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Article(id=1325520821225140622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325520723858568134, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=1747843200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958390765, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958390765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958390765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958390765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325520723858568134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='761', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958367551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958367551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=857, endPage=862, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325520821644571023, articleId=1325520821225140622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Analysis of physical fitness test results for freshmen with different nutritional status at Civil Aviation University of China from 2014 to 2024, columnId=1259565862181286284, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Growth, Development and Surveillance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the status and trends of physical fitness test data among college freshmen with different body mass index (BMI) groups from 2014 to 2024, providing the scientific evidence for monitoring and intervening in college students' physical health.

Methods

A census was conducted on all 67 949 freshmen at Civil Aviation University of China from 2014 to 2024. Physical tests included vital capacity, sit-and-reach, sit-ups, 50 m sprint, standing long jump, pull-ups, and 800 m/1 000 m run. Freshmen were divided into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups according to WHO BMI standards. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences in physical fitness indicators across gender and BMI groups, while the Mann-Kendall trend test was employed to detect upward or downward trends in physical indicators over time.

Results

From 2014 to 2024, statistically significant differences were observed in vital capacity, 50 m sprint, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach among different BMI groups for both genders (boy: Z=2 396.40, 4 160.33, 4 662.23, 531.85; girl: Z=593.37, 308.86, 499.37, 128.70). Significant differences were also found in 1 000 m run and pull-ups for boys, and 800 m run and sit-ups for girls across BMI groups (boy: Z=6 574.80, 6 880.48; girl: Z=528.56, 146.18) (P < 0.01). Overall physical test scores showed a declining trend during 2014-2024, particularly pronounced in overweight and obese groups. Male vital capacity in 2014 exceeded national survey data(d=320 mL), with the gap widening to 734 mL by 2019, while the female vital capacity difference increased from 271 mL in 2014 to 576 mL in 2019. Male 1 000 m run times were 23.0 s and 17.5 s faster than national data in 2014 and 2019 respectively, while female 800 m run times were 22.3 s and 21.5 s faster than corresponding national data.

Conclusions

Physical health status among freshmen at this university varies across BMI groups and changes over time. Although overall test scores remain higher than national levels, the declining trend in physical fitness performance requires attention.

, authors=Shunfa SHEN1, Ziye PENG2, Xuedong CHEN1, Huichao LI1, Kun ZHAO1, Zhengcun PEI*, 2, authorsList=Shunfa SHEN, Ziye PENG, Xuedong CHEN, Huichao LI, Kun ZHAO, Zhengcun PEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhengcun PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325520824941293972, articleId=1325520821225140622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国民航大学2014—2024年不同营养状况新生体质测试结果分析, columnId=1259565866786632093, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=生长发育与健康监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析2014—2024年中国民航大学不同体质量指数(BMI)分组大一新生体质测试(简称“体测”)测数据状况及趋势，为高校学生体质健康监测和干预提供科学依据。

方法

对中国民航大学2014—2024年全体67 949名大一新生进行普查，体测项目包括肺活量、坐位体前屈、仰卧起坐、50 m跑、立定跳远、引体向上、800/1 000 m跑等。采用世界卫生组织标准将大一新生依据BMI分为低体重、正常体重、超重和肥胖组，使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同性别和BMI分组间各体能指标的差异，使用Mann-Kendall趋势检验检测时间序列中各体能指标的上升或下降趋势。

结果

2014—2024年，男、女生肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远和坐位体前屈在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(男生：Z值分别为2 396.40，4 160.33，4 662.23，531.85；女生：Z值分别为593.37，308.86，499.37，128.70)，男生1 000 m跑和引体向上、女生800 m跑和仰卧起坐在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(男生：Z值分别为6 574.80，6 880.48；女生：Z值分别为528.56，146.18)(P值均 < 0.01)。2014—2024年，大一新生总体体测成绩呈现下降趋势，超重和肥胖组更明显。2014年男生肺活量高于全国体质调研数据(差值为320 mL)、到2019年差距扩大至734 mL，女生肺活量与全国体质调研数据的差值从2014年的271 mL增长到2019年的576 mL；男生1 000 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快23.0和17.5 s，女生800 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快22.3和21.5 s。

