Article(id=1325532087100661882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325531848021140417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025322, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752163200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-11, revisedDate=1755619200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961076760, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1764000000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961076760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961076760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961076760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325531848021140417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1521', pageEnd='1672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1764000000000', pubDateStr='2025-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793961019759, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793961019759, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1530, endPage=1533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325532093455032443, articleId=1325532087100661882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Association of school green space exposure combined with outdoor activity duration with screening myopia among primary and secondary school students, columnId=1325532060311638890, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Column on Learning Environment and Student Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the independent and interactive effects of school green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students, so as to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of screening myopia in children and adolescents.

Methods

From September to November 2023, 117 487 primary and secondary school students from 497 schools were selected using a cluster random sampling method, covering 98 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu Province. Data on the students' screening myopia status and associated health-influencing factors were collected and analyzed. School green space exposure was quantified using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which was extracted with ArcGIS Pro software; meanwhile, information on students' outdoor activity duration was gathered through self-reported questionnaires. Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to assess the independent and interactive effects of green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in screening myopia detection rates among primary and secondary school students of different genders, NDVI groups, every outdoor activity duration, monitoring points, school stages, parents' educational level, and whether they lived on campus or had parents with screening myopia (χ2=88.91-1 950.08, all P < 0.05); as the school age and sedentary time increased, the detection rate of screening myopia in primary and secondary school students also increased (χtrend2=8 410.15, 2 028.91, both P < 0.05). Independent effects showed that compared to the low NDVI group, the medium and high NDVI groups had lower risks of screening myopia (OR=0.93, 0.95, both P < 0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration < 2 h/d, students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia (OR=0.96, P < 0.05). When stratified by school level, compared to the low NDVI group, the medium NDVI group had lower risks of screening myopia in primary and junior high schools (primary school: OR=0.91; junior high school: OR=0.88, both P < 0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration < 2 h/d, junior high school students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia (OR=0.90, P < 0.05). When stratified by monitoring site, urban primary and secondary school students in the medium and high NDVI groups and those with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had lower risks of screening myopia (OR=0.92, 0.92, 0.93, all P < 0.05). Interactive effects showed that when medium or high NDVI was combined with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d, the risks of screening myopia among primary and secondary school students were lower (medium NDVI×≥2 h/d: OR=0.89; high NDVI×≥2 h/d: OR=0.89, both P < 0.05), and the combined effect was superior to that of a single factor.

Conclusion

Green space exposure and outdoor activity duration have negative correlations with screening myopia among primary and secondary students, and the combined effect is better than that of a single factor.

, authors=Yiliang XIN1, Jiawen TANG2, Xiyan ZHANG1, 2, Ruohan YANG3, Peixuan LI1, Wenyi YANG1, Yan WANG*, 1, Jie YANG*, 1, 2, authorsList=Yiliang XIN, Jiawen TANG, Xiyan ZHANG, Ruohan YANG, Peixuan LI, Wenyi YANG, Yan WANG, Jie YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan WANG, Jie YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325532105928892541, articleId=1325532087100661882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=学校绿地空间暴露联合户外活动时长与中小学生筛查性近视的关联, columnId=1325532062874358636, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学习生活环境与学生健康专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解学校绿地空间暴露和户外活动时长对中小学生近视的单独和交互效应,为儿童青少年近视防控提供理论支持。

方法

2023年9—11月,采用整群随机抽样方法选取江苏省98个县(市、区)497所中小学校的117 487名学生为研究对象,分析学生筛查性近视和影响因素等情况。应用ArcGIS Pro软件提取学校绿地空间暴露值(NDVI),户外活动时长来自学生问卷调查。通过多因素Logistic回归方法分析绿地空间暴露和户外活动时长对中小学生筛查性近视的独立和交互作用。

