Article(id=1325530204608942845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325530078536553117, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025281, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1755619200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960627938, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960627938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960627938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960627938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325530078536553117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1217', pageEnd='1368', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1758729600000', pubDateStr='2025-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960597879, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960597879, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1365, endPage=1368, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325530204818658046, articleId=1325530204608942845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Research progress on influencing factors and behavioral interventions for bedtime procrastination in adolescents, columnId=1325500927146341345, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sleep serves as a fundamental pillar for healthy development of adolescents. However, insufficient sleep has become a common challenge among adolescents worldwide. Among the various factors disrupting sleep, bedtime procrastination is increasingly recognized as a key disruptor of adolescents' sleep rhythms. The internal influencing factors of bedtime procrastination in individuals mainly include cognitive bias, emotional needs, delayed circadian rhythms, and imbalanced development of brain regions; and the external environmental factors mainly include family, school and digital media environment. The intervention methods for sleep include cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviews, family support, regular physical exercise, so as to promote sleep health in adolescents.

, authors=Nan LI1, Yue HU*, 2, authorsList=Nan LI, Yue HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yue HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325530205137425151, articleId=1325530204608942845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=青少年睡眠拖延影响因素与行为干预研究进展, columnId=1325500927309919203, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

睡眠是支撑青少年健康成长的基本保障,但睡眠不足已成为全球青少年群体面临的共同难题。在诸多干扰睡眠的因素中,睡眠拖延正日益成为破坏青少年睡眠节律的关键因素;睡眠拖延的个体内在影响因素主要涵盖认知偏差、情绪需求、生理节律延迟及脑区发育不平衡等情况,外部环境影响因素主要包括家庭、学校及数字媒介环境等。睡眠的干预方法包括认知行为疗法、动机访谈、家庭支持、规律性体育锻炼等,以促进青少年的睡眠健康。

, authors=李楠1, 胡月*, 2, authorsList=李楠, 胡月, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡月, authorNote=

李楠(1982-),男,天津市人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为青少年心理健康与运动促进

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡月,E-mail:
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青少年睡眠拖延影响因素与行为干预研究进展
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李楠 1 , 胡月 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 综述 2025,46(9): 1365-1368
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青少年睡眠拖延影响因素与行为干预研究进展
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李楠1, 胡月*, 2
作者信息
  • 1天津警察学院警察体育教研部,天津 300382
  • 2天津体育学院教育与心理学院
通讯作者:
胡月,E-mail:
作者简介:

李楠(1982-),男,天津市人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为青少年心理健康与运动促进

Research progress on influencing factors and behavioral interventions for bedtime procrastination in adolescents
Nan LI1, Yue HU*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Police Physical Education, Tianjin Police College, Tianjin 300382, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025281
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睡眠是支撑青少年健康成长的基本保障,但睡眠不足已成为全球青少年群体面临的共同难题。在诸多干扰睡眠的因素中,睡眠拖延正日益成为破坏青少年睡眠节律的关键因素;睡眠拖延的个体内在影响因素主要涵盖认知偏差、情绪需求、生理节律延迟及脑区发育不平衡等情况,外部环境影响因素主要包括家庭、学校及数字媒介环境等。睡眠的干预方法包括认知行为疗法、动机访谈、家庭支持、规律性体育锻炼等,以促进青少年的睡眠健康。

睡眠  /  精神卫生  /  危险因素  /  干预  /  青少年

Sleep serves as a fundamental pillar for healthy development of adolescents. However, insufficient sleep has become a common challenge among adolescents worldwide. Among the various factors disrupting sleep, bedtime procrastination is increasingly recognized as a key disruptor of adolescents' sleep rhythms. The internal influencing factors of bedtime procrastination in individuals mainly include cognitive bias, emotional needs, delayed circadian rhythms, and imbalanced development of brain regions; and the external environmental factors mainly include family, school and digital media environment. The intervention methods for sleep include cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviews, family support, regular physical exercise, so as to promote sleep health in adolescents.

