Article(id=1325530018444759249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325529948685091532, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025233, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735488000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-30, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793960583554, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793960583554, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793960583554, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793960583554, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325529948685091532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1065', pageEnd='1216', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1756051200000', pubDateStr='2025-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793960566921, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793960566921, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1194, endPage=1197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325530018876772562, articleId=1325530018444759249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school-age children, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school-age children, providing ideas into the mechanisms of the role of pupil diameter in the onset and development of myopia.

Methods

Adopting a combination of stratified cluster random sampling and convenience sampling method, 3 839 children from six schools in Shandong Province were included in September 2021. Pupil diameters distribution was analyzed by age, sex, and myopic status. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between pupil diameter and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), as well as axial length (AL) and other variables. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match myopic and non-myopic children at a 1∶1 ratio based on age and sex. A generalized linear model (GLM) was constructed with pupil diameter as the dependent variable to identify independent factors influencing pupil size and its association with myopia.

Results

The mean pupil diameter of school-age children was (5.77±0.80)mm. Pupil diameter exhibited a significant increasing trend with age (F=49.34, Ptrend < 0.01). Myopic children had a significantly larger mean pupil diameter compared to non-myopic children with a statistically significant difference(t=18.10, P < 0.01). Multivariable GLM analysis, adjusted for age, amplitude of accommodation, and uncorrected visual acuity, revealed a negative correlation between pupil diameter and cycloplegic SE (before PSM: β=-0.089, after PSM: β=-0.063, both P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Myopic school-age children exhibite larger pupil diameters than their non-myopic counterparts. Pupil diameter may serve as a potential indicator for monitoring myopia development in school-age children.

, authors=Yizhuo GONG1, Junli YU2, Xianwei YAO1, Huanhuan HUO1, Xiaohui MA1, Guoyong LIU3, Qian XU1, Yuanyuan HU*, 3, Hongsheng BI*, 1, 3, 4, authorsList=Yizhuo GONG, Junli YU, Xianwei YAO, Huanhuan HUO, Xiaohui MA, Guoyong LIU, Qian XU, Yuanyuan HU, Hongsheng BI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanyuan HU, Hongsheng BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325530020625797331, articleId=1325530018444759249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=学龄儿童瞳孔直径分布及其与近视关联, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究学龄儿童瞳孔直径的分布情况及其与近视之间的关联,为揭示瞳孔直径在近视发生发展过程中的作用机制提供思路。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,于2021年9月抽取山东省6所小学和初中学校的3 839名学龄儿童,按年级、性别、是否近视分组,探讨瞳孔直径的分布情况。采用Pearson相关分析瞳孔直径与睫状肌麻痹等效球镜度、眼轴长度以及其他变量的关系。基于倾向性得分匹配(PSM)法,将近视组与非近视组按1∶1比例进行性别和年龄的匹配。以瞳孔直径为因变量,建立广义线性模型,分析其独立影响因素及与近视的关系。

结果

学龄儿童平均瞳孔直径为(5.77±0.80)mm。瞳孔直径随年级增加呈现上升趋势(F=49.34,P<0.01)。近视儿童的平均瞳孔直径为(6.10±0.73)mm,高于非近视儿童的(5.62±0.79)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=18.10,P<0.01)。多因素广义线性模型结果显示,在调整裸眼远视力、调节幅度和年龄后,瞳孔直径与睫状肌麻痹等效球镜度呈负相关(PSM前:β=-0.089;PSM后:β=-0.063,P值均<0.01)。

结论

近视学龄儿童倾向于有更大的瞳孔直径,瞳孔直径可作为近视发生发展的重要监测指标之一。

, authors=宫义卓1, 于俊利2, 姚贤玮1, 霍环环1, 马晓辉1, 柳国雍3, 徐倩1, 胡媛媛*, 3, 毕宏生*, 1, 3, 4, authorsList=宫义卓, 于俊利, 姚贤玮, 霍环环, 马晓辉, 柳国雍, 徐倩, 胡媛媛, 毕宏生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡媛媛, 毕宏生, authorNote=

宫义卓与于俊利为共同第一作者。

宫义卓(1999-),男,山东德州人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视防控

于俊利(1971-),男,山东淄博人,大学本科,副主任医师,主要研究方向为小儿眼科与眼视光

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡媛媛,E-mail:
毕宏生,E-mail:
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Comparison of opthalmic and optometric parameters between myopia and non-myopic groups(x±s)