结果

单因素分析显示,不同性别、NDVI分组、每天户外活动时长、监测点、学段、父母文化程度、是否住校及父母近视的中小学生筛查性近视检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2=88.91~1 950.08);随着学段上升和久坐时间增加,中小学生的筛查性近视检出率均上升(χ趋势2值分别为8 410.15,2 028.91)(P值均 < 0.05)。独立作用显示,与低NDVI组相比,中或高NDVI组筛查性近视发生的风险均较低(中NDVI组:OR=0.93;高NDVI组:OR=0.95);与每天户外活动时长 < 2 h者相比,每天户外活动时长≥2 h的中小学生筛查性近视发生的风险较低(OR=0.96)(P值均 < 0.05)。按学段分层,与低NDVI组相比,中NDVI组的小学和初中学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低(小学生:OR=0.91;初中生:OR=0.88);与每天户外活动时长 < 2 h者相比,每天户外活动时长≥2 h的初中生筛查性近视发生的风险较低(OR=0.90)(P值均 < 0.05)。按监测点分层,中或高NDVI组和每天户外活动时长≥2 h的城区中小学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低(OR值分别为0.92,0.92,0.93,P值均 < 0.05)。交互作用显示,中或高NDVI组与每天户外活动时长≥2 h联合作用时,中小学生筛查性近视发生的风险均较低(中NDVI×≥2 h/d:OR=0.89;高NDVI×≥2 h/d:OR=0.89,P值均 < 0.05),且联合效应优于单一因素。

结论

绿地空间暴露和每天户外活动时长与儿童青少年筛查性近视呈负相关,二者联合作用效果优于单一因素。

, authors=信义亮1, 汤佳雯2, 张锡彦1, 2, 杨若寒3, 李佩璇1, 杨文漪1, 王艳*, 1, 杨婕*, 1, 2, authorsList=信义亮, 汤佳雯, 张锡彦, 杨若寒, 李佩璇, 杨文漪, 王艳, 杨婕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王艳, 杨婕, authorNote=

信义亮(1992-),男,安徽蚌埠人,硕士,主管医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视

, correspAuthorsNote=
王艳,E-mail:
杨婕,E-mail:
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信义亮(1992-),男,安徽蚌埠人,硕士,主管医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视

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信义亮(1992-),男,安徽蚌埠人,硕士,主管医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视

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Myopia prevention and control in children: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis[J]. 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Univariate analysis of screening myopia incidence among primary and secondary school students

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变量选项人数检出人数χ2值P值
性别男61 39445 563(74.2)624.09< 0.01
女56 09345 066(80.3)
NDVI分组低29 38021 493(73.2)527.36< 0.01
中58 36045 015(77.1)
高29 74724 121(81.1)
每天户外活动< 299 89477 681(77.8)147.22< 0.01
时长/h≥ 217 59312 948(73.6)
监测点城区62 43448 945(78.4)119.04< 0.01
郊县55 05341 684(75.7)
学段小学40 70925 212(61.9)8 410.15*< 0.01
初中37 74230 622(81.1)
高中39 03634 795(89.1)
是否住校是21 26417 804(83.7)639.15< 0.01
否96 22372 825(75.7)
父亲文化程度高中及以下87 05767 750(77.8)88.91< 0.01
大学及以上30 43022 879(75.2)
母亲文化程度高中及以下89 23269 643(78.0)173.29< 0.01
大学及以上28 25520 986(74.3)
父母近视是60 15349 579(82.4)1 950.08< 0.01
否57 33441 050(71.6)
每天久坐时间/h< 460 30943 610(72.3)2 028.91*< 0.01
4~928 07021 950(78.2)
>929 10825 069(86.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1325532151340622011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532087100661882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中小学生筛查性近视发生的单因素分析

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变量选项人数检出人数χ2值P值
性别男61 39445 563(74.2)624.09< 0.01
女56 09345 066(80.3)
NDVI分组低29 38021 493(73.2)527.36< 0.01
中58 36045 015(77.1)
高29 74724 121(81.1)
每天户外活动< 299 89477 681(77.8)147.22< 0.01
时长/h≥ 217 59312 948(73.6)
监测点城区62 43448 945(78.4)119.04< 0.01
郊县55 05341 684(75.7)
学段小学40 70925 212(61.9)8 410.15*< 0.01
初中37 74230 622(81.1)
高中39 03634 795(89.1)
是否住校是21 26417 804(83.7)639.15< 0.01
否96 22372 825(75.7)
父亲文化程度高中及以下87 05767 750(77.8)88.91< 0.01
大学及以上30 43022 879(75.2)
母亲文化程度高中及以下89 23269 643(78.0)173.29< 0.01
大学及以上28 25520 986(74.3)
父母近视是60 15349 579(82.4)1 950.08< 0.01
否57 33441 050(71.6)
每天久坐时间/h< 460 30943 610(72.3)2 028.91*< 0.01
4~928 07021 950(78.2)
>929 10825 069(86.1)
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Independent effects of green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia of primary and secondary school students[OR(95%CI), n=117 487]

