Article(id=1325531483242512607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325530655635039055, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025246, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742918400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-26, revisedDate=1745164800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960932789, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1761321600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960932789, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960932789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960932789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325530655635039055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='10', pageStart='1369', pageEnd='1520', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1761321600000', pubDateStr='2025-10-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960735472, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960735472, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1411, endPage=1415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325531489357807840, articleId=1325531483242512607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Association of dietary behaviors, physical activity and altitude with nutritional status among children and adolescents, columnId=1259565862625862592, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Student Nutrition, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the association between altitudes and nutritional status of children and adolescents, and to explore the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity, so as to provide a scientific basis for developing lifestyle interventions tailored to local conditions.

Methods

From September to November 2023, physical examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in two autonomous regions, Inner Mongolia and Xizang, with a final sample of 156 511 participants by the stratified cluster random sampling method. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, and physical activity were collected via questionnaires, while the altitude of each participant's school was obtained using Amap. Logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between altitudes and nutritional status. Interaction terms and stratified analyses were applied to assess the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used for visualization.

Results

In 2023, the prevalence of wasting and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Xizang were 9.7% and 9.0%, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 22.0% in Inner Mongolia. Logistic regression analysis results showed that for every 1 km increase in altitude, the risk of wasting increased, while the risk of overweight/obesity decreased (OR=1.43, 0.19, both P < 0.05). The results of the stratified analysis showed that compared to those living at altitudes < 1 km, children and adolescents with healthy diets showed no significant association between altitudes (1- < 2 and 2- < 3 km) and wasting (OR=1.22, 0.75, both P>0.05), whereas significant associations were observed at 3- < 4 and ≥4 km altitudes (OR=2.25, 2.89, both P < 0.05). In contrast, unhealthy dietary groups showed statistically significant associations across altitudes (OR=1.18-4.04, all P < 0.05), consistent with RCS results. No moderating effects were observed for physical activity on the altitude-wasting association or for dietary behaviors and physical activity combined on the altitude-overweight/obesity association (Pinteraction=0.63, 0.10, 0.53).

Conclusion

Healthy dietary behaviors play a critical role in improving the nutritional status of children and adolescents and reducing regional disparities, providing a scientific foundation for public health policy formulation and implementation.

, authors=Dengcheng ZHANG1, Jianuo JIANG1, Li CHEN1, Zhuoma PUBU2, Liming TAN2, Xiuhong ZHANG3, Tian YANG3, Ziqi DONG1, Yang QIN1, Zhenting LU1, Jun MA1, Yanhui DONG*, 1, authorsList=Dengcheng ZHANG, Jianuo JIANG, Li CHEN, Zhuoma PUBU, Liming TAN, Xiuhong ZHANG, Tian YANG, Ziqi DONG, Yang QIN, Zhenting LU, Jun MA, Yanhui DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanhui DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325531505770119396, articleId=1325531483242512607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=饮食行为身体活动和海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联, columnId=1259565866560119750, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学生营养, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联, 并探究饮食行为及身体活动在其中的调节作用, 为因地制宜制定儿童青少年生活方式干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

2023年9—11月, 采用分层整群随机抽样方法从内蒙古和西藏2个自治区抽取156 511名7~17岁儿童青少年, 通过体格检查获取身高、体重, 计算体质量指数; 通过问卷收集调查对象的社会人口学特征、饮食行为和身体活动因素, 利用高德地图获取调查对象所在学校的海拔高度。采用Logistic回归分析海拔与营养状况之间的关系, 通过引入交互项和分层分析探究饮食行为与身体活动在其中的调节作用, 并使用限制性立方样条(RCS)分析技术进行可视化。

