Article(id=1325531791028928977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325530655635039055, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025288, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1750694400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793961006170, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793961006170, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793961006170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793961006170, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325530655635039055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='1369', pageEnd='1520', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960735472, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960735472, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1401, endPage=1405, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325531795189678546, articleId=1325531791028928977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Impact of milk and egg supplementation on body composition and bone mineral density of rural primary school students in Yunnan Province, columnId=1259565862625862592, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Student Nutrition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the impact of milk and egg supplementation on body composition and bone mineral density of rural primary school students in Yunnan Province, so as to provide a reference for developing targeted nutritional intervention strategies.

Methods

In December 2023, a cluster sampling method was adopted to select students from grades one to three in four primary schools each from Jinggu and Shidian countys of Yunnan Province, as the intervention group (662 students). Additionally, two boarding primary schools were selected from each county based on the principle of matching scale and student numbers as the control group (455 students). Starting from April 2023, the intervention group received 200 mL milk and 50 g eggs during the break on school days for 8 months, while the control group maintained their usual diet behavior. Body composition was measured by using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and distal radial bone mineral density was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in April and December 2023. The intervention effects were analyzed by using a difference-in-differences approach.

Results

The final measurements of body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and fat-free mass of the intervention group and the control group of primary school students were significantly higher than the baseline values, and the net effect of milk and egg intervention on these body composition indicators was not statistically significant (P>0.05, both before and after adjustment). In contrast, bone mineral density increased significantly by 0.02 g/cm2 in the intervention group. The net intervention effect on bone mineral density was statistically significant (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04), and remained significant after model adjustment (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04) (both P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant effects of the intervention among girls (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04), day students (β=0.04, 95%CI=0.01-0.07), and students with normal nutritional status (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04) (all P < 0.05). No significant effect of milk and egg supplementation was observed on body composition indicators (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Milk and egg supplementation can improve bone mineral density among rural primary school students in Yunnan Province. It is recommended that rural school-aged children should increase intake of milk and eggs to support growth and development.

, authors=Yan ZHANG1, Wenbin ZHANG2, Weiyan GONG1, Chao SONG1, Ying ZHOU1, Caicui DING1, Fan YUAN1, Zheng CHEN1, Yujie QIU1, Ailing LIU*, 1, authorsList=Yan ZHANG, Wenbin ZHANG, Weiyan GONG, Chao SONG, Ying ZHOU, Caicui DING, Fan YUAN, Zheng CHEN, Yujie QIU, Ailing LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ailing LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325531802743620051, articleId=1325531791028928977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响, columnId=1259565866560119750, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学生营养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响, 为制定针对性的营养干预策略提供参考。

方法

2023年12月采用整群抽样方法选取云南省景谷县和施甸县各4所小学一至三年级学生为干预组(662名), 另从同县小学中按规模、学生人数匹配的原则各选择2所寄宿小学作为对照组(455名)。干预组在校园上午大课间或下午课间每日补充200 mL牛奶和50 g鸡蛋, 于2023年4月开始, 干预8个月;对照组不改变饮食行为。于2023年4和12月, 采用生物电阻抗法测量体成分, 双能X线吸收法测定桡骨远端骨密度, 运用倍差法分析干预效果。

结果

干预组与对照组小学生体脂率、骨骼肌质量和去脂体重终期测量值较基线均显著升高, 牛奶鸡蛋干预净效应无统计学意义(校正前后P值均>0.05);干预组小学生骨密度增加0.02 g/cm2, 牛奶鸡蛋干预对骨密度影响净效应有统计学意义(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04), 模型校正后净效应仍有统计学意义(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)(P值均 < 0.05)。分亚组看, 干预对女生(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)、走读生(β=0.04, 95%CI=0.01~0.07)、营养状况为正常的学生(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)效果均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。干预对体成分指标影响均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。

结论

课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐可增加云南农村小学生的骨密度。建议农村学龄儿童应增加牛奶和鸡蛋的摄入, 以促进身体生长发育。

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张妍(1981-), 女, 山西忻州人, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要从事营养与健康教育工作