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模型自变量选项学段城郊总体
小学初中高中城区郊县
ANDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.90(0.86~0.94)**0.88(0.82~0.95)**1.08(0.97~1.19)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.92(0.87~0.97)**0.92(0.89~0.95)**
高0.92(0.86~0.98)**0.92(0.85~1.01)1.06(0.95~1.18)0.91(0.86~0.97)**0.92(0.86~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.97)**
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.01(0.96~1.07)0.89(0.84~0.96)*0.84(0.76~0.93)*0.92(0.87~0.97)*0.99(0.93~1.05)0.95(0.91~0.99)*
BNDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.91(0.86~0.95)**0.88(0.82~0.94)**1.08(0.98~1.20)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.96)**
高0.96(0.90~1.03)0.93(0.86~1.01)1.07(0.96~1.20)0.92(0.87~0.98)*0.95(0.88~1.01)0.95(0.91~1.00)*
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.03(0.97~1.08)0.90(0.84~0.97)**0.84(0.76~0.93)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.92~1.00)*
CNDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.91(0.86~0.95)**0.88(0.82~0.94)**1.09(0.98~1.21)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.96)**
高0.96(0.90~1.03)0.93(0.86~1.01)1.07(0.96~1.20)0.92(0.87~0.98)*0.95(0.88~1.01)0.95(0.91~1.00)*
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.03(0.97~1.08)0.90(0.84~0.97)**0.84(0.76~0.93)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.92~1.00)*
), ArticleFig(id=1325532152510832830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325532087100661882, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绿地空间暴露和每天户外活动时长对中小学生筛查性近视的独立作用[OR值(95%CI),n=117 487]

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模型自变量选项学段城郊总体
小学初中高中城区郊县
ANDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.90(0.86~0.94)**0.88(0.82~0.95)**1.08(0.97~1.19)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.92(0.87~0.97)**0.92(0.89~0.95)**
高0.92(0.86~0.98)**0.92(0.85~1.01)1.06(0.95~1.18)0.91(0.86~0.97)**0.92(0.86~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.97)**
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.01(0.96~1.07)0.89(0.84~0.96)*0.84(0.76~0.93)*0.92(0.87~0.97)*0.99(0.93~1.05)0.95(0.91~0.99)*
BNDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.91(0.86~0.95)**0.88(0.82~0.94)**1.08(0.98~1.20)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.96)**
高0.96(0.90~1.03)0.93(0.86~1.01)1.07(0.96~1.20)0.92(0.87~0.98)*0.95(0.88~1.01)0.95(0.91~1.00)*
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.03(0.97~1.08)0.90(0.84~0.97)**0.84(0.76~0.93)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.92~1.00)*
CNDVI低1.001.001.001.001.001.00
中0.91(0.86~0.95)**0.88(0.82~0.94)**1.09(0.98~1.21)0.92(0.88~0.97)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.93(0.89~0.96)**
高0.96(0.90~1.03)0.93(0.86~1.01)1.07(0.96~1.20)0.92(0.87~0.98)*0.95(0.88~1.01)0.95(0.91~1.00)*
每天户外活动时长/h< 21.001.001.001.001.001.00
≥ 21.03(0.97~1.08)0.90(0.84~0.97)**0.84(0.76~0.93)**0.93(0.88~0.98)**0.99(0.94~1.05)0.96(0.92~1.00)*
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学校绿地空间暴露联合户外活动时长与中小学生筛查性近视的关联
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信义亮 1 , 汤佳雯 2 , 张锡彦 1, 2 , 杨若寒 3 , 李佩璇 1 , 杨文漪 1 , 王艳 *, 1 , 杨婕 *, 1, 2
中国学校卫生 | 学习生活环境与学生健康专栏 2025,46(11): 1530-1533
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中国学校卫生 |学习生活环境与学生健康专栏 2025 , 46 (11) : 1530 -1533
学校绿地空间暴露联合户外活动时长与中小学生筛查性近视的关联
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信义亮1, 汤佳雯2, 张锡彦1, 2, 杨若寒3, 李佩璇1, 杨文漪1, 王艳*, 1 , 杨婕*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所,南京 210009
  • 2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
  • 3东南大学公共卫生学院
通讯作者:
王艳,E-mail:
杨婕,E-mail:
作者简介:

信义亮(1992-),男,安徽蚌埠人,硕士,主管医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视

Association of school green space exposure combined with outdoor activity duration with screening myopia among primary and secondary school students
Yiliang XIN1, Jiawen TANG2, Xiyan ZHANG1, 2, Ruohan YANG3, Peixuan LI1, Wenyi YANG1, Yan WANG*, 1 , Jie YANG*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Health Promotion, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-11-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025322
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目的

了解学校绿地空间暴露和户外活动时长对中小学生近视的单独和交互效应,为儿童青少年近视防控提供理论支持。

方法

2023年9—11月,采用整群随机抽样方法选取江苏省98个县(市、区)497所中小学校的117 487名学生为研究对象,分析学生筛查性近视和影响因素等情况。应用ArcGIS Pro软件提取学校绿地空间暴露值(NDVI),户外活动时长来自学生问卷调查。通过多因素Logistic回归方法分析绿地空间暴露和户外活动时长对中小学生筛查性近视的独立和交互作用。

结果

单因素分析显示,不同性别、NDVI分组、每天户外活动时长、监测点、学段、父母文化程度、是否住校及父母近视的中小学生筛查性近视检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2=88.91~1 950.08);随着学段上升和久坐时间增加,中小学生的筛查性近视检出率均上升(χ趋势2值分别为8 410.15,2 028.91)(P值均 < 0.05)。独立作用显示,与低NDVI组相比,中或高NDVI组筛查性近视发生的风险均较低(中NDVI组:OR=0.93;高NDVI组:OR=0.95);与每天户外活动时长 < 2 h者相比,每天户外活动时长≥2 h的中小学生筛查性近视发生的风险较低(OR=0.96)(P值均 < 0.05)。按学段分层,与低NDVI组相比,中NDVI组的小学和初中学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低(小学生:OR=0.91;初中生:OR=0.88);与每天户外活动时长 < 2 h者相比,每天户外活动时长≥2 h的初中生筛查性近视发生的风险较低(OR=0.90)(P值均 < 0.05)。按监测点分层,中或高NDVI组和每天户外活动时长≥2 h的城区中小学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低(OR值分别为0.92,0.92,0.93,P值均 < 0.05)。交互作用显示,中或高NDVI组与每天户外活动时长≥2 h联合作用时,中小学生筛查性近视发生的风险均较低(中NDVI×≥2 h/d:OR=0.89;高NDVI×≥2 h/d:OR=0.89,P值均 < 0.05),且联合效应优于单一因素。

结论

绿地空间暴露和每天户外活动时长与儿童青少年筛查性近视呈负相关,二者联合作用效果优于单一因素。

环境  /  运动活动  /  近视  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To explore the independent and interactive effects of school green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students, so as to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of screening myopia in children and adolescents.

