TBV3)和财物受欺凌(TBV4)4个维度,共20个条目。MPVS-RB包括身体欺凌他人(TBP1)、关系欺凌他人(TBP2)、语言欺凌他人(TBP3)和财物欺凌他人(TBP4)4个维度,共20个条目。MPVS及MPVS-RB的各条目均使用Likert 5点计分法,0~4分分别对应“没有”至“一周多次”,各个维度的得分范围均为0~20分,各维度得分越高表示该种欺凌/受欺凌情况越严重。在本研究中MPVS的信效度良好,Cronbach α系数为0.89,KMO值0.89,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05;MPVS-RB的信效度较好,Cronbach α系数为0.92,KMO值为0.91,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05。
采用由Çetin等[11]于2011年编制的网络欺凌受害量表,经尤阳[12]修订,了解学生过去半年内网络欺凌发生情况。量表共有12个条目,包括网络言语欺凌受害(CV1)、(他人)隐匿身份(CV2)和(他人)网络伪造欺诈(CV3)3个维度。问卷采用Likert 5点计分(“从未发生”=0~“总是发生”=4)。各维度得分越高表示遭受该种网络欺凌情况越严重。网络欺凌他人量表根据欺凌受害量表进行修改调整,包含3个维度,分别为网络言语欺凌他人(CP1)、(本人)隐匿身份(CP2)、(本人)网络伪造欺诈(CP3)。评判标准和网络欺凌受害量表一致。本研究中网络欺凌受害量表的信、效度良好,Cronbach α系数0.94,KMO值0.94,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05;网络欺凌他人量表的信、效度较好,Cronbach α系数为0.96,KMO值为0.93,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05。
采用邹泓等[13]编制的同伴关系量表,共30个条目,所有条目均为4点计分(1~4分),包括同伴接纳(PR1)和同伴恐惧自卑(PR2)2个维度。其中同伴接纳20个条目,同伴恐惧自卑10个条目。同伴接纳体现的是个体在同伴之中受欢迎和被接受的程度,同伴恐惧自卑体现在个体交往过程中的自我感觉、自卑恐惧程度。关于同伴接纳条目,从“完全不符合”到“完全符合”,对应4~1分,同伴恐惧自卑条目,从“完全不符合”到“完全符合”,对应1~4分进行计分。最终同伴关系总得分越高,表明对同伴关系的自我评价越差。总得分范围30~120分。本研究中该量表Cronbach α系数为0.90,KMO值为0.97,Bartlett's球状检验P<0.05。
对调查员进行统一培训,并统一调查条目的填写要求。在填写过程中如有任何问题,由调查员负责解答。问卷填写后,调查员对问卷的完整性及逻辑性进行核查,若存在错填和漏填等情况,及时将问卷返还给调查对象进行补充。若无法返还补充,有重大逻辑错误、漏填率大于30%的问卷予以剔除。最后,采用EpiData 3.1软件对数据进行双重录入以确保录入的质量。
采用SPSS 27.0.1软件进行统计描述,对计数资料采用频数和百分率描述。采用R 4.4.0软件中的“qgraph”“bootnet”“Network Comparison Test”和“networktools”等软件包构建校园欺凌、虐待经历和同伴关系的网络模型。第一步,采用Glasso算法构建基础网络结构图,该算法对数据正态性没有严格要求。第二步,进行网络推断,采用强度、中介度、紧密度和桥接项目强度评价节点在网络结构中的核心程度。第三步,进行网络结构准确性分析,分别计算边线的Bootstrap置信区间和节点在中心指标的稳定性系数(coelficient of stalility, CS),CS>0.35表明稳定性良好[14])。最后,为比较不同性别网络结构的差异,采用“Network Comparison Test”软件包对男性和女性的网络结构进行不变性分析,进一步分析不同网络之间是否存在差异。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
基于Glasso算法对中学生传统欺凌、网络欺凌、虐待经历、同伴关系各维度构建网络结构模型,图1中各节点的关联均为正向关联。在传统欺凌中,TBP1与TBP3关联最强(边权值为0.31);在网络欺凌中,无论是欺凌受害还是欺凌他人,网络语言欺凌与网络伪造欺诈受害关联均最强(边权值分别为0.41和0.43);在虐待中,CM4与CM5的关联最强(边权值为0.57);在同伴关系中,PR1与PR2关联性为整个网络中最强的关联(边权值为0.59)。