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刘爱玲,E-mail:
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Osteoporos Int, 2018, 29(8): 1783-1791., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325531867335901727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中国乡村发展基金会项目(2021-105), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325531806640128468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531806946312661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, companyId=1325531806640128468, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531807000838614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, companyId=1325531806640128468, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325531807726453207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531807734841816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, companyId=1325531807726453207, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国人民武装警察部队湖南省总队医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325531861484847639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of body fat percentage changes and net effect of intervention among intervention group and control group in different subgroups before and after intervention (x ±s, %)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男32418.5±6.619.4±7.40.8< 0.0124318.3±7.119.8±8.11.5< 0.01-0.64(-2.37~1.08)-0.84(-2.56~0.89)
女33819.2±5.720.8±6.21.6< 0.0121219.9±6.221.8±6.21.9< 0.01-0.30(-1.77~1.17)-0.72(-2.21~0.78)
年龄/岁68418.1±6.119.0±6.60.80.034317.3±5.218.5±6.41.20.01-0.37(-3.62~2.89)-0.67(-3.93~2.59)
718617.6±5.118.7±5.91.1< 0.0111718.5±6.819.9±7.61.4< 0.01-0.24(-2.29~1.81)-0.76(-2.90~1.37)
821519.2±6.320.2±7.10.9< 0.0115418.6±6.720.2±7.11.7< 0.01-0.74(-2.74~1.26)-0.93(-2.94~1.08)
9~1017720.2±6.721.9±7.21.7< 0.0114120.6±6.922.6±7.42.0< 0.01-0.23(-2.44~1.97)-0.63(-2.96~1.69)
就读方式住宿53219.1±5.019.7±6.50.6< 0.0132018.8±6.419.8±7.11.0< 0.01-0.46(-1.72~0.81)-0.79(-2.06~0.47)
走读13018.1±6.021.8±7.83.7< 0.0113519.7±7.422.8±7.73.1< 0.010.61(-1.94~3.16)0.77(-1.86~3.40)
营养状况营养不足11314.9±4.815.3±4.40.30.377114.0±3.316.0±3.61.9< 0.01-1.58(-3.36~0.20)-1.91(-3.69~-0.13)a
正常48518.3±4.319.6±5.11.3< 0.0132717.9±4.219.4±5.11.5< 0.01-0.23(-1.16~0.70)-0.39(-1.28~0.50)
超重肥胖6431.0±6.732.9±7.01.9< 0.015732.2±6.234.2±7.22.0< 0.01-0.05(-3.51~3.41)-1.26(-4.78~2.26)
合计66218.9±6.220.1±6.91.2< 0.0145519.1±6.720.7±7.41.7< 0.01-0.45(-1.59~0.69)-0.75(-1.87~0.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531862336291352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同亚组干预组和对照组学生干预前后体脂率变化情况及干预净效应比较(x ±s,%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男32418.5±6.619.4±7.40.8< 0.0124318.3±7.119.8±8.11.5< 0.01-0.64(-2.37~1.08)-0.84(-2.56~0.89)
女33819.2±5.720.8±6.21.6< 0.0121219.9±6.221.8±6.21.9< 0.01-0.30(-1.77~1.17)-0.72(-2.21~0.78)
年龄/岁68418.1±6.119.0±6.60.80.034317.3±5.218.5±6.41.20.01-0.37(-3.62~2.89)-0.67(-3.93~2.59)
718617.6±5.118.7±5.91.1< 0.0111718.5±6.819.9±7.61.4< 0.01-0.24(-2.29~1.81)-0.76(-2.90~1.37)
821519.2±6.320.2±7.10.9< 0.0115418.6±6.720.2±7.11.7< 0.01-0.74(-2.74~1.26)-0.93(-2.94~1.08)
9~1017720.2±6.721.9±7.21.7< 0.0114120.6±6.922.6±7.42.0< 0.01-0.23(-2.44~1.97)-0.63(-2.96~1.69)
就读方式住宿53219.1±5.019.7±6.50.6< 0.0132018.8±6.419.8±7.11.0< 0.01-0.46(-1.72~0.81)-0.79(-2.06~0.47)