Methods

From September to November 2023, 117 487 primary and secondary school students from 497 schools were selected using a cluster random sampling method, covering 98 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu Province. Data on the students' screening myopia status and associated health-influencing factors were collected and analyzed. School green space exposure was quantified using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which was extracted with ArcGIS Pro software; meanwhile, information on students' outdoor activity duration was gathered through self-reported questionnaires. Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to assess the independent and interactive effects of green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in screening myopia detection rates among primary and secondary school students of different genders, NDVI groups, every outdoor activity duration, monitoring points, school stages, parents' educational level, and whether they lived on campus or had parents with screening myopia (χ2=88.91-1 950.08, all P < 0.05); as the school age and sedentary time increased, the detection rate of screening myopia in primary and secondary school students also increased (χtrend2=8 410.15, 2 028.91, both P < 0.05). Independent effects showed that compared to the low NDVI group, the medium and high NDVI groups had lower risks of screening myopia (OR=0.93, 0.95, both P < 0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration < 2 h/d, students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia (OR=0.96, P < 0.05). When stratified by school level, compared to the low NDVI group, the medium NDVI group had lower risks of screening myopia in primary and junior high schools (primary school: OR=0.91; junior high school: OR=0.88, both P < 0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration < 2 h/d, junior high school students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia (OR=0.90, P < 0.05). When stratified by monitoring site, urban primary and secondary school students in the medium and high NDVI groups and those with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had lower risks of screening myopia (OR=0.92, 0.92, 0.93, all P < 0.05). Interactive effects showed that when medium or high NDVI was combined with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d, the risks of screening myopia among primary and secondary school students were lower (medium NDVI×≥2 h/d: OR=0.89; high NDVI×≥2 h/d: OR=0.89, both P < 0.05), and the combined effect was superior to that of a single factor.

Conclusion

Green space exposure and outdoor activity duration have negative correlations with screening myopia among primary and secondary students, and the combined effect is better than that of a single factor.