结果

2023年西藏儿童青少年消瘦、超重肥胖检出率分别为9.7%, 9.0%, 内蒙古分别为2.9%, 22.0%。Logistic回归分析结果显示, 海拔每增加1 km, 儿童青少年消瘦风险增加、超重肥胖风险降低(OR值分别为1.43, 0.19, P值均 < 0.05)。分层分析结果显示, 与海拔高度 < 1 km组的儿童青少年相比, 健康饮食组中1~ < 2和2~ < 3 km海拔与消瘦的关联均无统计学意义(OR值分别为1.22, 0.75, P值均>0.05), 海拔3~ < 4和≥4 km组与消瘦的关联均有统计学意义(OR值分别为2.25, 2.89, P值均 < 0.05);不健康饮食组的海拔高度与消瘦的关联均有统计学意义(OR=1.18~4.04, P值均 < 0.05), 与RCS分析结果一致。儿童青少年身体活动对海拔与消瘦的关联、饮食行为和身体活动对海拔与超重肥胖的关联均无调节作用(P交互值分别为0.63, 0.10, 0.53)。

结论

健康饮食行为在改善儿童青少年营养状况以及消除地区间差异方面具有关键性作用, 可为相关公共卫生政策的制定与实施提供科学依据。

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张登城(1993-), 男, 重庆黔江人, 在读硕士, 主管医师, 主要研究方向为学校与儿少卫生、环境卫生

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董彦会,E-mail:
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张登城(1993-), 男, 重庆黔江人, 在读硕士, 主管医师, 主要研究方向为学校与儿少卫生、环境卫生