结论

该校大一新生体质健康状况在不同BMI分组间存在差异且随时间变化。虽然整体体测成绩高于全国水平，但仍需关注体测成绩下降的趋势。

, authors=申顺发1, 彭子叶2, 陈学东1, 李会超1, 赵坤1, 裴正存*, 2, authorsList=申顺发, 彭子叶, 陈学东, 李会超, 赵坤, 裴正存, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=裴正存, authorNote=

申顺发(1983-)，男，河北邯郸人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为体育教育

, correspAuthorsNote=
裴正存，E-mail:
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申顺发(1983-)，男，河北邯郸人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为体育教育

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Clin Obes, 2019, 10(1): e12343., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325520831492796873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2023年度天津市哲学社会科学规划项目(TJTY23-007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325520825402667414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520825415250327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, companyId=1325520825402667414, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin (300300), China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520825423638936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, companyId=1325520825402667414, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国民航大学体育工作部，天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325520825494942105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325520825763377562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, companyId=1325520825494942105, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2天津大学医学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325520830448415169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Trends in vital capacity, 50-meter dash, static long jump, and sit-and-reach performance among different BMI groups of college freshmen from 2014 to 2024, figureFileSmall=AQFsu1yVnYgoKcqFA7RSwg==, figureFileBig=hG1hTUSxo7pj/SsdGNebKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325520830532301250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同BMI分组大一新生2014—2024年肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远、坐位体前屈的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=AQFsu1yVnYgoKcqFA7RSwg==, figureFileBig=hG1hTUSxo7pj/SsdGNebKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325520830800736707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Trends in sit-ups, pull-ups, 800/1 000-meter run performance among different BMI groups of college freshmen from 2014 to 2024, figureFileSmall=fkTTWjgpw2Pmr+TgJBpwKA==, figureFileBig=VL/Ig+NxeBqBlqID2BrsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325520830872039876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同BMI分组大一新生2014—2024年仰卧起坐、引体向上、800/1 000 m跑的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=fkTTWjgpw2Pmr+TgJBpwKA==, figureFileBig=VL/Ig+NxeBqBlqID2BrsYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325520830964314565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of physical fitness results among freshmen in college and the national students' physical fitness survey data between 2014 and 2019[M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别体测项目2014年2019年
