Article(id=1325531855130485697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325531848021140417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025342, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=1761840000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961021453, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961021453, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961021453, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961021453, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325531848021140417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961019759, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961019759, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1521, endPage=1525, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325531858460763074, articleId=1325531855130485697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Optimizing learning and living environments to promote healthy growth of children and adolescents, columnId=1325500683172065622, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Editorial, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The health of children and adolescents is the cornerstone of a nation's future, and the daily learning and living environments play a pivotal role in shaping their physical and mental development. In response to the complex challenges currently facing student health, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive optimization of these environments. The entails research and practical innovation in four key areas: establishing precise assessment of environmental exposures and studies on their health effects as a foundational step; focusing on the formation mechanisms and intervention strategies of health behaviors as a central thrust; examining the health impacts of psychological and social environments as a critical safeguard; and fostering cross-sector collaboration to build supportive environments. Together, these efforts will lay a solid foundation for promoting the holistic health and development of children and adolescents in China.

, authors=Jie YANG1, 2, authorsList=Jie YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325531867272995781, articleId=1325531855130485697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=优化学习与生活环境 促进儿童青少年健康成长, columnId=1325500684380025177, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

儿童青少年的健康是民族未来的基石,其日常所处的学习与生活环境是影响其身心发展的关键因素。当前,为系统应对学生健康面临的复杂挑战,亟需对学习生活环境进行综合性优化,研究提出以环境暴露的精准评估与健康效应研究为基础前提、将健康行为的形成机制与干预研究作为关键抓手、以心理环境与社会环境的健康影响研究作为重要保障、配合跨部门协同性支持性环境构建等4个领域研究与实践创新,为促进中国儿童青少年的全面健康成长奠定坚实基础。

, authors=杨婕1, 2, authorsList=杨婕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

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2南京医科大学公共卫生学院, bio={"content":"

杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

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杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

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优化学习与生活环境 促进儿童青少年健康成长
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杨婕 1, 2
中国学校卫生 | 述评 2025,46(11): 1521-1525
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中国学校卫生 |述评 2025 , 46 (11) : 1521 -1525
优化学习与生活环境 促进儿童青少年健康成长
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杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

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杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

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杨婕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青年健康促进所,南京 210009
  • 2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
作者简介:

杨婕(1978-),女,江苏南京人,主任医师,博士,主要研究方向为儿少与学校卫生

Optimizing learning and living environments to promote healthy growth of children and adolescents
Jie YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025342
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儿童青少年的健康是民族未来的基石,其日常所处的学习与生活环境是影响其身心发展的关键因素。当前,为系统应对学生健康面临的复杂挑战,亟需对学习生活环境进行综合性优化,研究提出以环境暴露的精准评估与健康效应研究为基础前提、将健康行为的形成机制与干预研究作为关键抓手、以心理环境与社会环境的健康影响研究作为重要保障、配合跨部门协同性支持性环境构建等4个领域研究与实践创新,为促进中国儿童青少年的全面健康成长奠定坚实基础。

环境  /  健康促进  /  儿童  /  青少年

The health of children and adolescents is the cornerstone of a nation's future, and the daily learning and living environments play a pivotal role in shaping their physical and mental development. In response to the complex challenges currently facing student health, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive optimization of these environments. The entails research and practical innovation in four key areas: establishing precise assessment of environmental exposures and studies on their health effects as a foundational step; focusing on the formation mechanisms and intervention strategies of health behaviors as a central thrust; examining the health impacts of psychological and social environments as a critical safeguard; and fostering cross-sector collaboration to build supportive environments. Together, these efforts will lay a solid foundation for promoting the holistic health and development of children and adolescents in China.