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Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2009, 6(1): 66., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325531593762423104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82103865), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325531511709253861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531511726031078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, companyId=1325531511709253861, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Public Health/Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531511994466535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, companyId=1325531511709253861, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所, 北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325531512892047592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531512921407721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, companyId=1325531512892047592, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测所)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325531513856737514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325531514083229931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, companyId=1325531513856737514, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325531582148395321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Nonlinear association between altitudes and nutritional status among children and adolescents, figureFileSmall=p+uFvqA5zRAAM8tXEAzaHA==, figureFileBig=8ZRicuh8Jww7hfHrQopYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325531583444435258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的非线性关联, figureFileSmall=p+uFvqA5zRAAM8tXEAzaHA==, figureFileBig=8ZRicuh8Jww7hfHrQopYcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325531586409808187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of the association between altitudes and wasting among children and adolescents[OR(95%CI),n = 156 511]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔高度/km总体饮食行为身体活动
不健康健康不足充足
连续型1.43(1.40~1.47)*1.44(1.41~1.47)*1.32(1.18~1.47)*1.43(1.40~1.47)*1.45(1.34~1.56)*
分类型 < 11.001.001.001.001.00
          1~ < 21.18(1.09~1.27)*1.18(1.09~1.27)*1.22(0.94~1.59)1.15(1.07~1.25)*1.47(1.15~1.89)*
          2~ < 31.23(1.00~1.50)*1.28(1.03~1.59)*0.75(0.34~1.55)1.18(0.95~1.47)1.74(0.88~3.15)
          3~ < 43.44(3.14~3.77)*3.48(3.17~3.83)*2.25(1.39~3.55)*3.41(3.10~3.75)*3.68(2.70~5.00)*
          ≥44.00(3.66~4.37)*4.04(3.69~4.43)*2.89(1.77~4.62)*3.95(3.60~4.34)*4.55(3.32~6.22)*
), ArticleFig(id=1325531588116889916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海拔高度与儿童青少年消瘦关联的Logistic回归分析[OR 值(95%CI),n = 156 511]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔高度/km总体饮食行为身体活动
不健康健康不足充足
连续型1.43(1.40~1.47)*1.44(1.41~1.47)*1.32(1.18~1.47)*1.43(1.40~1.47)*1.45(1.34~1.56)*
分类型 < 11.001.001.001.001.00
          1~ < 21.18(1.09~1.27)*1.18(1.09~1.27)*1.22(0.94~1.59)1.15(1.07~1.25)*1.47(1.15~1.89)*
          2~ < 31.23(1.00~1.50)*1.28(1.03~1.59)*0.75(0.34~1.55)1.18(0.95~1.47)1.74(0.88~3.15)
          3~ < 43.44(3.14~3.77)*3.48(3.17~3.83)*2.25(1.39~3.55)*3.41(3.10~3.75)*3.68(2.70~5.00)*
          ≥44.00(3.66~4.37)*4.04(3.69~4.43)*2.89(1.77~4.62)*3.95(3.60~4.34)*4.55(3.32~6.22)*
), ArticleFig(id=1325531589324849469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of the association between altitudes and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents[OR (95%CI),n = 156 511]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔高度/km总体饮食行为身体活动
不健康健康不足充足
连续型0.19(0.18~0.21)*0.70(0.68~0.71)*0.74(0.68~0.79)*0.70(0.68~0.71)*0.70(0.66~0.74)*
分类型 < 11.001.001.001.001.00
          1~ < 20.84(0.81~0.87)*0.84(0.81~0.87)*0.81(0.72~0.92)*0.83(0.80~0.87)*0.84(0.75~0.95)*
          2~ < 30.66(0.59~0.74)*0.65(0.57~0.73)*0.84(0.55~1.28)0.67(0.59~0.75)*0.64(0.43~0.94)*
          3~ < 40.33(0.31~0.36)*0.33(0.31~0.35)*0.42(0.30~0.59)*0.33(0.31~0.36)*0.30(0.23~0.38)*
          ≥40.19(0.18~0.21)*0.19(0.17~0.21)*0.22(0.14~0.33)*0.19(0.17~0.21)*0.20(0.15~0.27)*
), ArticleFig(id=1325531590146933054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325531483242512607, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海拔高度与儿童青少年超重肥胖关联的Logistic回归分析[OR 值(95%CI),n = 156 511]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔高度/km总体饮食行为身体活动
不健康健康不足充足
连续型0.19(0.18~0.21)*0.70(0.68~0.71)*0.74(0.68~0.79)*0.70(0.68~0.71)*0.70(0.66~0.74)*
分类型 < 11.001.001.001.001.00
          1~ < 20.84(0.81~0.87)*0.84(0.81~0.87)*0.81(0.72~0.92)*0.83(0.80~0.87)*0.84(0.75~0.95)*
          2~ < 30.66(0.59~0.74)*0.65(0.57~0.73)*0.84(0.55~1.28)0.67(0.59~0.75)*0.64(0.43~0.94)*
          3~ < 40.33(0.31~0.36)*0.33(0.31~0.35)*0.42(0.30~0.59)*0.33(0.31~0.36)*0.30(0.23~0.38)*
          ≥40.19(0.18~0.21)*0.19(0.17~0.21)*0.22(0.14~0.33)*0.19(0.17~0.21)*0.20(0.15~0.27)*
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饮食行为身体活动和海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联
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张登城 1 , 蒋家诺 1 , 陈力 1 , 普布卓玛 2 , 谭力铭 2 , 张秀红 3 , 杨田 3 , 董子奇 1 , 秦阳 1 , 鲁震霆 1 , 马军 1 , 董彦会 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 学生营养 2025,46(10): 1411-1415
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中国学校卫生 |学生营养 2025 , 46 (10) : 1411 -1415
饮食行为身体活动和海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联
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张登城1, 蒋家诺1, 陈力1, 普布卓玛2, 谭力铭2, 张秀红3, 杨田3, 董子奇1, 秦阳1, 鲁震霆1, 马军1, 董彦会*, 1
作者信息
  • 1北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所, 北京 100191
  • 2西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测所
  • 3内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科
通讯作者:
董彦会,E-mail:
作者简介:

张登城(1993-), 男, 重庆黔江人, 在读硕士, 主管医师, 主要研究方向为学校与儿少卫生、环境卫生

Association of dietary behaviors, physical activity and altitude with nutritional status among children and adolescents
Dengcheng ZHANG1, Jianuo JIANG1, Li CHEN1, Zhuoma PUBU2, Liming TAN2, Xiuhong ZHANG3, Tian YANG3, Ziqi DONG1, Yang QIN1, Zhenting LU1, Jun MA1, Yanhui DONG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health/Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-10-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025246
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目的