体测结果全国体质调研体测结果全国体质调研
男肺活量/mL4 000.0(2 000.0, 7 500.0)3 680.0(3 185.0, 4 245.0)4 570.0(1 470.0, 9 300.0)3 836.0(3 329.0, 4 413.0)
(n=47 289)50 m跑/s7.3(5.9, 13.0)7.5(7.1, 8.0)7.4(5.8, 11.2)7.5(7.1, 8.0)
立定跳远/cm237.0(140.0, 338.0)225.0(210.0, 240.0)227.0(140.0, 290.0)221.0(205.0, 238.0)
坐位体前屈/cm13.0(0, 30.0)11.0(5.9, 15.8)14.0(-15.0, 31.0)10.8(5.4, 15.9)
引体向上/个4.0(0, 30.0)3.0(1.0, 6.0)4.0(0, 39.0)3.0(1.0, 6.0)
1 000 m跑/s237.0(181.0, 481.0)260.0(239.5, 284.5)241.0(181.0, 421.0)258.5(237.1, 285.5)
女肺活量/mL2 690.0(1 100.0, 7 800.0)2 419.0(2 054.0, 2 814.0)3 150.0(1 210.0, 6 000.0)2 574.0(2 205.0, 2 996.0)
(n=20 660)50 m跑/s9.2(6.6, 13.1)9.5(8.9, 10.2)9.1(6.2, 13.4)9.5(8.9, 10.1)
立定跳远/cm175.0(108.0, 245.0)166.0(154.0, 180.0)174.0(120.0, 230.0)163.0(150.0, 177.0)
坐位体前屈/cm15.0(0, 30.0)13.7(9.1, 18.1)17.0(-10.0, 33.0)14.5(9.6, 19.3)
仰卧起坐/个33.0(0, 62.0)31.0(25.0, 38.0)36.0(10.0, 64.0)32.0(26.0, 40.0)
800 m跑/s235.0(181.0, 348.0)257.3(239.7, 280.3)234.0(181.0, 356.0)255.5(237.2, 278.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1325520831073366470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大一新生2014和2019年体测结果与全国学生体质调研数据比较[M(P25, P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别体测项目2014年2019年
体测结果全国体质调研体测结果全国体质调研
男肺活量/mL4 000.0(2 000.0, 7 500.0)3 680.0(3 185.0, 4 245.0)4 570.0(1 470.0, 9 300.0)3 836.0(3 329.0, 4 413.0)
(n=47 289)50 m跑/s7.3(5.9, 13.0)7.5(7.1, 8.0)7.4(5.8, 11.2)7.5(7.1, 8.0)
立定跳远/cm237.0(140.0, 338.0)225.0(210.0, 240.0)227.0(140.0, 290.0)221.0(205.0, 238.0)
坐位体前屈/cm13.0(0, 30.0)11.0(5.9, 15.8)14.0(-15.0, 31.0)10.8(5.4, 15.9)
引体向上/个4.0(0, 30.0)3.0(1.0, 6.0)4.0(0, 39.0)3.0(1.0, 6.0)
1 000 m跑/s237.0(181.0, 481.0)260.0(239.5, 284.5)241.0(181.0, 421.0)258.5(237.1, 285.5)
女肺活量/mL2 690.0(1 100.0, 7 800.0)2 419.0(2 054.0, 2 814.0)3 150.0(1 210.0, 6 000.0)2 574.0(2 205.0, 2 996.0)
(n=20 660)50 m跑/s9.2(6.6, 13.1)9.5(8.9, 10.2)9.1(6.2, 13.4)9.5(8.9, 10.1)
立定跳远/cm175.0(108.0, 245.0)166.0(154.0, 180.0)174.0(120.0, 230.0)163.0(150.0, 177.0)
坐位体前屈/cm15.0(0, 30.0)13.7(9.1, 18.1)17.0(-10.0, 33.0)14.5(9.6, 19.3)
仰卧起坐/个33.0(0, 62.0)31.0(25.0, 38.0)36.0(10.0, 64.0)32.0(26.0, 40.0)
800 m跑/s235.0(181.0, 348.0)257.3(239.7, 280.3)234.0(181.0, 356.0)255.5(237.2, 278.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1325520831220167111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of various physical fitness indicators among boys and girls under different BMI groups[M(P25, P75)]