Environment  /  Health promotion  /  Child  /  Adolescent
杨婕. 优化学习与生活环境 促进儿童青少年健康成长. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1521 -1525 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025342
Jie YANG. Optimizing learning and living environments to promote healthy growth of children and adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1521 -1525 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025342
儿童青少年正处于生长发育的关键时期,也是健康行为和生活方式形成的重要阶段。长期以来,学生健康促进工作往往侧重于针对个体的健康教育或疾病筛查。然而,越来越多的证据表明,遗传与行为选择仅解释了健康差异的一部分,个体所持续暴露的物理环境、社交环境与政策环境,对其健康结局有着更为深刻和持久的影响[1]。世界卫生组织将环境定义为“影响人们生活的物理、化学、生物以及社会心理因素的总和”,强调构建“支持性环境”是健康促进的核心策略[1]。对于正处于生长发育关键期的儿童青少年而言,学校及其延伸社区中所涉及到的物理环境直接作用于其生理状态与认知功能[2-3]。与此同时,学业压力、校园欺凌等社会心理因素则会对其心理健康和睡眠质量产生深远影响[4-5]。这就要求研究者将研究视角从“治已病”转向“治未病”,从关注“学生的问题”转向优化“学生所处的环境”。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》明确提出将健康融入到所有政策中,其在学校卫生领域的核心体现,正是要将健康理念系统性、全方位地融入学生学习与生活的每一个场景之中[6-7]。本研究旨在探讨学习和生活环境对学生身心健康的多维影响,提出从传统的风险因素管控转向积极健康促进,构建“暴露评估-机制探索-行为干预-政策构建”的一体化、系统性研究框架,为推进“健康中国”战略下的健康学校建设提供理论依据与实践方向。
教室照明是学校物理环境的重要组成部分,直接影响学生的视觉舒适度、学习效率和身心健康。随着教育现代化和城市化发展,部分学校教室存在照度不足、色温不当、光照分布不均及眩光过强等问题[8],部分城市中小学教室的照明条件尚未达到推荐标准[9]。
教室的其他物理环境因素同样不可忽视,其中空气质量、噪声水平及温湿度均可能对学生的学习与健康产生重要影响。已有研究表明空气污染与学生课堂出勤率降低存在关联[10],提示其不仅会干扰正常的学习生活,还可能对学业成绩造成间接影响。此外,通风不足及空气污染被认为是影响注意力维持和呼吸系统健康的重要因素[11-13]。教室内的噪声也会对学生健康产生不同程度的急慢性影响[14],噪声干扰会降低课堂理解力并增加心理压力;而过高或过低的温湿度则会影响学习舒适度和认知效率[15]。
LAN包括室内灯光照明及电子设备屏幕光,室外灯光如路灯、景观灯、建筑屏幕等。随着全球化和城市化进程加速,LAN暴露剧增所引发的内源性生物节律系统性失调会催生出一系列健康风险,对青少年群体而言,睡眠障碍、肥胖、近视、生长发育迟缓及心理障碍等健康危害尤为显著[16-19]。既往研究已表明LAN可以通过抑制松果体松果腺素(褪黑素)的合成和分泌,直接干扰昼夜节律导致生物钟紊乱,引发青少年睡眠障碍、失眠等问题[20-21]。此外,越来越多的证据表明LAN暴露对青少年心理健康构成显著威胁,与抑郁、焦虑及情绪障碍等心理问题的发生风险升高密切相关[22-23]。
随着信息技术的飞速发展和智能终端的全面普及,青少年群体的屏幕使用时间呈现激增势态。基于算法的短视频和社交媒体通过间歇性奖励机制强烈刺激大脑释放多巴胺,易引发数字行为成瘾,并损害与持续注意相关的前额叶皮层功能,导致注意力分散和学习困难[24]。此外,视屏使用时间激增和持续多任务处理,可能增加学生视力下降、颈椎疾病、认知障碍、网络成瘾和睡眠质量差的风险[25-26]。