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组别人数SE/D眼轴长度/mm裸眼远视力眼压/mmHg调节幅度/D
近视1 214-2.36±1.5424.50±0.990.43±0.2717.30±2.7611.88±3.21
非近视2 6250.81±0.8022.99±0.780.95±0.1216.85±2.8313.85±3.98
合计3 839-0.19±1.8323.46±1.100.79±0.3016.99±2.8213.23±3.86
t值-84.0351.14-83.504.65-15.19
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325530025847705877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530018444759249, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

近视与非近视学龄儿童眼科与视光学检查指标比较(x±s)

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组别人数SE/D眼轴长度/mm裸眼远视力眼压/mmHg调节幅度/D
近视1 214-2.36±1.5424.50±0.990.43±0.2717.30±2.7611.88±3.21
非近视2 6250.81±0.8022.99±0.780.95±0.1216.85±2.8313.85±3.98
合计3 839-0.19±1.8323.46±1.100.79±0.3016.99±2.8213.23±3.86
t值-84.0351.14-83.504.65-15.19
P值<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325530025914814742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530018444759249, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of pupil diameter in children and adolescent of different groups(x±s, mm)

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年级男生女生总人群t值P值
人数瞳孔直径人数瞳孔直径人数瞳孔直径
一3315.43±0.822765.50±0.766075.47±0.79-1.090.28
二3205.57±0.792755.62±0.755955.59±0.77-0.780.43
三3205.58±0.872615.56±0.965815.57±0.910.190.85
四2445.81±0.842465.80±0.724905.80±0.780.160.88
五2305.80±0.672395.87±0.674695.83±0.67-1.100.27
六1605.98±0.761316.05±0.692916.01±0.73-0.880.38
七1306.03±0.681586.12±0.612886.08±0.64-1.140.25
八1396.15±0.651686.24±0.653076.20±0.65-1.160.25
九846.04±0.841276.18±0.632116.12±0.72-1.350.18
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不同组别学龄儿童瞳孔直径比较(x±s, mm)

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年级男生女生总人群t值P值
人数瞳孔直径人数瞳孔直径人数瞳孔直径
一3315.43±0.822765.50±0.766075.47±0.79-1.090.28
二3205.57±0.792755.62±0.755955.59±0.77-0.780.43
三3205.58±0.872615.56±0.965815.57±0.910.190.85
四2445.81±0.842465.80±0.724905.80±0.780.160.88
五2305.80±0.672395.87±0.674695.83±0.67-1.100.27
六1605.98±0.761316.05±0.692916.01±0.73-0.880.38
七1306.03±0.681586.12±0.612886.08±0.64-1.140.25
八1396.15±0.651686.24±0.653076.20±0.65-1.160.25
九846.04±0.841276.18±0.632116.12±0.72-1.350.18
), ArticleFig(id=1325530026128724248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530018444759249, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multivariate GLM analysis of pupil diameter in children and adolescents before and after PSM

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匹配前后自变量总人群小学低年级小学高年级初中
β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值
PSM前年龄/岁0.026(0.013~0.038)<0.010.012(-0.079~0.103)0.790.029(-0.014~0.072)0.180.007(-0.023~0.037)0.65
(n=3 839)SE/D-0.089(-0.111~-0.067)<0.01-0.117(-0.169~-0.065)<0.01-0.136(-0.173~-0.098)<0.01-0.040(-0.072~-0.009)0.01
裸眼远视力(小数记数)-0.160(-0.288~-0.033)0.01-0.091(-0.422~0.239)0.59-0.215(-0.424~-0.007)0.04-0.181(-0.372~0.010)0.06
调节幅度/D-0.032(-0.039~-0.026)<0.01-0.041(-0.052~-0.030)<0.01-0.022(-0.033~-0.011)<0.01-0.036(-0.051~-0.021)<0.01
PSM后年龄/岁0.029(0.011~0.047)<0.010.426(0.064~0.789)0.020.125(0.069~0.181)<0.010.025(-0.018~0.068)0.26
(n=1 702)SE/D-0.063(-0.095~-0.032)<0.01-0.173(-0.340~-0.006)0.04-0.068(-0.115~-0.020)0.01-0.048(-0.090~-0.007)0.02
裸眼远视力(小数记数)-0.168(-0.341~0.006)0.06-0.725(-1.637~0.188)0.12-0.200(-0.446~0.047)0.11-0.038(-0.276~0.200)0.75
调节幅度/D-0.017(-0.028~-0.006)<0.010.033(-0.005~0.071)0.09-0.009(-0.022~0.005)0.22-0.044(-0.064~-0.024)<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325530026216804633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325530018444759249, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PSM前后学龄儿童瞳孔直径的多因素GLM分析