走读13018.1±6.021.8±7.83.7< 0.0113519.7±7.422.8±7.73.1< 0.010.61(-1.94~3.16)0.77(-1.86~3.40)
营养状况营养不足11314.9±4.815.3±4.40.30.377114.0±3.316.0±3.61.9< 0.01-1.58(-3.36~0.20)-1.91(-3.69~-0.13)a
正常48518.3±4.319.6±5.11.3< 0.0132717.9±4.219.4±5.11.5< 0.01-0.23(-1.16~0.70)-0.39(-1.28~0.50)
超重肥胖6431.0±6.732.9±7.01.9< 0.015732.2±6.234.2±7.22.0< 0.01-0.05(-3.51~3.41)-1.26(-4.78~2.26)
合计66218.9±6.220.1±6.91.2< 0.0145519.1±6.720.7±7.41.7< 0.01-0.45(-1.59~0.69)-0.75(-1.87~0.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531864710267417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of skeletal muscle mass changes and net effect of intervention among intervention group and control group in different subgroups before and after intervention (x ±s, kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男3249.9±2.010.8±2.20.9< 0.0124310.3±2.111.1±2.20.8< 0.010.11(-0.39~0.62)0.17(-0.27~0.60)
女3389.5±1.910.4±2.20.9< 0.012129.7±1.910.4±2.20.8< 0.010.17(-0.33~0.66)0.06(-0.36~0.49)
年龄/岁6848.1±1.18.8±1.20.7< 0.01437.9±1.18.5±1.20.7< 0.010.04(-0.56~0.64)0.02(-0.59~0.62)
71868.7±1.49.4±1.50.8< 0.011179.0±1.29.8±1.40.8< 0.01-0.03(-0.48~0.42)-0.02(-0.49~0.45)
82159.9±1.610.9±1.91.0< 0.0115410.1±2.010.9±2.20.8< 0.010.20(-0.36~0.75)0.20(-0.36~0.77)
9~1017711.2±2.012.3±2.21.1< 0.0114111.3±2.012.1±2.20.9< 0.010.31(-0.34~0.97)0.32(-0.37~1.01)
就读方式住宿5329.6±1.910.6±2.11.0< 0.013209.7±2.010.5±2.20.8< 0.010.13(-0.27~0.53)0.06(-0.28~0.41)
走读13010.1±2.210.8±2.50.7< 0.0113510.7±2.011.3±2.20.6< 0.010.09(-0.68~0.85)0.18(-0.48~0.84)
营养状况营养不足1138.1±1.18.9±1.30.8< 0.01718.6±1.39.1±1.30.6< 0.010.28(-0.25~0.81)0.36(-0.10~0.81)
正常4859.7±1.710.6±1.90.9< 0.013279.9±1.710.7±1.90.8< 0.010.12(-0.23~0.47)0.08(-0.19~0.35)
超重肥胖6412.1±2.513.4±2.91.3< 0.015712.2±2.813.3±3.01.1< 0.010.21(-1.21~1.63)-0.05(-1.21~1.10)
合计6629.7±2.010.6±2.20.9< 0.0145510.0±2.010.8±2.20.8< 0.010.14(-0.22~0.50)0.10(-0.20~0.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531864810930714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同亚组干预组和对照组学生干预前后骨骼肌质量变化情况及干预净效应比较(x ±s,kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男3249.9±2.010.8±2.20.9< 0.0124310.3±2.111.1±2.20.8< 0.010.11(-0.39~0.62)0.17(-0.27~0.60)
女3389.5±1.910.4±2.20.9< 0.012129.7±1.910.4±2.20.8< 0.010.17(-0.33~0.66)0.06(-0.36~0.49)
年龄/岁6848.1±1.18.8±1.20.7< 0.01437.9±1.18.5±1.20.7< 0.010.04(-0.56~0.64)0.02(-0.59~0.62)
71868.7±1.49.4±1.50.8< 0.011179.0±1.29.8±1.40.8< 0.01-0.03(-0.48~0.42)-0.02(-0.49~0.45)
82159.9±1.610.9±1.91.0< 0.0115410.1±2.010.9±2.20.8< 0.010.20(-0.36~0.75)0.20(-0.36~0.77)
9~1017711.2±2.012.3±2.21.1< 0.0114111.3±2.012.1±2.20.9< 0.010.31(-0.34~0.97)0.32(-0.37~1.01)
就读方式住宿5329.6±1.910.6±2.11.0< 0.013209.7±2.010.5±2.20.8< 0.010.13(-0.27~0.53)0.06(-0.28~0.41)
走读13010.1±2.210.8±2.50.7< 0.0113510.7±2.011.3±2.20.6< 0.010.09(-0.68~0.85)0.18(-0.48~0.84)
营养状况营养不足1138.1±1.18.9±1.30.8< 0.01718.6±1.39.1±1.30.6< 0.010.28(-0.25~0.81)0.36(-0.10~0.81)
正常4859.7±1.710.6±1.90.9< 0.013279.9±1.710.7±1.90.8< 0.010.12(-0.23~0.47)0.08(-0.19~0.35)
超重肥胖6412.1±2.513.4±2.91.3< 0.015712.2±2.813.3±3.01.1< 0.010.21(-1.21~1.63)-0.05(-1.21~1.10)