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组别人数男生
肺活量/mL50 m跑/s立定跳远/cm坐位体前屈/cm引体向上/个1 000 m跑/s
低体重5 4304 013.5(3 498.5，4 562.8)7.3(7.0，7.6)235.0(222.0，249.0)11.5(7.0，16.0)6.0(3.0，10.0)235.0(221.3，247.0)
正常体重33 5234 501.0(3 950.0，5 130.0)7.3(6.9，7.6)235.0(220.0，249.0)13.0(9.0，17.0)4.0(2.0，19.0)234.0(219.0，247.0)
超重6 7434 761.0(4 161.5，5 386.0)7.6(7.3，8.0)220.0(208.0，233.0)12.0(8.0，16.0)1.0(0，3.0)253.0(241.0，271.0)
肥胖1 5934 852.0(4 215.0，5 450.0)8.1(7.6，8.5)208.0(190.0，220.0)10.0(6.0，15.0)0(0，1.0)283.0(259.0，308.0)
Z值2 396.404 160.334 662.23531.856 880.486 574.80
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
组别人数女生
肺活量/mL50 m跑/s立定跳远/cm坐位体前屈/cm仰卧起坐/个800 m跑/s
低体重6 1402 924.0(2 507.0，3 369.0)9.1(8.6，9.6)177.0(165.0，188.0)16.0(12.0，20.0)36.0(31.0，42.0)235.0(221.0，247.0)
正常体重13 5743 131.0(2 680.0，3 578.0)9.1(8.7，9.6)174.0(162.0，185.0)17.0(13.0，21.0)37.0(31.0，42.0)235.0(222.0，248.0)
超重8103 377.0(2 908.5，3 801.5)9.5(9.0，10.0)163.0(152.0，175.0)16.0(12.0，19.0)34.0(29.0，40.0)248.0(237.0，265.0)
肥胖1363 500.0(3 066.0，3 889.3)9.9(9.4，10.4)156.5(145.8，170.0)15.0(10.0，18.0)30.0(26.8，37.0)271.5(248.0，299.3)
Z值593.37308.86499.37128.70146.18528.56
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325520831299858888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520821225140622, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同BMI分组男、女生各体测指标比较[M(P25，P75)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数男生
肺活量/mL50 m跑/s立定跳远/cm坐位体前屈/cm引体向上/个1 000 m跑/s
低体重5 4304 013.5(3 498.5，4 562.8)7.3(7.0，7.6)235.0(222.0，249.0)11.5(7.0，16.0)6.0(3.0，10.0)235.0(221.3，247.0)
正常体重33 5234 501.0(3 950.0，5 130.0)7.3(6.9，7.6)235.0(220.0，249.0)13.0(9.0，17.0)4.0(2.0，19.0)234.0(219.0，247.0)
超重6 7434 761.0(4 161.5，5 386.0)7.6(7.3，8.0)220.0(208.0，233.0)12.0(8.0，16.0)1.0(0，3.0)253.0(241.0，271.0)
肥胖1 5934 852.0(4 215.0，5 450.0)8.1(7.6，8.5)208.0(190.0，220.0)10.0(6.0，15.0)0(0，1.0)283.0(259.0，308.0)
Z值2 396.404 160.334 662.23531.856 880.486 574.80
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
组别人数女生
肺活量/mL50 m跑/s立定跳远/cm坐位体前屈/cm仰卧起坐/个800 m跑/s
低体重6 1402 924.0(2 507.0，3 369.0)9.1(8.6，9.6)177.0(165.0，188.0)16.0(12.0，20.0)36.0(31.0，42.0)235.0(221.0，247.0)
正常体重13 5743 131.0(2 680.0，3 578.0)9.1(8.7，9.6)174.0(162.0，185.0)17.0(13.0，21.0)37.0(31.0，42.0)235.0(222.0，248.0)
超重8103 377.0(2 908.5，3 801.5)9.5(9.0，10.0)163.0(152.0，175.0)16.0(12.0，19.0)34.0(29.0，40.0)248.0(237.0，265.0)
肥胖1363 500.0(3 066.0，3 889.3)9.9(9.4，10.4)156.5(145.8，170.0)15.0(10.0，18.0)30.0(26.8，37.0)271.5(248.0，299.3)
Z值593.37308.86499.37128.70146.18528.56
P值＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01
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中国民航大学2014—2024年不同营养状况新生体质测试结果分析
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申顺发 1 , 彭子叶 2 , 陈学东 1 , 李会超 1 , 赵坤 1 , 裴正存 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 生长发育与健康监测 2025,46(6): 857-862
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中国学校卫生 |生长发育与健康监测 2025 , 46 (6) : 857 -862
中国民航大学2014—2024年不同营养状况新生体质测试结果分析
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申顺发(1983-)，男，河北邯郸人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为体育教育