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匹配前后自变量总人群小学低年级小学高年级初中
β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值β值(95%CI)P值
PSM前年龄/岁0.026(0.013~0.038)<0.010.012(-0.079~0.103)0.790.029(-0.014~0.072)0.180.007(-0.023~0.037)0.65
(n=3 839)SE/D-0.089(-0.111~-0.067)<0.01-0.117(-0.169~-0.065)<0.01-0.136(-0.173~-0.098)<0.01-0.040(-0.072~-0.009)0.01
裸眼远视力(小数记数)-0.160(-0.288~-0.033)0.01-0.091(-0.422~0.239)0.59-0.215(-0.424~-0.007)0.04-0.181(-0.372~0.010)0.06
调节幅度/D-0.032(-0.039~-0.026)<0.01-0.041(-0.052~-0.030)<0.01-0.022(-0.033~-0.011)<0.01-0.036(-0.051~-0.021)<0.01
PSM后年龄/岁0.029(0.011~0.047)<0.010.426(0.064~0.789)0.020.125(0.069~0.181)<0.010.025(-0.018~0.068)0.26
(n=1 702)SE/D-0.063(-0.095~-0.032)<0.01-0.173(-0.340~-0.006)0.04-0.068(-0.115~-0.020)0.01-0.048(-0.090~-0.007)0.02
裸眼远视力(小数记数)-0.168(-0.341~0.006)0.06-0.725(-1.637~0.188)0.12-0.200(-0.446~0.047)0.11-0.038(-0.276~0.200)0.75
调节幅度/D-0.017(-0.028~-0.006)<0.010.033(-0.005~0.071)0.09-0.009(-0.022~0.005)0.22-0.044(-0.064~-0.024)<0.01
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学龄儿童瞳孔直径分布及其与近视关联
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宫义卓 1 , 于俊利 2 , 姚贤玮 1 , 霍环环 1 , 马晓辉 1 , 柳国雍 3 , 徐倩 1 , 胡媛媛 *, 3 , 毕宏生 *, 1, 3, 4
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(8): 1194-1197
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (8) : 1194 -1197
学龄儿童瞳孔直径分布及其与近视关联
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宫义卓1, 于俊利2, 姚贤玮1, 霍环环1, 马晓辉1, 柳国雍3, 徐倩1, 胡媛媛*, 3 , 毕宏生*, 1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学眼科与视光医学院,济南 250014
  • 2桓台县妇幼保健院眼科
  • 3山东中医药大学附属眼科医院
  • 4山东省眼病防治研究院
通讯作者:
胡媛媛,E-mail:
毕宏生,E-mail:
作者简介:

宫义卓与于俊利为共同第一作者。

宫义卓(1999-),男,山东德州人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年近视防控

于俊利(1971-),男,山东淄博人,大学本科,副主任医师,主要研究方向为小儿眼科与眼视光

Distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school-age children
Yizhuo GONG1, Junli YU2, Xianwei YAO1, Huanhuan HUO1, Xiaohui MA1, Guoyong LIU3, Qian XU1, Yuanyuan HU*, 3 , Hongsheng BI*, 1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Ophthalmology and Optometry Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025233
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目的

探究学龄儿童瞳孔直径的分布情况及其与近视之间的关联,为揭示瞳孔直径在近视发生发展过程中的作用机制提供思路。

方法

采用分层整群随机抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法,于2021年9月抽取山东省6所小学和初中学校的3 839名学龄儿童,按年级、性别、是否近视分组,探讨瞳孔直径的分布情况。采用Pearson相关分析瞳孔直径与睫状肌麻痹等效球镜度、眼轴长度以及其他变量的关系。基于倾向性得分匹配(PSM)法,将近视组与非近视组按1∶1比例进行性别和年龄的匹配。以瞳孔直径为因变量,建立广义线性模型,分析其独立影响因素及与近视的关系。