Sleep  /  Mental Health  /  Risk factors  /  Intervention  /  Adolescent
李楠, 胡月. 青少年睡眠拖延影响因素与行为干预研究进展. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (9) : 1365 -1368 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025281
Nan LI, Yue HU. Research progress on influencing factors and behavioral interventions for bedtime procrastination in adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (9) : 1365 -1368 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025281
青春期是身体生理与心理剧烈变化的阶段,而睡眠是支撑青少年健康成长的基本保障,但睡眠不足已成为全球青少年群体面临的共同难题[1]。在诸多干扰睡眠的因素中,睡眠拖延,即个体在无外部阻碍下仍主动推迟预定就寝时间的行为,正日益成为破坏青少年睡眠节律的关键元凶[2]。流行病学调查显示,青少年睡眠拖延现象普遍,其发生率在全球范围内居高不下,几乎每2名青少年中就有1个深受不同程度的睡眠拖延困扰[2],而我国多项区域性调查也揭示了类似的高发态势[3-4]。
多项纵向研究已证实,睡眠拖延与日间注意力下降、情绪问题(如焦虑、抑郁)及学业成绩滑坡之间存在稳定且显著的关联[5-6]。这一行为问题并非单一因素所致,而是个体心理特质(如自我调节能力、时间洞察力)、生理节律(如青春期睡眠时相延迟)与外部环境因素交互作用的复杂结果;特别是在智能设备主导夜晚生活的数字时代,社交媒体的无限滚动、游戏机制的即时奖励,使得青少年更加难以主动告别屏幕,增加其睡眠拖延的风险[7]。因此,本文将梳理近年有关青少年睡眠拖延的多维影响因素及行为干预研究,旨在为相关领域的理论搭建、实证调研及实践操作参考提供借鉴。
睡眠拖延核心特征体现为实际就寝时间晚于个人意图[8];其本质上是一种典型的意图—行为差距,也是自我调节失败的关键表现。为准确定位该问题,需将其与相关概念进行辨析:与失眠的“想睡睡不着”不同,睡眠拖延的核心是“能睡不想睡”,即个体生理上具备入睡能力却在行为上选择推迟;也区别于晚睡偏好或生理性的睡眠时相延迟综合征,后者源于内在生物节律,而睡眠拖延则是一种与生理需求及最佳利益相悖的行为性拖延。目前,学界最广泛使用的评估工具是由Kroese等[8]编制的《就寝拖延量表》,该量表能有效测量个体推迟就寝的倾向与频率。
多项跨文化研究显示,青少年睡眠拖延的流行率在40%~60%[9-11],部分调查甚至报告近半数青少年存在不同程度的睡眠拖延行为[2]。在学业压力较大的环境中,这一问题尤为突出,其高发态势成为影响青少年身心健康、日间功能和学业成就的关键风险因素。
睡眠拖延在不同人群中的分布有明显的人口学特征。首先是年龄差异,这个问题随着年级增高而更加严重。例如,高中生的情况比初中生要严重得多,这与他们面临的学业压力更大有关系;而且高中生的自主性也更强,再加上这个年龄段生理节律本身就会往后推迟[12]。其次,还存在性别差异。男生更容易睡眠拖延,女生虽然发生率没那么高,但是一旦出现睡眠拖延,更容易产生一些负面的情绪反应,如焦虑、抑郁等[13]。
数字媒介的深层渗透进一步加剧了青少年睡眠拖延的发生。随着社交媒体、智能手机的发展和普及,即时奖励与社交互动的逐渐深入,均明显增加了青少年睡眠拖延的产生[14]。与此同时,睡前对电子设备的过度使用也是导致青少年睡眠拖延的重要行为因素[7]。