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申顺发(1983-)，男，河北邯郸人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为体育教育

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申顺发1, 彭子叶2, 陈学东1, 李会超1, 赵坤1, 裴正存*, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国民航大学体育工作部，天津 300300
  • 2天津大学医学院
通讯作者:
裴正存，E-mail:
作者简介:

申顺发(1983-)，男，河北邯郸人，硕士，副教授，主要研究方向为体育教育

Analysis of physical fitness test results for freshmen with different nutritional status at Civil Aviation University of China from 2014 to 2024
Shunfa SHEN1, Ziye PENG2, Xuedong CHEN1, Huichao LI1, Kun ZHAO1, Zhengcun PEI*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Physical Education, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin (300300), China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025190
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摘要
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目的

分析2014—2024年中国民航大学不同体质量指数(BMI)分组大一新生体质测试(简称“体测”)测数据状况及趋势，为高校学生体质健康监测和干预提供科学依据。

方法

对中国民航大学2014—2024年全体67 949名大一新生进行普查，体测项目包括肺活量、坐位体前屈、仰卧起坐、50 m跑、立定跳远、引体向上、800/1 000 m跑等。采用世界卫生组织标准将大一新生依据BMI分为低体重、正常体重、超重和肥胖组，使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同性别和BMI分组间各体能指标的差异，使用Mann-Kendall趋势检验检测时间序列中各体能指标的上升或下降趋势。

结果

2014—2024年，男、女生肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远和坐位体前屈在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(男生：Z值分别为2 396.40，4 160.33，4 662.23，531.85；女生：Z值分别为593.37，308.86，499.37，128.70)，男生1 000 m跑和引体向上、女生800 m跑和仰卧起坐在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(男生：Z值分别为6 574.80，6 880.48；女生：Z值分别为528.56，146.18)(P值均 < 0.01)。2014—2024年，大一新生总体体测成绩呈现下降趋势，超重和肥胖组更明显。2014年男生肺活量高于全国体质调研数据(差值为320 mL)、到2019年差距扩大至734 mL，女生肺活量与全国体质调研数据的差值从2014年的271 mL增长到2019年的576 mL；男生1 000 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快23.0和17.5 s，女生800 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快22.3和21.5 s。

结论

该校大一新生体质健康状况在不同BMI分组间存在差异且随时间变化。虽然整体体测成绩高于全国水平，但仍需关注体测成绩下降的趋势。

营养状况  /  体质  /  健康状况  /  学生
Objective

To analyze the status and trends of physical fitness test data among college freshmen with different body mass index (BMI) groups from 2014 to 2024, providing the scientific evidence for monitoring and intervening in college students' physical health.

Methods

A census was conducted on all 67 949 freshmen at Civil Aviation University of China from 2014 to 2024. Physical tests included vital capacity, sit-and-reach, sit-ups, 50 m sprint, standing long jump, pull-ups, and 800 m/1 000 m run. Freshmen were divided into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups according to WHO BMI standards. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences in physical fitness indicators across gender and BMI groups, while the Mann-Kendall trend test was employed to detect upward or downward trends in physical indicators over time.

Results

From 2014 to 2024, statistically significant differences were observed in vital capacity, 50 m sprint, standing long jump, and sit-and-reach among different BMI groups for both genders (boy: Z=2 396.40, 4 160.33, 4 662.23, 531.85; girl: Z=593.37, 308.86, 499.37, 128.70). Significant differences were also found in 1 000 m run and pull-ups for boys, and 800 m run and sit-ups for girls across BMI groups (boy: Z=6 574.80, 6 880.48; girl: Z=528.56, 146.18) (P < 0.01). Overall physical test scores showed a declining trend during 2014-2024, particularly pronounced in overweight and obese groups. Male vital capacity in 2014 exceeded national survey data(d=320 mL), with the gap widening to 734 mL by 2019, while the female vital capacity difference increased from 271 mL in 2014 to 576 mL in 2019. Male 1 000 m run times were 23.0 s and 17.5 s faster than national data in 2014 and 2019 respectively, while female 800 m run times were 22.3 s and 21.5 s faster than corresponding national data.