分析海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联, 并探究饮食行为及身体活动在其中的调节作用, 为因地制宜制定儿童青少年生活方式干预措施提供科学依据。

方法

2023年9—11月, 采用分层整群随机抽样方法从内蒙古和西藏2个自治区抽取156 511名7~17岁儿童青少年, 通过体格检查获取身高、体重, 计算体质量指数; 通过问卷收集调查对象的社会人口学特征、饮食行为和身体活动因素, 利用高德地图获取调查对象所在学校的海拔高度。采用Logistic回归分析海拔与营养状况之间的关系, 通过引入交互项和分层分析探究饮食行为与身体活动在其中的调节作用, 并使用限制性立方样条(RCS)分析技术进行可视化。

结果

2023年西藏儿童青少年消瘦、超重肥胖检出率分别为9.7%, 9.0%, 内蒙古分别为2.9%, 22.0%。Logistic回归分析结果显示, 海拔每增加1 km, 儿童青少年消瘦风险增加、超重肥胖风险降低(OR值分别为1.43, 0.19, P值均 < 0.05)。分层分析结果显示, 与海拔高度 < 1 km组的儿童青少年相比, 健康饮食组中1~ < 2和2~ < 3 km海拔与消瘦的关联均无统计学意义(OR值分别为1.22, 0.75, P值均>0.05), 海拔3~ < 4和≥4 km组与消瘦的关联均有统计学意义(OR值分别为2.25, 2.89, P值均 < 0.05);不健康饮食组的海拔高度与消瘦的关联均有统计学意义(OR=1.18~4.04, P值均 < 0.05), 与RCS分析结果一致。儿童青少年身体活动对海拔与消瘦的关联、饮食行为和身体活动对海拔与超重肥胖的关联均无调节作用(P交互值分别为0.63, 0.10, 0.53)。

结论

健康饮食行为在改善儿童青少年营养状况以及消除地区间差异方面具有关键性作用, 可为相关公共卫生政策的制定与实施提供科学依据。

饮食习惯  /  运动活动  /  高海拔  /  营养状况  /  回归分析  /  儿童  /  青少年
Objective

To analyze the association between altitudes and nutritional status of children and adolescents, and to explore the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity, so as to provide a scientific basis for developing lifestyle interventions tailored to local conditions.

Methods

From September to November 2023, physical examinations and questionnaire surveys were conducted among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in two autonomous regions, Inner Mongolia and Xizang, with a final sample of 156 511 participants by the stratified cluster random sampling method. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI). Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, and physical activity were collected via questionnaires, while the altitude of each participant's school was obtained using Amap. Logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between altitudes and nutritional status. Interaction terms and stratified analyses were applied to assess the moderating effects of dietary behaviors and physical activity. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used for visualization.

Results

In 2023, the prevalence of wasting and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in Xizang were 9.7% and 9.0%, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 22.0% in Inner Mongolia. Logistic regression analysis results showed that for every 1 km increase in altitude, the risk of wasting increased, while the risk of overweight/obesity decreased (OR=1.43, 0.19, both P < 0.05). The results of the stratified analysis showed that compared to those living at altitudes < 1 km, children and adolescents with healthy diets showed no significant association between altitudes (1- < 2 and 2- < 3 km) and wasting (OR=1.22, 0.75, both P>0.05), whereas significant associations were observed at 3- < 4 and ≥4 km altitudes (OR=2.25, 2.89, both P < 0.05). In contrast, unhealthy dietary groups showed statistically significant associations across altitudes (OR=1.18-4.04, all P < 0.05), consistent with RCS results. No moderating effects were observed for physical activity on the altitude-wasting association or for dietary behaviors and physical activity combined on the altitude-overweight/obesity association (Pinteraction=0.63, 0.10, 0.53).