Environment  /  Motor activity  /  Myopia  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
信义亮, 汤佳雯, 张锡彦, 杨若寒, 李佩璇, 杨文漪, 王艳, 杨婕. 学校绿地空间暴露联合户外活动时长与中小学生筛查性近视的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1530 -1533 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025322
Yiliang XIN, Jiawen TANG, Xiyan ZHANG, Ruohan YANG, Peixuan LI, Wenyi YANG, Yan WANG, Jie YANG. Association of school green space exposure combined with outdoor activity duration with screening myopia among primary and secondary school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (11) : 1530 -1533 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025322
当前儿童青少年的近视率居高不下,已成为全球性公共卫生问题。国家疾病预防控制局调查数据显示,2022年我国儿童青少年总体近视率为51.9%[1]。Sun等[2]预测2030年中国7~18岁儿童青少年视力不良人数达1.8亿。Holden等[3]预测2050年将有50%全球人口近视。近视的病理症状主要包括视网膜脱离、视网膜新生血管形成、早期白内障、青光眼及高度近视相关的视神经病变等[4-5]。
绿地空间评价指标通常采用基于卫星图像的植被指数:归一化差异植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),由美国国家航空航天局Terra卫星中的中分辨率成像光谱仪获得[6]。NDVI的取值为-1~1,数值越大表示植被覆盖度越高[7]。绿地空间暴露可降低近视患病风险[8-9],降低近视的机制可能与增加户外光照[10]、改善空气污染[11]、优化视觉环境[12]和减轻压力等[13]有关。基于此,本研究分析学校绿地空间与户外活动时长的联合作用与中小学生近视的关联,为儿童青少年近视防控提供理论支持。
依托2023年9—11月江苏省学生常见病和健康影响因素监测项目,采用整群随机抽样方法抽取调查对象,监测地区包括江苏省98个县(市、区),监测学校包括小学、初中、高中(含职业高中)。从每个县(市、区)城区采用直接抽样方法抽取2所小学、2所初中、2所普通高中和1所职业高中,郊县采用直接抽样方法抽取2所小学、2所初中、1所普通高中;各年级以整班为单位,在监测学校的每个年级采用直接抽样方法抽取班级,每个年级至少抽取80名学生,每所小学至少抽取480名学生,每所初中、高中至少抽取240名学生。在剔除样本中缺失、异常数据后,进行体检数据和问卷数据匹配,最终纳入497所学校,共117 487名中小学生。其中男生61 394名,女生56 093名;小学生40 709名,初中生37 742名,高中生39 036名。平均年龄为(13.60±2.64)岁。研究已通过东南大学附属中大医院临床研究伦理委员会批准(批准号:2023ZDSYLL456-P01),项目体检和问卷调查前已让学生家长或监护人签署知情同意书,调查数据经脱敏处理并严格保密。
学生视力检查在学校进行,由具有眼视光资格证的专业人员进行操作,其中远视力检查使用5 m标准对数视力表,屈光检查在非睫状肌麻痹状态下使用验光仪进行。根据《中小学生屈光不正筛查规范》(WS/T 663—2020)[14],当任意一只眼睛等效球镜度数<-0.5 D且裸眼远视力<5.0时,判定为筛查性近视。
利用“百度地图拾取坐标系统”提取497所中小学校经纬度,通过QGIS 3.36.1软件“GeoHey”—“BD09 to WGS”将坐标纠偏转换,通过ArcGIS Pro 3.0.1软件创建江苏省地图栅格,绘制每所学校的面积矢量图,经“栅格”—“裁剪栅格”输出每所学校的形状文件(shapefile, SHP)图,最后通过Spatial Analyst工具—“栅格计算器”提取497所学校的NDVI值。根据497所学校NDVI值的四分位数,将NDVI值分为低水平组(< 0.229)、中水平组(0.229~0.306)和高水平组(>0.306)。
采用《全国学生常见病和健康影响因素监测与干预工作方案》(2023年版)[15],内容包括基本信息(学段、年级、监测点、性别、是否住校、父母文化程度等),户外活动情况,近视相关调查(父母近视、久坐时间等)。根据户外活动情况中“过去一周,每天白天户外活动时长(可累计)”将结果分为“ < 2和≥2 h”。
本监测项目实施前对调查人员进行统一培训,并有专职人员进行现场质量控制。数据通过“江苏省学生常见病和健康影响因素监测平台”上传,系统中设置数据逻辑校验和问卷逻辑跳转。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 standard网络版软件进行数据整理与分析。连续变量(年龄、NDVI)采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验评估数据正态性,结果显示年龄、NDVI不服从正态分布,但Q-Q图均显示数据点贴近对角线,根据大样本参数检验的稳健性,故仍采用(x±s)描述,用t检验分析组间差异。分类变量采用频数和率进行描述,χ2检验分析组间差异,3组间两两比较采用Bonferroni法校正χ2检验,检验水准α'=0.05/3=0.016 7;用趋势χ2检验分析有序分类变量中率随等级变化的线性趋势。通过多因素Logistic回归方法分析NDVI值和户外活动时长对中小学生近视的单独和交互作用。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