青少年睡眠拖延行为深受其内在心理认知过程的影响。首先,自我控制能力不足是核心原因。睡眠拖延本质上是自我调节的失败,青少年在面对更具诱惑力的活动(如看视频、玩游戏)时,难以有效执行“去睡觉”的意图,体现了典型的意图—行为差距[15]。其次,时间洞察力偏差,特别是“当下偏见”,使得青少年倾向于高估即时娱乐带来的满足感,而低估延迟睡眠对未来(如次日精神状态)的负面影响[16]。最后,情绪调节困难也扮演了重要角色。部分青少年将睡前活动作为一种应对日间压力与负面情绪的补偿或逃避方式,即通过“报复性熬夜”来夺回被学业等占据的个人时间,以寻求短暂的情绪慰藉[17]。
青春期是一个特殊的发展阶段,其生理与神经特点为青少年睡眠拖延行为提供了生物学基础。一方面,大脑发育存在不均衡性(关键因素)。大脑前额叶自上而下的理性抑制控制减弱,无法抗衡由边缘系统发出的、自下而上的强烈奖赏和情绪信号,这种失衡导致最终的行为决策偏向即时满足而牺牲睡眠[18]。另一方面,青春期普遍存在生理性的睡眠时相延迟现象。这种内在的昼夜节律自然向后推移,导致青少年在生理上倾向于晚睡晚起;而生物节律与早起上学等社会作息的冲突,为睡眠拖延的发生创造了生理条件[13]。
家庭是影响青少年行为的首要环境。父母的教养方式至关重要,采用权威型教养方式(即高要求、高回应)的家庭,通过设立明确的睡眠规则并给予情感支持,能有效减少子女的睡眠拖延行为;相反,放任型或不一致的教养方式则会增加该行为的风险[19]。此外,家庭睡眠环境,如是否有固定的家庭就寝时间、是否允许在卧室使用电子设备等,直接塑造了青少年的睡眠习惯;父母自身的睡眠行为(如父母也经常晚睡)也通过示范效应对青少年产生潜移默化的影响[20]。
和学业紧密相关的压力,是导致青少年睡眠拖延的重要外部因素。繁重的课业负担,频繁的考试以及家长和老师对学业成绩的高期待,使得一部分学生只能挤占原本该用于睡眠的时间,以便完成作业或者展开复习[21]。同时,学校的上课时间普遍比较早,而青少年存在生理性睡眠时相延迟,这两者之间产生所谓的“社会时差”;一方面使学生的睡眠时长直接被缩短,另一方面有可能导致他们在夜晚通过拖延的方式努力寻求能补偿自身的个人时间[22]。此外,当前绝大部分学校缺少系统且行之有效的睡眠健康教育,导致青少年对于睡眠的重要性认识不充分,并且目前也无法让他们熟练地掌握科学的睡眠管理技能[23]。
宏观的社会文化氛围与无处不在的数字媒介,共同构成了当代青少年睡眠拖延的时代背景。一方面,“内卷”“熬夜文化”等社会思潮在一定程度上美化甚至鼓励了牺牲睡眠的行为,使青少年感知到一种“不睡觉才是努力”的同辈压力[24]。另一方面,数字媒介的不当使用是问题的核心催化剂[25]。社交媒体引发的错失恐惧驱使青少年在睡前不断刷新信息[26];电子屏幕发出的蓝光会抑制褪黑素的分泌,从生理上干扰睡眠启动[27];而算法推荐的短视频、游戏等内容具有高度刺激性和成瘾性,极大地削弱了青少年在睡前的自我控制能力。
干预青少年睡眠拖延的关键点在于缩短意图和行为之间的鸿沟,并重新建立健康的睡前习惯。为切实有效地提高干预效果,需要搭建一个系统性框架,将个体的自我调节、外部环境支持及对数字媒介的管理等维度整合,形成一条将个体、环境及工具三者紧密相连且相互作用的干预路径。
个体干预最关键的任务就是着重于对青少年自我调节能力的重塑及强化。在该过程中,要综合使用心理行为疗法及生理调节手段,从身体和心理两个维度,赋予青少年驾驭自身行为的能力。
对于心理行为疗法,可创设对应的完整干预链条,包括从动机到行为的全流程干预[25]。(1)在动机矛盾方面,相关的动机访谈可有效帮助青少年发掘自身需要改变的理由,增强其内部动机[25]。(2)对应的认知行为疗法可有效对失眠个体进行针对性修正,致使拖延的非适应性信念得以改善;并有效结合刺激控制技术,切断睡前电子产品娱乐活动和睡觉之间的环境物理链接以改善睡眠暗示[28]。(3)以接纳承诺疗法为核心代表的第三代行为疗法,则更加注重对青少年展开正念训练。引导并培养青少年接纳自己内心的体验,在冲动和行为之间做到更好的平衡和深入决策[29]。(4)通过开展意向策略,可以有效地落实行为、制定详尽的逻辑计划(如:如果到了22:30,就一定放下手机),将行动有效落实、真正破解拖延习惯[30]。