Conclusions

Physical health status among freshmen at this university varies across BMI groups and changes over time. Although overall test scores remain higher than national levels, the declining trend in physical fitness performance requires attention.

Nutritional status  /  Body constitution  /  Health status  /  Students
申顺发, 彭子叶, 陈学东, 李会超, 赵坤, 裴正存. 中国民航大学2014—2024年不同营养状况新生体质测试结果分析. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (6) : 857 -862 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025190
Shunfa SHEN, Ziye PENG, Xuedong CHEN, Huichao LI, Kun ZHAO, Zhengcun PEI. Analysis of physical fitness test results for freshmen with different nutritional status at Civil Aviation University of China from 2014 to 2024[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (6) : 857 -862 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025190
正文
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随着社会经济的快速发展和生活方式的显著变化，大学生的体质健康状况已成为教育领域和社会关注的焦点[1-3]。近年来，我国高校学生体质健康状况呈现出肥胖率上升[4-6]、体能下降[7-9]等特点和趋势。为全面了解大学生体质健康状况及其变化趋势，科学制定有效的干预措施，有必要对高校学生进行长期、系统的体质健康监测和分析[10]。而中国民航大学是我国民航领域人才培养的重要基地，深入研究该校学生的体质健康状况及其变化规律，不仅对普通高校学生健康研究具有普遍价值，更能为民航特色院校精准实施健康干预、优化人才培养方案提供直接依据。因此，本研究以2014—2024年中国民航大学大一新生为研究对象，采用普查方式对其体质健康状况进行调查和分析，探讨不同体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)分组在各项体测指标上的表现差异以及随时间的变化趋势，并与全国体质调研数据进行对比，为高校学生体质健康监测和干预提供科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2014—2024年采用普查方式，对中国民航大学每一年度的全体大一新生开展调查，每次调查的时间均为11月，共计调查67 949名学生，有效样本量为67 949人，有效率100.0%。其中男生47 289名，女生20 660名；年龄17~18岁。本研究已获得中国民航大学科技处的伦理审查批准。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　体质测量
(1) 身高和体重：使用身高体重测试仪智迪锐ZDR-P100-ST-01测量，数据分别精确到0.1 m和0.1 kg。测量时学生需要简装，脱鞋去帽，双腿并拢，身体挺直，目视前方。BMI=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。(2)肺活量(呼吸系统功能项目)：2014—2016年使用欧文特斯肺活量测试仪测量，2017年至今使用乃力NL-100肺活量测试仪测量。(3)坐位体前屈：使用智迪锐ZDR-P100-TQ-01坐位体前屈测试仪测量。(4)仰卧起坐：使用智迪锐ZDR-P100-YW-01仰卧起坐测试仪测量，仅女生测量该项目。(5)50 m跑：每人1次机会，特殊情况(如计时器未启动或失灵、突发身体不适、赛道上被他人碰撞或阻碍等突发情况)可再加一次。(6)立定跳远：使用智迪锐ZDR-P100-LD-01立定跳远测试仪测量。(7)引体向上：使用智迪锐ZDR-P100-YT-01引体向上测试仪测量，仅男生测量该项目。(8)800/1 000 m跑：女生800 m，男生1 000 m，每人一次机会。