不同性别中学生的校园欺凌、虐待经历和同伴关系网络模型中,初步比较显示,男性网络中虐待与欺凌的关联更显著,而女性网络中这种关联较弱。见图1。
据图2可知,TBV2、TBP4、CV1、CP1、CM3、PR1为各量表的核心节点,其中CV1是整个网络中最核心的节点。以桥接强度前20%的节点为桥接节点,发现该网络的桥梁症状为CM3、TBP4、TBV2和TBP3,其桥接强度分别为1.07,0.88,0.79和0.75。
不同性别中学生校园欺凌、虐待经历和同伴关系的网络结构分析结果比较中心性分析发现,TBP1和CM3是性别差异最大的2个节点。见图2。
网络结构不变性检验:M=0.36,P=0.80;边线强度不变性检验:超过99%的边线差异性P>0.05;全局强度不变性检验:S=2.19,P=0.30,表明这些差异无统计学意义。
中心性指标的准确性估计,接近中心性的CS系数分别为0.60(>0.5),表示稳定性良好;强度CS系数为0.44(介于0.35~0.5),表示强度的稳定性在可接受范围;中介度的CS系数为0.21(<0.35),因此应谨慎解释该指标。综合分析,该网络的准确性较好。
本研究发现,TBV2和TBP4是传统欺凌项目中中心指标最高的项目,与Ren等[15]研究一致,该研究认为对青少年抑郁症状影响最为显著的欺凌受害类型,短期内以“遭受抢劫或勒索”为主,而长期来看,则以“社交排斥”为最主要因素。CV1和CP1是网络欺凌项目中中心指标最高的项目,说明它们的影响效应比其他项目最强,更值得关注[16]。
从网络结构图和桥接强度结果可以得到,CM1是欺凌与虐待之间的桥梁症状。表明在经历过虐待的青少年中,经历过性虐待者更可能伴有欺凌行为的发生。从依恋理论[17]的视角来看,青少年可能对人际关系持有消极的内在化表征,例如内部工作模型,导致他们在处理人际关系时表现出怀疑、愤怒和不信任的态度,这种态度可能阻碍他们建立稳定的同伴关系,并增加同伴欺凌的风险。因此,应当及早发现出现该虐待类型的儿童,提供更多的支持和资源来帮助受害者恢复,并采取措施预防欺凌事件的发生。然而,这一发现与Wang等[18]的研究结果存在差异,后者认为情感虐待才是虐待中的核心症状。这种不一致可能源于多种因素,包括研究方法、样本选择或虐待定义的不同。
此外,欺凌受害和欺凌他人也存在较多的边线相连,其中TBV3和TBP3起到关键的桥梁作用。Blinka等[19]研究也显示,无论是传统欺凌还是网络欺凌,都存在加害与受害的相互关系。其原因可以用挫折-攻击理论解释。这一理论认为,当个体遭遇挫折时,可能会产生攻击行为[20]。受欺凌者可能因为无法有效应对自身的受害经历,而将攻击性转向他人,以此来释放自己的挫败感和不满。因此,通过及时识别欺凌行为能够有效预防更多欺凌事件的发生,从而打破恶性循环,保护青少年免受伤害。
本研究发现,虽然同伴关系与欺凌无直接关联,但与PR1和PR2呈现最强相关性,且与CM1和CM4密切关联。基于心理危机脆弱性理论,同伴排斥作为重要应激源,通过敏化效应提升个体心理脆弱性,进而放大虐待产生的影响并增加欺凌风险[21]。在不同性别中学生的比较中发现,整体网络结构差异无统计学意义,但在节点层面呈现出性别特异性。女生身体欺凌中心性更高,男生性虐待中心性更高,突破了“女生大多表现为关系欺凌”的传统认知。提示反欺凌干预需采取针对性措施。
本研究存在一些局限性:首先研究为横断面研究,无法确定虐待和同伴关系是否能预测中学生校园欺凌。未来的研究可采用多时点密集型纵向追踪[22]研究以阐明三者之间的因果关系。其次,仅在汕头市选取研究对象,代表性可能不足。未来研究可纳入不同地区的中学生,以加强研究结果的可信度。最后,调查为自我报告,可能存在一定的回忆偏倚和报告偏倚。未来可采用多种报告方式,如父母报告和同伴报告等多种形式收集信息,以降低可能的偏倚。
  • 广东省哲学社会科学规划一般项目(GD19CSH08)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025344
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
  • 修回日期:2025-08-19
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广东省哲学社会科学规划一般项目(GD19CSH08)
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    1汕头大学公共卫生学院, 广东 515041
    2汕头大学医学院伤害预防研究中心
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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