合计6629.7±2.010.6±2.20.9< 0.0145510.0±2.010.8±2.20.8< 0.010.14(-0.22~0.50)0.10(-0.20~0.40)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531865247138331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of fat-free mass changes and net effect of intervention among intervention group and control group in different subgroups before and after intervention(x ±s, kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男32420.1±3.421.7±3.81.6< 0.0124320.9±3.622.2±3.81.3< 0.010.24(-0.61~1.09)0.33(-0.39~1.05)
女33819.5±3.221.1±3.71.6< 0.0121219.9±3.321.2±3.81.3< 0.010.31(-0.53~1.15)0.14(-0.57~0.85)
年龄/岁68417.1±1.718.3±2.01.2< 0.014316.7±1.817.9±2.01.2< 0.010.08(-0.93~1.08)0.03(-0.98~1.05)
718618.1±2.319.4±2.51.4< 0.0111718.7±2.020.0±2.41.4< 0.01-0.01(-0.77~0.75)0.01(-0.77~0.80)
821520.2±2.721.9±3.21.7< 0.0115420.6±3.321.9±3.71.3< 0.010.35(-0.58~1.28)0.36(-0.58~1.31)
9~1017722.3±3.324.3±3.71.9< 0.0114122.8±3.324.1±3.71.3< 0.010.60(-0.50~1.70)0.59(-0.56~1.75)
就读方式住宿53219.7±3.221.3±3.61.7< 0.0132019.9±3.421.3±3.81.4< 0.010.23(-0.45~0.91)0.12(-0.45~0.70)
走读13020.5±3.721.7±4.31.2< 0.0113521.6±3.422.6±3.71.0< 0.010.24(-1.05~1.53)0.39(-0.70~1.49)
营养状况营养不足11317.2±1.918.7±2.21.5< 0.017118.1±2.219.1±2.21.0< 0.010.48(-0.42~1.38)0.61(-1.55~1.39)
正常48519.9±2.921.5±3.21.5< 0.0132720.2±2.921.5±3.21.3< 0.010.25(-0.36~0.85)0.18(-0.27~0.63)
超重肥胖6423.7±4.125.9±4.82.2< 0.015724.1±4.726.0±5.01.8< 0.010.37(-2.01~2.76)-0.06(-2.01~1.88)
合计66219.8±3.321.4±3.71.6< 0.0145520.4±3.521.7±3.81.3< 0.010.28(-0.33~0.88)0.21(-0.30~0.71)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531865633014300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同亚组干预组和对照组学生干预前后去脂体重变化情况及干预净效应比较(x ±s,kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男32420.1±3.421.7±3.81.6< 0.0124320.9±3.622.2±3.81.3< 0.010.24(-0.61~1.09)0.33(-0.39~1.05)
女33819.5±3.221.1±3.71.6< 0.0121219.9±3.321.2±3.81.3< 0.010.31(-0.53~1.15)0.14(-0.57~0.85)
年龄/岁68417.1±1.718.3±2.01.2< 0.014316.7±1.817.9±2.01.2< 0.010.08(-0.93~1.08)0.03(-0.98~1.05)
718618.1±2.319.4±2.51.4< 0.0111718.7±2.020.0±2.41.4< 0.01-0.01(-0.77~0.75)0.01(-0.77~0.80)
821520.2±2.721.9±3.21.7< 0.0115420.6±3.321.9±3.71.3< 0.010.35(-0.58~1.28)0.36(-0.58~1.31)
9~1017722.3±3.324.3±3.71.9< 0.0114122.8±3.324.1±3.71.3< 0.010.60(-0.50~1.70)0.59(-0.56~1.75)
就读方式住宿53219.7±3.221.3±3.61.7< 0.0132019.9±3.421.3±3.81.4< 0.010.23(-0.45~0.91)0.12(-0.45~0.70)
走读13020.5±3.721.7±4.31.2< 0.0113521.6±3.422.6±3.71.0< 0.010.24(-1.05~1.53)0.39(-0.70~1.49)
营养状况营养不足11317.2±1.918.7±2.21.5< 0.017118.1±2.219.1±2.21.0< 0.010.48(-0.42~1.38)0.61(-1.55~1.39)
正常48519.9±2.921.5±3.21.5< 0.0132720.2±2.921.5±3.21.3< 0.010.25(-0.36~0.85)0.18(-0.27~0.63)
超重肥胖6423.7±4.125.9±4.82.2< 0.015724.1±4.726.0±5.01.8< 0.010.37(-2.01~2.76)-0.06(-2.01~1.88)
合计66219.8±3.321.4±3.71.6< 0.0145520.4±3.521.7±3.81.3< 0.010.28(-0.33~0.88)0.21(-0.30~0.71)
), ArticleFig(id=1325531866387989021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of bone mineral density changes and net effect of intervention among intervention group and control group in different subgroups before and after intervention (x ±s, g/cm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男3240.42±0.110.43±0.110.02< 0.012430.43±0.100.43±0.090.000.950.02(-0.01~0.04)0.02(-0.01~0.04)
女3380.38±0.090.39±0.100.02< 0.012120.38±0.100.37±0.09-0.010.120.02(0.00~0.05)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