Conclusion

Healthy dietary behaviors play a critical role in improving the nutritional status of children and adolescents and reducing regional disparities, providing a scientific foundation for public health policy formulation and implementation.

Food habits  /  Motor activity  /  Altitude  /  Nutritional status  /  Regression analysis  /  Child  /  Adolescent
张登城, 蒋家诺, 陈力, 普布卓玛, 谭力铭, 张秀红, 杨田, 董子奇, 秦阳, 鲁震霆, 马军, 董彦会. 饮食行为身体活动和海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (10) : 1411 -1415 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025246
Dengcheng ZHANG, Jianuo JIANG, Li CHEN, Zhuoma PUBU, Liming TAN, Xiuhong ZHANG, Tian YANG, Ziqi DONG, Yang QIN, Zhenting LU, Jun MA, Yanhui DONG. Association of dietary behaviors, physical activity and altitude with nutritional status among children and adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (10) : 1411 -1415 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025246
消瘦和超重肥胖等营养不良状况在整个生命过程中都与不利的健康结果有关[1-3]。先前的研究显示,高海拔地区儿童青少年消瘦率高于全国其他地区的平均水平[4-7],而超重肥胖率低于全国平均水平[5-6]。健康行为包括饮食行为和身体活动,均是影响儿童青少年营养状况的关键因素[8]。研究表明,高海拔暴露会对摄食量产生影响,相应的,能量摄入的改变与体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)的变化显著相关[9]。另一方面,身体活动对于维持能量平衡和促进肌肉发育至关重要[10];同时,在高海拔地区,过量的身体活动也可能会加重能量消耗,从而进一步影响儿童青少年的营养状况[9, 11]。本研究旨在分析海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况之间的关联,并探究饮食行为和身体活动在其中的调节作用,为因地制宜制定生活方式干预措施提供科学依据。
2023年9—11月,在内蒙古自治区全部12个盟市(103个旗县区)和西藏自治区全部7个地市(68个区县)开展调查,采取分层整群随机抽样方法,在城区采用直接抽选法抽取7所学校(2所小学、2所初中、2所普通高中、1所职业高中)、郊县采用直接抽选法抽取5所学校(2所小学、2所初中、1所普通高中);采用直接抽选法,每所学校分别在3个年级(小学四至六年级,初中和高中一至三年级)抽取学生开展问卷调查,每个年级至少80名学生,以整班为单位开展调查。纳入体格检查和生活方式信息均完整的学生156 511名(西藏35 815名,内蒙古120 696名),年龄为7~17岁,平均年龄(12.81±2.12)岁;女生78 281名,男生78 230名;小学、初中、高中学生分别为73 716名,61 301名,21 494名;城区学生14 319名,郊区109 207名,农村32 985名。所有参与者均收到了关于研究目的、程序、潜在利益和风险的完整信息,并在完成自我报告问卷和开展健康体检之前知情同意。本研究分别获得了内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会(审查编号:202309271)和西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会(审查编号:2024-004)的批准。