1.2.2　指标定义
采用世界卫生组织标准[11]定义低体重、正常体重、超重、肥胖组，对应的取值范围分别为BMI＜18.5，18.5~＜25.0，25.0~＜30.0，≥30.0 kg/m2。
1.3　质量控制
提前2个月发布体测公告，明确测试时间、项目及注意事项，组织教师培训，统一测试流程和标准，确保所有参与测试的体育教师熟悉测量方法和记录规范。所有体测项目均由经培训的体育教师按照国家学生体质健康标准[12]进行测试，测试过程中配备辅助人员协助核对被测试学生信息，防止漏测、误测。使用统一型号的测试仪器，并在每天测试前进行校准，以减少仪器误差。测试数据由两名教师分别记录并交叉核对，确保数据无误后录入数据库；对异常数据进行复核与清洗，剔除明显错误或缺失数据，保证数据质量的可靠性。
1.4　统计学分析
使用R 4.2.3软件进行数据统计分析。计数资料用频数或百分率描述；计量资料不符合正态分布，使用M(P25, P75)或频数(构成比)描述，采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同性别学生各项指标的差异。绘制箱式图描述各项体测结果在不同BMI水平组别中的差异，并在箱式图中标注全国体质调研不同性别对应体测项目的中位数作为参考值，用以比较各体测项目数据与2014和2019年全国学生体质调研数据[13-14]的差异。使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同组别等各项体测结果中位数的差异，绘制折线图描述各项体测结果随年份的变化趋势，使用Mann-Kendall趋势检测时间序列中的上升或下降趋势。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　中国民航大学2014—2024年男、女新生基本情况比较
男、女生年龄[17.0(17.0，18.0)，17.0(17.0，18.0)岁]、BMI[21.5(19.7，23.8)，19.5(18.3，21.1)kg/m2]差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为18.52，84.27，P值均＜0.01)。男生超重(14.3%，3 743名)、肥胖(3.4%，1 593名)比例远高于女生(3.9%，810名；0.7%，136名)。男生在肺活量和50 m跑、立定跳远项目上的表现[4 494.0(3 915.0，5 112.0)mL，7.3(7.0，7.7)s，232.0(218.0，246.0)cm]均优于女生[3 082.0(2 631.0，3 530.0)mL，9.1(8.7，9.6)s，175.0(163.0，186.0)cm](Z值分别为169.77，-195.00，198.35)；相比男生[13.0(8.0，17.0)cm]，女生[17.0(13.0，21.0)cm]在坐位体前屈上表现更好(Z=-73.68)(P值均＜0.01)。
2.2　中国民航大学2014和2019年新生体测结果与全国体质调研数据比较
2014年男生肺活量高于全国体质调研数据(差值为320 mL)、到2019年差距扩大734 mL，女生肺活量与全国体质调研数据的差值从2014年的271 mL增长到2019年的576 mL；男生1 000 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快23.0和17.5 s，女生800 m跑较2014年和2019年全国体质调研数据分别快22.3和21.5 s。见表1。
2.3　中国民航大学2014—2024年不同BMI分组大一新生体测指标比较
大一新生50 m跑、立定跳远、坐位体前屈的测试结果中，正常体重组和低体重组表现较好，超重组次之，肥胖组最差；男、女生肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远和坐位体前屈在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。
大一新生800/1 000 m跑、仰卧起坐、引体向上测试结果显示，低体重、正常体重组成绩较好，超重、肥胖组成绩较差，男生1 000 m跑和引体向上、女生800 m跑和仰卧起坐在不同BMI分组之间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。见表2。
2.4　不同BMI分组大一新生体测结果的变化趋势