结果

学龄儿童平均瞳孔直径为(5.77±0.80)mm。瞳孔直径随年级增加呈现上升趋势(F=49.34,P<0.01)。近视儿童的平均瞳孔直径为(6.10±0.73)mm,高于非近视儿童的(5.62±0.79)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=18.10,P<0.01)。多因素广义线性模型结果显示,在调整裸眼远视力、调节幅度和年龄后,瞳孔直径与睫状肌麻痹等效球镜度呈负相关(PSM前:β=-0.089;PSM后:β=-0.063,P值均<0.01)。

结论

近视学龄儿童倾向于有更大的瞳孔直径,瞳孔直径可作为近视发生发展的重要监测指标之一。

瞳孔  /  近视  /  儿童  /  青少年
Objective

To investigate the distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school-age children, providing ideas into the mechanisms of the role of pupil diameter in the onset and development of myopia.

Methods

Adopting a combination of stratified cluster random sampling and convenience sampling method, 3 839 children from six schools in Shandong Province were included in September 2021. Pupil diameters distribution was analyzed by age, sex, and myopic status. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between pupil diameter and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), as well as axial length (AL) and other variables. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match myopic and non-myopic children at a 1∶1 ratio based on age and sex. A generalized linear model (GLM) was constructed with pupil diameter as the dependent variable to identify independent factors influencing pupil size and its association with myopia.

Results

The mean pupil diameter of school-age children was (5.77±0.80)mm. Pupil diameter exhibited a significant increasing trend with age (F=49.34, Ptrend < 0.01). Myopic children had a significantly larger mean pupil diameter compared to non-myopic children with a statistically significant difference(t=18.10, P < 0.01). Multivariable GLM analysis, adjusted for age, amplitude of accommodation, and uncorrected visual acuity, revealed a negative correlation between pupil diameter and cycloplegic SE (before PSM: β=-0.089, after PSM: β=-0.063, both P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Myopic school-age children exhibite larger pupil diameters than their non-myopic counterparts. Pupil diameter may serve as a potential indicator for monitoring myopia development in school-age children.