学生在测量身高和体重时穿轻便的衣服、不穿鞋,测量结果分别精确到0.1 cm和0.1 kg,BMI=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。根据BMI,消瘦的定义参照《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》(WS/T 456—2014)标准[12],超重或肥胖的定义参照《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)标准[13]。
问卷来源于全国学生常见病和健康影响因素监测与干预工作方案[14],问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.90,内容效度系数为0.86[15]。收集研究对象的社会人口学特征、饮食行为和身体活动等因素。将“与父母一同居住”定义为核心家庭。学校所在地被划分为城区(盟、市、地区政府驻地)、郊县(区、县、旗政府驻地)和农村。将不喝含糖饮料、不食用油炸食品、每天吃1次以上新鲜水果、每天吃1次以上新鲜蔬菜、每天吃早餐定义为“健康饮食”[15]。将每周体育课频率达标(小学生和初中生≥3节课,高中生≥2节课)[16]、每周做3次及以上中高强度体育锻炼[17]、每天睡眠时间达标(小学生≥10 h,初中生≥9 h,高中生≥8 h)[18]、每天视屏时间达标(< 2 h)[19]定义为“身体活动充足”。
根据受调查学生的学校地址,在高德地图网页中查询具体纬度,并提取海拔高度。参考相关研究的处理方式,将海拔高度分为5个等级: < 1,1~ < 2,2~ < 3,3~ < 4,≥4 km[20]。盟/市/地区级人均GDP分别源自内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区2023年统计年鉴。
各地市级疾病预防控制中心在接受自治区级疾病预防控制中心统一培训后,对所辖区域的相关工作人员进行培训并考核,同时对现场调查工作予以指导。卫生健康部门对检测人员、卡片、数据等进行检查,每天按3%的比例随机抽样复测身高、体重。学生在学校独立完成问卷调查,必要时由工作人员提供帮助和指导。
使用R 4.4.0软件进行分析,对年龄、人均GDP、海拔高度等计量资料进行正态性检验,均为正态分布,用(x±s)表示。分类变量以频数和百分比表示,并利用χ2检验进行组间比较。运用Logistic回归模型分析海拔高度与儿童青少年消瘦和超重肥胖的关系,分别采用交互项分析和分层分析检验饮食行为和身体活动在其中的调节作用。通过限制性立方样条(restricted cubic splines, RCS)对海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况之间的非线性相关性进行可视化。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2023年西藏儿童青少年消瘦、超重肥胖检出率分别为9.7%(3 491名),9.0%(3 227名),内蒙古分别为2.9%(3 506名),22.0%(26 522名)。
以儿童青少年是否发生消瘦或超重肥胖为因变量(否=0,是=1),以海拔高度为自变量(连续型或分类型变量)进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果显示,海拔高度每增加1 km,儿童青少年消瘦的风险增加43%,超重肥胖的风险降低81%(OR值分别为1.43,0.19,P值均 < 0.05)。将海拔高度由连续变量转换为分类变量时,与海拔 < 1 km组儿童青少年相比,1~ < 2,2~ < 3,3~ < 4和≥4 km组消瘦的风险逐渐升高(OR值分别为1.18,1.23,3.44,4.00),超重肥胖的风险逐渐降低(OR值分别为0.84,0.66,0.33,0.19)(P值均 < 0.05),见表1,2。图1A、B显示了海拔高度与营养状况之间的潜在非线性关系,海拔高度越高,消瘦的风险越高、超重肥胖的风险越低。
以消瘦为结局的分析结果显示,饮食行为与海拔高度的交互作用有统计学意义(P交互=0.01),与RCS曲线的变化趋势基本一致。分层分析结果显示,健康饮食组中,与 < 1 km组相比,1~ < 2和2~ < 3 km海拔与消瘦的关联均无统计学意义(OR值分别为1.22,0.75,P值均>0.05),海拔3~ < 4,≥4 km两个组与消瘦的关联有统计学意义(OR值分别为2.25,2.89,P值均 < 0.05);不健康饮食组的海拔高度与消瘦的关联均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。身体活动与海拔高度的交互作用无统计学意义(P交互=0.63),分层分析的结果与RCS曲线的变化趋势一致。以超重肥胖为结局的分析结果显示,饮食行为、身体活动与海拔高度的交互作用均无统计学意义(P交互值分别为0.10,0.53),与RCS曲线的变化趋势基本一致。见表1,2和图1C~F。