2014—2024年，女生低体重和正常体重组、男生肥胖组的肺活量上升趋势均有统计学意义(Z趋势值分别为2.49，2.48，2.34，P值均＜0.05)。女生低体重和正常体重组的立定跳远成绩下降趋势均有统计学意义(Z趋势值分别为-2.12，-2.55)，男生超重组出现下降趋势(Z趋势=-2.25，P值均＜0.05)。男生肥胖组50 m跑的成绩出现下降趋势，女生低体重、正常体重组的坐位体前屈成绩均出现下降趋势(Z趋势值分别为2.44，2.40，2.32，P值均＜0.05)。见图1。
2014—2024年，女生低体重组和超重组800 m跑的测试成绩呈现出总体下降趋势(Z趋势值分别为1.97，2.12)；男生肥胖组的1 000 m跑成绩下降趋势明显(Z趋势=2.49)(P值均＜0.05)。见图2。
3　讨论
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本研究发现，2014和2019年，中国民航大学大一学生群体在多数体测指标上优于全国中位水平且差距有所扩大。男生在肺活量和立定跳远、女生在柔韧性(坐位体前屈)项目上的优势明显，且随着时间推移，这种优势进一步增强。差异可能与生理特征和社会行为双重机制相关。一方面，性激素水平差异影响肌肉力量和爆发力，导致男生在需要瞬时力量的项目表现更优[14-15]；另一方面，女生可能因柔韧性训练参与度更高而强化了相关能力[16]。在速度和耐力方面、力量测试方面，本研究人群也表现出明显的优势，成绩均优于全国水平；可能与中国民航大学某些专业录取新生对于身体素质有一定要求有关，也可能与学生在校期间对体测成绩的较高要求有关。因为报考民航院校的学生可能更重视体能训练，其日常运动习惯和营养摄入模式可能优于普通大学生群体，从而形成体能表现的累积效应[17]。值得注意的是，即使本研究人群在各项体测指标的整体表现优于全国水平，但超重、肥胖组的各项体测成绩均比全国中位水平差。
本研究发现，与正常体重的同龄人相比，低体重、超重和肥胖的大学生在身体素质方面表现欠佳。既往研究表明，超重和肥胖的学生往往展现出较低的心肺耐力、较弱的爆发力，以及速度和敏捷性的下降[18-22]。体重过轻和正常体重的学生在下肢力量、柔韧性以及敏捷性测试中通常表现更佳，但与正常体重的同龄人相比，体重过轻的个体可能在上肢力量方面稍显不足[22]。这些发现凸显了维持健康体重对于大学生实现最佳身体表现和维护健康状态的重要性[23-24]，以及针对超重和肥胖大学生的身体健康进行针对性干预的迫切需求[25]。多项研究也给出了针对肥胖学生的运动干预措施[25-27]、饮食联合运动处方[28]、以及多样化体育活动和全面健康教育[29-30]的可行性建议，如开发以低冲击有氧运动联合抗阻训练为核心的课程，减少关节负荷的同时提升心肺耐力和肌肉力量；辅以个性化营养评估与行为矫正计划，帮助学生建立可持续的健康习惯；针对低体重学生，在常规体育课程中增加功能性力量训练，强调蛋白质摄入与肌肉合成的科学关联；针对正常体重学生，通过多样化运动项目维持体能优势，同时嵌入健康体适能监测系统，预防向异常BMI区间偏移。此外，本研究中2014—2024年大一新生体测成绩整体呈现整体下降趋势，原因可能与近10年大学生电子设备依赖增加、睡眠时间普遍压缩以及高能量密度饮食模式流行等生活方式的变化相关。
本研究对2014—2024年中国民航大学大一新生体测数据进行了分析，并与全国学生体质调研数据进行横向比较，揭示其与BMI分组的关联及随时间的变化趋势。但仍存在一定的局限性：首先，研究样本仅限于中国民航大学，无法完全代表其他高校学生的情况。其次，研究基于横断面数据，未深入探讨学生在校期间的体质健康状况的变化情况，缺少影响学生体质健康的其他因素，有待未来的研究进一步完善，为高校体育教育和健康管理提供更多科学依据。
基金
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  • 2023年度天津市哲学社会科学规划项目(TJTY23-007)
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025190
  • 接收时间：2025-03-27
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-27
  • 修回日期：2025-05-22
基金
2023年度天津市哲学社会科学规划项目(TJTY23-007)
作者信息
    1中国民航大学体育工作部，天津 300300
    2天津大学医学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
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