结果显示,不同性别、监测点、NDVI分组、每天户外活动时长、父母文化程度、是否住校及父母近视的中小学生筛查性近视检出率差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。随着学段上升和久坐时间增加,中小学生的筛查性近视检出率也显著增加(P值均 < 0.05);高NDVI组筛查性近视检出率(81.1%)高于低NDVI组(73.2%)(校正P < 0.016 7);每天户外活动时长≥2 h组人群筛查性近视检出率低于<2 h组(P < 0.01)。见表1。
以中小学生是否筛查性近视为因变量(否=0,是=1),NDVI分组和户外活动时长分组为自变量,以单因素分析有统计学意义的变量(P < 0.05)为协变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析。模型C结果显示,与低NDVI组相比,中或高NDVI组筛查性近视发生风险较低(P值均 < 0.05)。与每天户外活动时长 < 2 h相比,每天户外活动时长≥2 h者筛查性近视发生风险较低(P < 0.05)。在不同学段水平上,NDVI与户外活动时长对筛查性近视的负性效应存在差异,小学和初中学生中NDVI组筛查性近视发生风险较低,初中和高中每天户外活动时长≥2 h学生发生风险较低(P值均 < 0.05)。在不同监测点水平上NDVI与每天户外活动时长对筛查性近视的负性效应存在显著差异。城区中或高NDVI组学生筛查性近视发生风险较低,每天户外活动时长≥2 h学生筛查性近视发生风险较低;郊县中NDVI组学生筛查性近视发生风险较低(P值均 < 0.05)。见表2。
在调整年龄、性别、监测点、学段、父母近视、父母文化程度、室内久坐时间等混杂因素后,采用多因素Logistic回归分析绿地空间暴露与每天户外活动时长对筛查性近视的交互效应。结果显示,与低NDVI×每天户外活动时长 < 2 h相比,中NDVI组×每天户外活动时长≥2 h及高NDVI组×每天户外活动时长≥2 h学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低[OR值(95%CI)分别为0.89(0.81~0.97),0.89(0.80~1.00),P值均 < 0.05]。
绿地空间暴露和户外活动时长对中小学生筛查性近视的独立作用分析显示,中NDVI组与筛查性近视呈负性关联的效应量大于高NDVI组,提示并不是NDVI水平越高绿地空间对近视的保护效应越强。每天户外活动时长≥2 h学生筛查性近视发生风险较低,与Gupta等[16]的研究结论一致。按学段分层分析显示,绿地空间暴露与高中生筛查性近视关联无统计学意义,提示高中生近视率高,绿地空间暴露等环境干预的保护效应甚微。本研究结果显示中NDVI组小学生筛查性近视发生风险较低,而高绿地空间暴露与筛查性近视无负性关联,可能由于小学生筛查性近视率低,导致高NDVI组统计效应不显著,同样需要大样本量来验证。每天户外活动时长≥2 h与小学生筛查性近视关联无统计学意义,Rose等[17]发现小学生每天户外活动时长≥3 h对近视才出现保护效应。按监测点分层分析显示,城区的高NDVI组学生筛查性近视发生风险较低,而郊县未出现负性关联,可能与郊县学生接触绿色植被多有关。同样城区每天户外活动时长≥2 h学生筛查性近视发生风险较低,而郊县未显示负性关联,可能因为城区学生户外活动时长本身不足,所以每天户外活动时长≥2 h对筛查性近视作用更显著。绿地空间暴露和每天户外活动时长对筛查性近视的联合作用分析显示,“中NDVI×每天户外活动时长≥2 h”“高NDVI×每天户外活动时长≥2 h”的学生筛查性近视发生风险均较低,且联合效应优于单一因素的独立作用。表明当绿地空间与充足的户外活动时长相结合时,对筛查性近视的负性效应更强。绿地空间为户外活动提供了优质的自然环境载体,其充足的自然光照可调节视网膜多巴胺分泌[18]、缓解眼轴过度增长,且适宜的视觉距离能减少睫状肌紧张,而每天户外活动时长≥2 h能充分利用绿地环境的优势,通过延长自然光照暴露时间、减少学生室内近距离用眼,进一步放大绿地空间的环境效益,二者形成“环境—行为”协同近视防控机制,与Zhang等[19]的研究结论一致。此外,中NDVI组与高NDVI组分别与每天户外活动≥2 h联合时OR值相近,提示在保证充足户外活动时长的前提下,中等绿地暴露水平即达到与高绿地暴露相近的近视保护效果。这不仅降低环境改造的成本与难度,更适配城区学校等绿地资源有限的场所,为开展近视防控提供可操作的方案。
本研究也存在一些不足之处:(1)NDVI值基于卫星遥感数据,反映区域植被整体水平,可能与个体实际接触的微环境(如校园内局部绿地)存在偏差;同时也未纳入研究者在校园外接触的绿地暴露情况,未来可结合个体穿戴设备监测实时光照与活动数据,进一步验证个体微环境与行为的交互机制;(2)户外活动时长来自学生问卷调查,可能存在回忆偏倚;(3)未纳入教室照明、采光、户外活动时段(如中午或傍晚)等变量,这些因素可能进一步影响交互效应的强度;(4)研究的绿地暴露数据基于2020年江苏省卫星遥感数据,而在2020—2023年期间一些学校的绿地空间可能有所变化,影响研究结果。
  • 江苏省社会科学基金项目(24SHB005);2024年江苏省科协青年科技人才托举工程项目(001004330HT)
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2025年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025322
  • 接收时间:2025-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-11
  • 修回日期:2025-08-20
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江苏省社会科学基金项目(24SHB005);2024年江苏省科协青年科技人才托举工程项目(001004330HT)
作者信息
    1江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所,南京 210009
    2南京医科大学公共卫生学院
    3东南大学公共卫生学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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