西藏儿童青少年的消瘦检出率高于平均海拔较低的内蒙古,而超重肥胖检出率低于内蒙古,与国内外多项调查结果相吻合[4-7, 20-21]。本研究结果显示,海拔高度与儿童青少年的营养状况之间存在关联,与Harris等[22]在1994—1995年对西藏5个地区0~7岁儿童的调查结果形成对比,该研究认为儿童的营养状况与海拔高度无关,而将地区差异主要归结于社会环境因素。Terán等[21]在玻利维亚6~12岁儿童中开展的研究则表明高原地区儿童营养缺乏受到海拔高度的影响,干预措施应该综合考虑社会与自然环境因素,与本研究的发现一致。考虑到国家在消除贫穷、保障学生营养等方面做出的努力和取得的成效[6-7],未来研究应更加聚焦于自然环境因素,为制定针对性的营养改善策略提供科学依据。
海拔高度的变化伴随着大气压、气温、光照等环境因素的调整,对人体代谢状态产生了直接影响。海拔升高,人体为维持低氧环境下的稳态,静息代谢率随之上升[11, 23],这一生理适应机制导致更多的能量消耗,增加消瘦的风险、相应降低超重肥胖的风险。由于低气压所致的供氧不足,人体往往更多依赖无氧代谢进行供能,而无氧代谢比有氧代谢效率低,需要消耗更多的营养物质来产生同等的能量[24-25]。缺氧时单磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激活会导致蛋白质合成通路下调,同时促进分解代谢过程,可能导致肌肉萎缩和总体体重下降[24]。另外,长期暴露于高海拔环境中,身体可能会通过分解肌肉蛋白来动员氨基酸用于能量生产,特别是在营养不足的情况下,可能会导致人体组成成分的失衡,致使营养不良风险增加[23]。
饮食行为本就是营养状态的重要影响因素之一,适宜的营养和能量摄入对于维持健康的身体成分至关重要。如果食物摄入量未能补偿高原环境导致的过多能量消耗,人体就会面临能量赤字[25]。另外,海拔暴露引发的生理压力通常会导致食欲抑制[9],这种效应部分是通过缺氧诱导因子的激活介导的,缺氧诱导因子影响多种代谢通路和中枢神经系统的反应,从而减少食物摄入[25]。根据本研究的定义,健康的饮食行为表明接受调查的儿童青少年日常饮食习惯能够保障充足的营养摄入,这种行为模式在一定程度上抵消了高海拔暴露所致营养不足问题。但当海拔高度超过3 km后,这种调节效应逐渐减弱,提示超高海拔地区儿童青少年的营养状态干预策略应兼顾自然与社会环境因素。
体育锻炼常被视为改善儿童青少年营养状态、增强体质的重要干预方式[10]。进行身体活动后儿童青少年的食欲会增加,也更加倾向于选择健康的饮食习惯[26],这些效应有助于儿童青少年维持健康的身体成分比例,进而预防消瘦和超重肥胖等异常营养状况的发生[10]。然而,本研究结果表明,身体活动并不能调节高海拔环境对儿童青少年营养状态的影响。在高海拔地区,过量的身体活动可能会加重能量消耗,从而影响儿童青少年的营养状况[9, 11]。同时高海拔暴露对食欲[9]、能量摄入和营养吸收[7]的影响可能抵消了身体活动的益处,因而运动不能减弱高海拔暴露导致的异常营养状况风险,提示体育锻炼可能不适宜于作为高海拔地区针对儿童青少年的干预措施。
本研究尚存在以下局限性:横断面设计使得海拔高度与儿童青少年营养状况之间的因果关联推断受到限制;回忆偏倚和测量偏倚都会对研究结果的可靠性产生影响;尽管本研究已控制了民族和人均GDP等社会环境变量,但所纳入的协变量仍相对有限,且未能精确量化饮食、运动等因素,可能在一定程度上高估了海拔高度的效应;研究对象的地区限制使结果可能难以直接外推至中国其他地区。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82103865)
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2025年第46卷第10期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025246
  • 接收时间:2025-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-26
  • 修回日期:2025-04-21
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82103865)
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    1北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所, 北京 100191
    2西藏自治区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测所
    3内蒙古自治区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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