年龄/岁6840.36±0.010.38±0.100.030.01430.33±0.080.35±0.070.020.100.01(-0.04~0.05)0.01(-0.03~0.05)
71860.38±0.090.40±0.100.03< 0.011170.38±0.080.40±0.080.020.040.01(-0.02~0.04)0.01(-0.01~0.04)
82150.40±0.100.41±0.100.010.451540.41±0.110.40±0.10-0.010.380.01(-0.02~0.04)0.01(-0.01~0.03)
9~101770.44±0.110.45±0.110.010.241410.44±0.100.42±0.10-0.03< 0.010.03(0.00~0.07)a0.03(0.00~0.06)
就读方式住宿5320.39±0.100.41±0.110.01< 0.013200.39±0.100.39±0.090.000.860.01(-0.01~0.03)0.01(-0.01~0.03)
走读1300.41±0.100.43±0.090.03< 0.011350.43±0.100.42±0.08-0.020.060.04(0.01~0.07)a0.04(0.01~0.07)a
营养状况营养不足1130.33±0.070.36±0.090.030.01710.34±0.070.36±0.090.020.110.00(-0.03~0.04)0.01(-0.02~0.05)
正常4850.39±0.090.41±0.100.02< 0.013270.40±0.090.40±0.09-0.000.740.02(0.00~0.04)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
超重肥胖640.53±0.120.51±0.11-0.020.42570.52±0.120.47±0.10-0.040.030.03(-0.03~0.08)0.03(-0.02~0.09)
合计6620.40±0.100.41±0.100.02< 0.014550.40±0.090.40±0.10-0.000.350.02(0.00~0.04)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
), ArticleFig(id=1325531866849362462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531791028928977, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同亚组干预组和对照组学生干预前后桡骨远端骨密度变化情况及干预净效应比较(x ±s,g/cm2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项干预组对照组倍差法
人数基线终期d值P值人数基线终期d值P值β值(95%CI)#β值(95%CI)*
性别男3240.42±0.110.43±0.110.02< 0.012430.43±0.100.43±0.090.000.950.02(-0.01~0.04)0.02(-0.01~0.04)
女3380.38±0.090.39±0.100.02< 0.012120.38±0.100.37±0.09-0.010.120.02(0.00~0.05)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
年龄/岁6840.36±0.010.38±0.100.030.01430.33±0.080.35±0.070.020.100.01(-0.04~0.05)0.01(-0.03~0.05)
71860.38±0.090.40±0.100.03< 0.011170.38±0.080.40±0.080.020.040.01(-0.02~0.04)0.01(-0.01~0.04)
82150.40±0.100.41±0.100.010.451540.41±0.110.40±0.10-0.010.380.01(-0.02~0.04)0.01(-0.01~0.03)
9~101770.44±0.110.45±0.110.010.241410.44±0.100.42±0.10-0.03< 0.010.03(0.00~0.07)a0.03(0.00~0.06)
就读方式住宿5320.39±0.100.41±0.110.01< 0.013200.39±0.100.39±0.090.000.860.01(-0.01~0.03)0.01(-0.01~0.03)
走读1300.41±0.100.43±0.090.03< 0.011350.43±0.100.42±0.08-0.020.060.04(0.01~0.07)a0.04(0.01~0.07)a
营养状况营养不足1130.33±0.070.36±0.090.030.01710.34±0.070.36±0.090.020.110.00(-0.03~0.04)0.01(-0.02~0.05)
正常4850.39±0.090.41±0.100.02< 0.013270.40±0.090.40±0.09-0.000.740.02(0.00~0.04)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
超重肥胖640.53±0.120.51±0.11-0.020.42570.52±0.120.47±0.10-0.040.030.03(-0.03~0.08)0.03(-0.02~0.09)
合计6620.40±0.100.41±0.100.02< 0.014550.40±0.090.40±0.10-0.000.350.02(0.00~0.04)a0.02(0.00~0.04)a
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课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响
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张妍 1 , 张文彬 2 , 宫伟彦 1 , 宋超 1 , 周莹 1 , 丁彩翠 1 , 袁帆 1 , 陈征 1 , 仇玉洁 1 , 刘爱玲 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 学生营养 2025,46(10): 1401-1405
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中国学校卫生 |学生营养 2025 , 46 (10) : 1401 -1405
课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响
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张妍1, 张文彬2, 宫伟彦1, 宋超1, 周莹1, 丁彩翠1, 袁帆1, 陈征1, 仇玉洁1, 刘爱玲*, 1
作者信息
  • 1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所, 北京 100050
  • 2中国人民武装警察部队湖南省总队医院
通讯作者:
刘爱玲,E-mail:
作者简介:

张妍(1981-), 女, 山西忻州人, 硕士, 副研究员, 主要从事营养与健康教育工作

Impact of milk and egg supplementation on body composition and bone mineral density of rural primary school students in Yunnan Province
Yan ZHANG1, Wenbin ZHANG2, Weiyan GONG1, Chao SONG1, Ying ZHOU1, Caicui DING1, Fan YUAN1, Zheng CHEN1, Yujie QIU1, Ailing LIU*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025288
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目的

探讨课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响, 为制定针对性的营养干预策略提供参考。

方法

2023年12月采用整群抽样方法选取云南省景谷县和施甸县各4所小学一至三年级学生为干预组(662名), 另从同县小学中按规模、学生人数匹配的原则各选择2所寄宿小学作为对照组(455名)。干预组在校园上午大课间或下午课间每日补充200 mL牛奶和50 g鸡蛋, 于2023年4月开始, 干预8个月;对照组不改变饮食行为。于2023年4和12月, 采用生物电阻抗法测量体成分, 双能X线吸收法测定桡骨远端骨密度, 运用倍差法分析干预效果。

结果

干预组与对照组小学生体脂率、骨骼肌质量和去脂体重终期测量值较基线均显著升高, 牛奶鸡蛋干预净效应无统计学意义(校正前后P值均>0.05);干预组小学生骨密度增加0.02 g/cm2, 牛奶鸡蛋干预对骨密度影响净效应有统计学意义(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04), 模型校正后净效应仍有统计学意义(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)(P值均 < 0.05)。分亚组看, 干预对女生(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)、走读生(β=0.04, 95%CI=0.01~0.07)、营养状况为正常的学生(β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00~0.04)效果均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。干预对体成分指标影响均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。

结论

课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐可增加云南农村小学生的骨密度。建议农村学龄儿童应增加牛奶和鸡蛋的摄入, 以促进身体生长发育。

饮食习惯  /  干预性研究  /  身体成分  /  骨密度  /  学生
Objective

To investigate the impact of milk and egg supplementation on body composition and bone mineral density of rural primary school students in Yunnan Province, so as to provide a reference for developing targeted nutritional intervention strategies.

Methods

In December 2023, a cluster sampling method was adopted to select students from grades one to three in four primary schools each from Jinggu and Shidian countys of Yunnan Province, as the intervention group (662 students). Additionally, two boarding primary schools were selected from each county based on the principle of matching scale and student numbers as the control group (455 students). Starting from April 2023, the intervention group received 200 mL milk and 50 g eggs during the break on school days for 8 months, while the control group maintained their usual diet behavior. Body composition was measured by using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and distal radial bone mineral density was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in April and December 2023. The intervention effects were analyzed by using a difference-in-differences approach.

Results

The final measurements of body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and fat-free mass of the intervention group and the control group of primary school students were significantly higher than the baseline values, and the net effect of milk and egg intervention on these body composition indicators was not statistically significant (P>0.05, both before and after adjustment). In contrast, bone mineral density increased significantly by 0.02 g/cm2 in the intervention group. The net intervention effect on bone mineral density was statistically significant (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04), and remained significant after model adjustment (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04) (both P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant effects of the intervention among girls (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04), day students (β=0.04, 95%CI=0.01-0.07), and students with normal nutritional status (β=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.04) (all P < 0.05). No significant effect of milk and egg supplementation was observed on body composition indicators (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Milk and egg supplementation can improve bone mineral density among rural primary school students in Yunnan Province. It is recommended that rural school-aged children should increase intake of milk and eggs to support growth and development.