校园绿地是学校自然环境的重要组成部分,对学生身心健康具有积极作用。绿地环境不仅能够改善校园微气候、降低空气污染物和噪声水平,还能通过增加自然接触机会缓解心理压力、促进情绪稳定和认知发展[27-28]。Dadvand等[29]在西班牙一项大规模纵向研究中发现,小学周边绿地覆盖率较高与学生的工作记忆和注意力改善显著相关,其部分效应通过空气污染减少而实现。相关研究表明,绿地暴露与儿童肺功能、体质量指数和总体健康水平均存在正向关联[30]。
过重的学业压力与竞争氛围源自单一的学业成绩评价体系,导致学生持续处于心理紧张状态。一项针对高中生的研究发现,学业压力(包括父母压力、教师压力、自我压力等)会显著影响其执行功能的发展,且随着年级升高,这种压力持续加剧。另外,不良的人际关系,包括紧张的师生关系、同伴关系以及校园欺凌事件,均是重要的心理应激源。
不良的学习与生活环境对儿童青少年生理健康构成系统性威胁。在视觉健康方面,教室照明不足与LAN暴露共同加剧了近视风险。照明不足迫使学生近距离用眼,导致睫状肌持续痉挛;而夜间屏幕蓝光则抑制视网膜多巴胺分泌,加速眼轴增长[31]。此外,不适宜的教室物理环境,如通风不足导致的CO2体积浓度升高、温湿度失控,不仅直接诱发呼吸道症状,还会通过影响睡眠质量间接削弱免疫功能[32]。值得注意的是,校园绿地不足及由此导致的户外活动时间减少,进一步限制了自然光暴露和远眺机会,形成近视发展的恶性循环[33]。在生长发育方面,LAN暴露通过抑制褪黑素分泌,干扰生长激素的夜间脉冲式释放,对身高发育产生可量化的抑制效应[34]。同时,静态的屏幕时间挤占了体力活动,与能量摄入增加协同作用,显著提高儿童肥胖风险[35]。
当前儿童青少年的心理健康问题呈现出低龄化、高发化的趋势,其背后与高压力的心理社会环境及数字行为环境密切相关。过重的学业压力作为核心应激源,持续激活下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴,导致皮质醇水平紊乱,这与焦虑、抑郁症状的检出率均呈正相关[36]。不良的人际关系,特别是校园欺凌和紧张的师生关系,不仅构成心理创伤,其长期存在更会损害个体的自尊水平与社会归属感。数字环境的挑战在此过程中扮演了“放大器”的角色,视屏时间激增和行为成瘾不仅直接通过社交比较和网络暴力增加心理压力,其带来的睡眠剥夺和现实社交退缩进一步削弱了青少年的心理韧性。研究表明,网络游戏成瘾与焦虑、抑郁症状存在显著共存关系[37]。而缺乏支持的家庭氛围则使青少年失去最重要的情感缓冲地带,家庭功能失调无法有效应对外部压力,从而加剧内化问题的产生[38]。
儿童青少年的健康是民族未来的基石,其成长环境作为“隐形课程”,对其身心发展产生着深远而持久的影响。传统的健康促进模式往往聚焦于单一风险因素的管控,而忽视了环境、行为与个体之间复杂的动态交互作用。本期发表的5篇“学习生活环境与学生健康专栏”文章[39-43],聚焦于学校绿地空间暴露、户外活动时长、室外LAN暴露、教室照明环境及睡眠时长等一系列关键环境与行为因素,系统探讨其与学生健康之间的关联机制,旨在构建一个多层次、多系统的一体化健康促进体系,推动从被动的“风险规避”向主动的“健康赋能”范式转变。
当前的健康环境建设已超越简单的“无害化”标准,迈向基于环境健康科学的精准干预,重点关注具有长期、低剂量、复合暴露特征的风险因素。在视觉环境方面,光环境的质量直接关系到学生的视觉健康、昼夜节律乃至学习效率。《中小学校教室采光和照明卫生标准》(GB 7793—2025)[44]已完成修订,其核心是从“照明”向“光健康”的理念升级。该标准首次系统性地纳入光生物效应指标,如蓝光危害、闪烁与波动深度。研究显示,不适宜的人工照明是导致学生视觉疲劳、注意力下降及昼夜节律紊乱的重要环境压力源[45]。为有效促进学生的视觉健康和学习表现,应在校园建筑设计与日常管理中制定和落实照明标准,增加自然采光比例、合理配置人工光源,并定期监测教室光环境,确保其达到健康和教育的双重需求。在整体校园环境方面,《绿色学校评价导则》(GB/T 29117—2025)[46]的发布,标志着校园健康环境建设进入了系统性、指标化的新阶段,将校园绿地率、声环境(噪声控制)、室内空气质量(如PM2.5、CO2体积浓度)、热舒适度等多元环境要素整合进国家层面的评价体系。研究表明,绿色空间不仅能通过改善空气质量带来生理效益,更能提供心理恢复性环境,缓解学生的精神压力[47]。因此,对这些环境要素的持续监测与精准调控,是为儿童青少年筑牢健康物理基础的必然要求。