Pupil  /  Myopia  /  Child  /  Adolescent
宫义卓, 于俊利, 姚贤玮, 霍环环, 马晓辉, 柳国雍, 徐倩, 胡媛媛, 毕宏生. 学龄儿童瞳孔直径分布及其与近视关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1194 -1197 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025233
Yizhuo GONG, Junli YU, Xianwei YAO, Huanhuan HUO, Xiaohui MA, Guoyong LIU, Qian XU, Yuanyuan HU, Hongsheng BI. Distribution of pupil diameter and its association with myopia in school-age children[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (8) : 1194 -1197 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025233
近视已成为全球性的公共卫生问题,在东亚和东南亚地区,高中学生近视患病率高达80%[1],且高度近视易并发眼部病理性改变[2],严重影响患者的生活质量[3]。越来越多的证据表明近视的发生发展受多种因素的影响,包括遗传易感因素[4-5]、环境因素[6-8]和各种眼部生物特征参数[9-11]。瞳孔作为光线进入眼睛的通道,直接参与眼睛的光反射和近反射,在人眼视物过程中发挥重要作用。Chen等[12]发现在角膜塑形镜控制近视的过程中,瞳孔直径较大的儿童控制效果更好。此外,有研究者推测低浓度阿托品控制近视的效果可能部分归因于瞳孔直径的增大[13]。本研究通过探究学龄儿童瞳孔直径的分布及其与近视的关系,为揭示瞳孔直径在近视发生发展过程中的作用机制提供思路。
本研究于2021年9月在山东省桓台县开展,采用多阶段抽样。首先以城乡分层,采用抽签法选取1个城镇和1个农村地区;其次在所选地区内,采用方便抽样法选取6所学校(4所小学、2所初中);最后在校内以年级分层,采用整群随机抽样法从小学各年级抽取5个班、初中各年级抽取3个班,抽选的班级学生整体纳入调查中,共有4 087名儿童参与调查。纳入标准:年龄6~15岁,具备正常发育水平,可以配合完成相关检查。排除标准:患有弱视、斜视、眼位运动异常、眼前节和眼底病变者;患有神经异常导致瞳孔限制性疾病者;不同意进行睫状肌麻痹者;近期使用可能改变瞳孔直径药物者。最终有3 839名儿童纳入统计分析,有效率93.9%。其中男生1 958名,女生1 881名;平均年龄(10.02±2.44)岁。按是否近视经倾向性得分匹配法(propensity score matching, PSM)进行1∶1匹配,最终成功匹配851对,共计1 702人。匹配后,两组在年龄和性别分布上均达到均衡(t/χ2值分别为0.01,0.01,P值均>0.05)。所有受试者均由其本人及其监护人签署书面知情同意书,本研究经过山东中医药大学附属眼科医院医学伦理委员会批准(批号:HEC-KS-2020016KY01)。
所有学生均在学校接受检查。首先,由2名经验丰富的眼科专家,运用裂隙灯显微镜和间接检眼镜进行眼前节及眼底检查。随后,由专业视光师完成其他光学检查,包括裸眼视力(Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study视力表、Good-Lite Co.,Elgim,IL,USA)、睫状肌麻痹前/后电脑验光(Nidek ARK-1,LTD,Japan)、眼压(Topcon CT80,Japan)和调节幅度等。
采用IOL-Master 500生物测量仪(Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) 测量学生眼球生物学参数。嘱被检者注视仪器内光源,并在检测开始前眨眼3次,以维持泪膜的稳定。对焦后按测量按钮,直至测量界面显示为“OK”状态。双眼各重复测量3次,取3次测量的平均值(mm)。在睫状肌麻痹前电脑验光开始之前,使用照度计(宝工,MT-4617LED-C,照度计)测量电脑验光仪额托周围的光照强度,测量3次,确保平均值处于110~120 lx;然后使用电脑验光仪测量瞳孔直径3次,并取平均值记录;使用调节尺测量调节幅度(推进法),并用屈光度记录。儿童在其最佳矫正远视力下,通过调节尺观看高对比度的黑白近视力卡,要求注视最佳矫正远视力前一行的视标。检查者以每秒1~2 cm的速度缓慢将目标推向被检儿童,直到被检儿童立即报告目标持续模糊,记录3次测量的平均值。本研究中使用的睫状肌麻痹剂为1%盐酸环喷托酯(Alcon,Fort Worth,TX,USA),5 min滴1滴,共滴3次,使用前双眼各滴盐酸丙美卡因滴眼液(Alcaine,Puurs,Belgium)1滴。在观察瞳孔反应和瞳孔直径前,要求受试者闭眼休息30 min,当瞳孔反应消失或瞳孔直径≥6 mm时进行自动验光;若瞳孔直径<6 mm,再滴眼1次,10 min后进行自动验光。等效球镜度(spherical equivalent,SE)=球镜度+1/2柱镜度,将睫状肌麻痹后SE≤-0.50 D判定为近视[14]。
在调查开始前,对所有参与研究的眼科专家和视光师进行统一的标准化流程培训,以确保检查方法和标准的一致性。所有检查仪器每日进行校准。数据采集后,由2名研究人员独立录入并进行交叉核对,以保证数据的准确性。