Food habits  /  Intervention studies  /  Body composition  /  Bone density  /  Students
张妍, 张文彬, 宫伟彦, 宋超, 周莹, 丁彩翠, 袁帆, 陈征, 仇玉洁, 刘爱玲. 课间牛奶鸡蛋加餐对云南农村小学生体成分及骨密度的影响. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (10) : 1401 -1405 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025288
Yan ZHANG, Wenbin ZHANG, Weiyan GONG, Chao SONG, Ying ZHOU, Caicui DING, Fan YUAN, Zheng CHEN, Yujie QIU, Ailing LIU. Impact of milk and egg supplementation on body composition and bone mineral density of rural primary school students in Yunnan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (10) : 1401 -1405 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025288
近年来,我国学生营养与健康状况有所改善,但仍存在城乡差异[1-5]。儿童营养状况受到经济状况、膳食、身体活动等多种因素的影响,其中膳食是最重要的可调节因素。我国儿童存在膳食摄入不合理的问题,农村儿童新鲜蔬果、禽肉、蛋类和奶类摄入量低于城市儿童[6]。云南省位于我国西南边境地区,少数民族聚居,地理、气候条件特殊。2019年全国学生体质与健康调研结果显示,云南省儿童营养不足检出率居全国第2[7],儿童营养状况有待进一步改善。多项研究证实补充牛奶鸡蛋可改善儿童的营养状况[8-12]。本研究拟在云南省经济欠发达地区农村小学生开展牛奶和鸡蛋饮食干预研究,探讨其对学生体成分和桡骨远端骨密度的影响,从而为改善农村地区学生营养健康状况提供科学依据。
于2023年12月,采用整群抽样方法,在云南省景谷县和施甸县按照地理位置和计划实施牛奶鸡蛋加餐的学校进行整群抽样,各县分别选择4所学校作为干预组,再按照规模、学生人数、地理位置和不实施牛奶鸡蛋加餐等相匹配的条件,从同县小学中分别选择2所寄宿小学作为对照组,共12所小学,每所学校一至三年级全体学生作为研究对象。其中干预组662名(男生324名,女生338名);对照组455名(男生243名,女生212名);年龄6~10岁。所有学生在校期间饮食基本一致,两组性别、年级、年龄、地区的人群构成差异均无统计学意义(χ2值分别为2.15,2.60,4.92,1.00,P值均>0.05)。汉族、傣族、彝族、拉祜族及其他民族人数比例在干预组分别为56.50%,17.67%,5.29%,14.20%和6.34%,对照组分别为58.90%,14.51%,20.00%,2.86%和3.74%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=93.36,P < 0.01),所有参与学生由监护人签署知情同意书。本研究通过中国注册临床试验伦理委员会审查(批号:ChiECRCT20220015)。
干预组给予牛奶鸡蛋加餐,即学校从2023年4月开始,在校日上午大课间或下午课间向干预组学生提供学生饮用奶(200 mL)及一个鸡蛋(约50 g);要求学生在老师的监督下食用,不允许带出学校;干预为期8个月。对照组不采取任何干预措施。
所有测量均在学生晨起空腹状态下完成,具体包括(1)身高:由经专业培训的调查员采用GMCS-Ⅰ型身高计进行测量,读数精确至0.1 cm;(2)体重和体成分:采用标准化的InBody 770体成分分析仪测定体重(测量精度为0.1 kg)及体成分参数,包括体脂率、骨骼肌、去脂体重;(3)骨密度:使用DexaPro-Ⅰ型双能X射线骨密度仪测定非优势手臂桡骨远端骨密度,测量精度达0.001 g/cm2。数据采集时间为基线(2023年4月)和干预终期(2023年12月)。
生长发育情况判断按照我国卫生行业标准《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》[13],先根据性别年龄别身高判断生长迟缓,除去生长迟缓者外,按照性别年龄别体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)判断消瘦。将生长迟缓与消瘦合并为营养不足。按照我国卫生行业标准《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》[14],按照性别年龄别BMI判断超重、肥胖。将不归为营养不足以及超重肥胖的学生视为正常组。
采用EpiData 3.1软件进行数据录入,SAS 9.4软件进行数据清理和统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以(x ±s)表示,干预组和对照组干预前后的组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以频数和率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。骨密度、体脂率、骨骼肌、去脂体重等连续变量干预前后比较采用倍差分析法,该方法能够较好地处理干预组及对照组在基线时的差异,并且控制作用于两组混杂因素的影响,有效地估计干预净效应[15]。对于骨密度、体脂率、骨骼肌、去脂体重等连续变量,本研究调整年级、性别、民族、家庭经济状况、饮食情况、身体活动情况等影响营养吸收的变量,有效校正基线不均衡带来的偏倚;分层分析不调整分层变量。以P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