健康行为的培养绝非一己之力所能及,它已嵌入由家庭、学校和社区构成的社会生态系统中。Bronfenbrenner的社会生态系统理论为理解这种联动提供了经典框架,即个体的发展受到微观系统(家庭、学校)、中观系统(家校联系)及宏观系统(文化、政策)的嵌套式影响[48]。《健康环境促进行动实施方案》[49]由国家疾病预防控制局联合教育、卫生、环境、规划、住建等16个部门共同印发,强调“深化全民动员”,正是对这一理论的实践呼应。在睡眠健康促进方面,倡导家庭实施“电子宵禁”是一项关键行为干预。其科学依据在于,睡前使用电子设备所发出的短波长蓝光会强烈抑制褪黑素的分泌,从而导致睡眠时长与质量的“双降”[50]。同样重要的是体力活动的促进,推动社区绿地与校园运动场地的时空共享,为破解城市学生户外活动空间不足的难题提供了可行路径。此举超越了物理空间的简单叠加,本质上是社会资本与公共资源的有机融合。在前端预防层面,可将心理健康必修课系统化,其内容应涵盖正念练习、认知行为疗法基础(如识别自动化负性思维)等经过实证支持的压力管理技巧[51],从而全面提升学生的心理调适能力。更高层次的目标则在于后端发展,即超越“解决问题”的范畴,通过设计团体辅导、冒险教育、社区服务等结构化社会实践,有目的地培养学生的心理韧性、自我效能感与社会情感技能,从而系统性促进其积极心理品质的发展。
儿童青少年健康是一项典型的“跨界”公共议题,其有效解决依赖于打破政府部门间的壁垒,并动员更广泛的社会力量,形成“共建共治共享”的治理新格局。《健康环境促进行动实施方案》[49]的核心战略是“将健康融入所有政策”。这意味着教育部门的校园建设标准、规划部门的城市绿地系统规划、环境部门的空气污染治理政策,均需进行健康影响评估,确保政策合力正向叠加。社会力量的动员是体系可持续的关键,为有效动员社会力量,构建可持续的健康支持性环境,需设计并实施一系列精细化、制度化的参与路径,形成多元共治的良性生态。其一,系统化地激活与整合家长资源。可借鉴“社区健康资产”理念[52],将家长群体视为学校健康促进的关键社会资本;着力培养“家长志愿者”成为健康理念在家庭与社区中的“关键传播者”,通过其亲身体验与口碑效应,将学校倡导的健康行为(如电子宵禁、合理膳食)无缝嵌入家庭日常生活场景,从而实现健康文化从校园到社群的涟漪式扩散。其二,创新公共资源的共享机制,打破物理空间的行政壁垒。当前,学校与社区的体育设施分属不同管理系统,导致使用效率低下。其三,通过政策杠杆引导企业履行社会责任,实现互利共赢,探索多元化的融资模式,为健康促进注入长效动力。
综上所述,系统识别并干预儿童青少年学习与生活环境中的多重风险因素,需要一种超越传统单一路径的综合视角。本文基于“环境-行为-健康”的交互视角,提出“儿童青少年学习生活环境健康作用及干预理论模型”。见图1。
该模型强调,物理环境(如光、空气、噪声、绿地等)与社会环境(如家校联动、社区支持、政策协同)共同构成一个影响健康的多维环境暴露组合,通过直接生理路径和间接行为路径(影响睡眠、活动、社交等)交互作用于儿童青少年的身心健康与认知发展。未来的健康促进工作,应从孤立的“风险因素管控”转向积极的“健康支持性环境营造”。这不仅要求持续完善技术标准,更要求建立有效的跨部门协同机制和社会动员体系,通过环境精准干预、行为生态联动和政策多元共治,最终为每位儿童青少年的健康成长编织一张坚实而无形的保护网。
  • 江苏省社会科学基金项目(24SHB005)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025342
  • 接收时间:2025-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-21
  • 修回日期:2025-10-31
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江苏省社会科学基金项目(24SHB005)
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    1江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青年健康促进所,南京 210009
    2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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