心理行为疗法与体育锻炼构成了个体干预的2个核心维度。前者侧重于通过认知重构与行为训练实现自上而下的调节,而规律性体育锻炼则通过优化生理节律与神经功能,进行自下而上的干预,为前者发挥作用提供坚实的生物学基础[11]。其价值体现在双重机制上:(1)生理层面。中等强度的体育活动能有效调节昼夜节律、增加生理性睡眠压力,直接对抗青春期睡眠时相延迟[31-32]。(2)心理与神经层面。运动能促进内源性奖赏物质释放,为青少年提供数字娱乐之外的健康愉悦感来源,降低其通过牺牲睡眠寻求补偿的依赖[33];更重要的是,长期锻炼能增强前额叶皮质功能,从根本上提升作为克服拖延核心能力的执行功能与冲动控制力[34]。因此,将规律性体育锻炼融入日常生活,不仅是提升睡眠质量的有效手段,更是从根本上增强青少年自我调节能力的关键环节[35]。
青少年的行为改变离不开外部环境的支撑,家庭与学校的支持是干预成功的关键保障。家庭层面应将硬规则与软支持相结合:一方面,与青少年共同协商,制定明确的夜间电子设备使用时限,以营造无干扰的睡眠环境;另一方面,父母需提供共情式沟通,理解拖延背后的情绪需求,并以身作则展现健康的睡眠榜样,将睡眠健康内化为一种家庭文化[27]。学校层面则应双管齐下:一是通过合理调整上课时间与学业负荷来缓解外部压力源[34];二是在健康教育中融入时间管理、压力应对等实用心理技能的培养,实现从知识普及到学生赋能的转变,从根本上减少学生求助于睡眠拖延来逃避现实问题的可能。
数字媒介是另一个重要的影响因素,其干预策略重点需要从外部限制转向内在引导,即借助数字化工具与方法,协助青少年提升自我管理能力[36]。伴随技术持续发展并不断迭代更新,智能手机App及可穿戴设备所承载的数字化干预已然形成了一种全新的发展趋势[36]。这些数字化产品能够实现个性化的设计,针对睡眠数据展开相应的追踪活动;同时还能够对正念或者认知行为疗法模块加以整合,并且还可借助如打卡、提供奖励之类的游戏化机制,以此来增强青少年对于它们的喜爱程度与使用黏性[36]。其具备的优点体现为有着较高的便捷性、所需成本比较低,能够给出即时性反馈、实施情境化的干预举措等。这类干预方式的长期效果,仍有待实证检验,而它们是否可能反过来制造更多干扰,也是未来研究不容忽视的重要内容。
青少年的睡眠拖延,本质上是成长阶段自我调节出现失调,实际上是在做就寝决策时自我调节未能成功。而其产生的根源在于个体内在和外部环境之间存在复杂的交互作用:个体内在影响因素主要涵盖认知偏差、情绪需求、生理节律延迟及脑区发育不平衡等情况;外部环境影响因素主要包括家庭、学校及数字媒介环境等。因此,睡眠拖延的干预策略,不能限制在单一的睡眠卫生教育方面,而是应向整合认知重构、情绪调节及行为激活的综合性方案转变。其中,规律性的体育锻炼不仅能够通过激活奖赏系统满足心理层面的相关需求,还可以增强前额叶的相关功能、促进自我控制能力的提升,从根本上改善睡眠节律。未来研究有必要进一步区分睡眠拖延的不同亚型,并依照其占主导地位的机制来研制更具个性化的干预方案,从而为青少年的睡眠健康提供科学依据。
  • 国家体育总局体育科普项目(2025TK005)
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2025年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025281
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-08-20
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国家体育总局体育科普项目(2025TK005)
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    1天津警察学院警察体育教研部,天津 300382
    2天津体育学院教育与心理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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