所有数据采用SPSS 27.0软件进行分析,本研究只纳入右眼数据进行分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验进行计量数据的正态性检验,符合正态分布采用(x±s)描述;计数资料采用例数/百分比[n(%)]描述。采用独立样本t检验比较近视和非近视组间睫状肌麻痹后SE等指标的差异,组间分类资料的比较采用χ2检验,不同年级间瞳孔直径比较采用单因素方差分析,并进一步采用线性趋势检验分析瞳孔直径随年级的变化趋势。使用Pearson相关系数分析瞳孔直径与睫状肌麻痹SE、眼轴长度以及其他变量之间的相关性。以瞳孔直径为因变量建立广义线性模型(generalized linear model,GLM),将单因素分析中P<0.05且方差膨胀因子(VIF)<5的自变量纳入多因素分析,探究瞳孔直径的独立影响因素。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
由表1可见,近视学龄儿童的SE、眼轴长度、裸眼远视力、眼压、调节幅度与非近视学龄儿童相比,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。
儿童的平均瞳孔直径为(5.77±0.80)mm,近视儿童(6.10±0.73)mm高于非近视儿童(5.62±0.79)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=18.10,P<0.01)。各年级学生性别间瞳孔直径差异均无统计学意义,一年级儿童的平均瞳孔直径为(5.47±0.79)mm,至九年级时增加至(6.12±0.72)mm,瞳孔直径随年级增加呈现上升趋势(F=49.34,P<0.01)。见表2。
Pearson相关性分析结果显示,学龄儿童瞳孔直径与SE(r=-0.34)、裸眼远视力(r=-0.30)、调节幅度(r=-0.26)均呈负相关,与眼轴长度(r=0.34)和年龄(r=0.29)均呈正相关(P值均<0.01)。
PSM前,多因素GLM分析结果显示,在调整裸眼远视力、调节幅度和年龄后,学龄儿童瞳孔直径与SE呈负相关(β=-0.089,P<0.01)。经过PSM平衡性别和年龄后,负相关关系仍有统计学意义(β=-0.063,P<0.01)。亚组分析显示,PSM前后瞳孔直径与SE的负相关系数在小学低年级、小学高年级和初中各个学段间均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表3。
本研究发现,近视儿童的瞳孔直径相对较大;进一步采用相关性分析以及GLM分析,结果显示,瞳孔直径较大的学龄儿童倾向于有更负的SE,提示瞳孔直径可能与近视的发生发展存在关联。在当前被广泛认可的近视防控手段中,瞳孔直径均在其中发挥着不可或缺的作用。阿托品等抗胆碱类药物具有扩大瞳孔直径的药理作用[13],增强户外暴露时间与提升室内照明强度则能诱导瞳孔的自然缩小反应[15-17]。近期一项研究表明,角膜塑形镜对瞳孔直径较大的儿童展现出更为显著的眼轴增长控制效果[18],推测可能与瞳孔直径增大引起的周边视网膜近视性离焦增大有关。
本研究结果显示,年龄越大以及SE越小儿童的瞳孔直径越大,这些因素均已被证实是近视发生发展的重要影响因子[9, 19-22]。此外,研究还发现调节幅度与瞳孔直径呈负相关,表现为调节幅度越小,瞳孔直径趋于越大,与先前的研究结果一致[23]。本研究中,近视的儿童展现出更大的瞳孔直径;同时,近视儿童的调节幅度低于非近视儿童。一方面,可能与人眼面临不同的视觉需求时,产生调节、集合和瞳孔大小变化的联动反应有关;近视儿童调节幅度的降低可能预示着其调节功能的减弱以及调节性集合的减少,从而表现出更大的瞳孔直径。另一方面,较大的瞳孔可能通过减少景深和增大高阶像差影响视网膜成像质量,这种成像质量的下降可能在一定程度上影响了近视的发生发展[24-25]。
本研究基于学校的近视流行病学调查,研究对象的选择偏倚小,并较为全面地调整了混杂因素,保证了研究结果的可靠性。尽管如此,本研究仍存在一定的局限性:首先,研究应用电脑验光仪测量瞳孔直径,其准确性不如动态瞳孔计,但电脑验光仪在临床和学校视力筛查中的应用更为普遍。其次,作为一项横断面研究,无法直接揭示瞳孔直径与近视之间的因果关系及瞳孔直径变化与近视进展速度的关联。未来需要进一步开展纵向研究,扩大样本的代表性,详细记录近视的进展及类型等情况,进一步探讨瞳孔直径与近视发生发展的关系及机制。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(NO.2019YFC1710200);山东省重点研发计划项目(NO.2021LCZX09);山东省医学会资助项目(YXH2024ZM002);山东省医药卫生发展计划项目(NO.202407021370)
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2025年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025233
  • 接收时间:2024-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-30
  • 修回日期:2025-04-03
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国家重点研发计划项目(NO.2019YFC1710200);山东省重点研发计划项目(NO.2021LCZX09);山东省医学会资助项目(YXH2024ZM002);山东省医药卫生发展计划项目(NO.202407021370)
作者信息
    1山东中医药大学眼科与视光医学院,济南 250014
    2桓台县妇幼保健院眼科
    3山东中医药大学附属眼科医院
    4山东省眼病防治研究院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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