干预组与对照组小学生体脂率终期测量值均较基线升高(P值均 < 0.01)。倍差法分析结果显示,无论是否校正性别、年龄等协变量,干预措施对体脂率的净效应均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。亚组分析表明,校正混杂因素后,干预对营养不足学生体脂率影响有统计学意义(P=0.04),但对正常及超重肥胖学生影响均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),见表1。
干预组与对照组骨骼肌质量终期值均较基线增加(P值均 < 0.01)。倍差法分析结果显示,无论是否校正性别、年龄等因素,干预净效应均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),见表2。
干预组与对照组去脂体重终期值均较基线增加(P值均 < 0.01)。倍差法分析结果显示,干预措施的净效应无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),见表3。
干预组桡骨远端骨密度较基线提高(P < 0.01)。倍差法分析结果表明,干预措施的净效应均有统计学意义(校正前后P值均 < 0.05)。分层分析结果显示,干预组男女生骨密度均改善(P值均 < 0.05),其中女生的干预净效应有统计学意义(校正前后P值均为0.04),干预组营养不足和正常组学生骨密度显著提升(P值均 < 0.05),而对照组超重肥胖学生骨密度显著降低(P=0.03)。倍差法分析结果显示,干预仅对正常学生骨密度净效应有统计学意义(P < 0.05),对营养不足及超重肥胖学生影响均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),见表4。
近年来,我国儿童的营养与健康状况得到较大改善,身高、体重持续增长,营养不足率持续下降,但不同地区之间经济社会发展不平衡以及自然地理环境的差异,儿童营养健康状况在经济发达地区好于经济欠发达地区,城市好于农村[4]。牛奶鸡蛋补充对于儿童骨骼健康发挥积极作用[16-17],对于体脂率、骨骼肌、去脂体重等体成分指标的影响在不同人群中存在差异[18-21]。研究发现,干预显著提升了受试儿童桡骨远端骨密度,尤其对女童、走读儿童及营养正常儿童效果更为显著,与儿童期作为骨骼发育关键阶段(贡献峰值骨量的80%)牛奶补充对于儿童骨密度增长的显著影响、鸡蛋中含有的多种维生素对骨骼的积极意义以及鸡蛋和牛奶的摄入可提高血液中促进骨骼生长的胰岛素样生长因子1水平等的研究证据一致[16-17, 22-25]。值得注意的是,干预效果存在营养状况差异,BMI营养状况正常组获益最显著,提示学生的基础营养状况可能影响干预效能。
牛奶中主要含有酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,乳清蛋白消化吸收较快,可刺激蛋白质合成,而酪蛋白消化吸收较慢,可抑制蛋白质的分解,乳清蛋白和酪蛋白对促进蛋白质的合成起到协同作用,牛奶补充可使得去脂体重增加[21]。但本研究未观察到干预对体脂率、去脂体重等指标的显著影响,可能与干预时间较短有关。
本研究结果基于云南农村地区儿童群体的亚组分析,尽管揭示了性别、营养状况等因素对干预效果的潜在影响,但其推广性和普适性仍需考量。后续可进一步在多样化人群中验证结果的稳健性,并探索城乡差异对营养干预策略的潜在影响。尽管如此,本研究为资源有限地区制定差异化干预方案提供了实证依据,尤其对具有类似社会经济背景的农村儿童群体具有参考价值。
本研究结果受到客观因素影响有一定局限性:研究对一至三年级小学生因年龄限制未开展3 d 24 h膳食调查,代以食物频率问卷收集膳食数据,可能存在回忆偏倚等。原计划3年的干预研究仅进行1学年,干预时间短且补充量低,可能影响了对体成分指标的观测效果[18]。未来研究可进一步对不同年龄、性别和营养状况的儿童进行细化的干预,并在补充剂量、干预时长和其他营养补充方面进行优化;考虑结合生物学标志物、基因等进一步阐明干预机制,将加餐作为改善农村儿童骨骼健康的有效抓手,精准干预,满足骨骼快速积累期的营养需求,并精准跟踪,为干预有效性提供更全面的证据链。在膳食补充的基础上,可同步开展营养健康教育、建立农村学龄儿童骨密度及体成分动态监测体系等,多点发力,不断改善欠发达地区学龄儿童骨健康状况。
  • 中国乡村发展基金会项目(2021-105)
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2025年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025288
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-06-24
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中国乡村发展基金会项目(2021-105)
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    1中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所, 北京 100050
    2中国人民武装警察部队湖南省总队医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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