Article(id=1325521137790231181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325520723858568134, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=1742918400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958466240, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958466240, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958466240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958466240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325520723858568134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='761', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958367551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958367551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=827, endPage=831, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325521139782525584, articleId=1325521137790231181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Correlation between attentional cognitive function and symptoms in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, columnId=1259565855189418448, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Mental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the attention cognitive function and symptom correlations of school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)using event-related potential (ERP) technology, so as to provide references for the early diagnosis of children with ADHD.

Methods

A total of 52 school-aged children diagnosed with ADHD at the outpatient department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2022 to September 2024 and 50 age-/sex-matched healthy controls were selected. The ERP experiment adopted the auditory Oddball task to conduct comparative analyses of the amplitude and latency of the mismatch negative(MMN) at the Fz, Cz, and Pz points of the scalp electrode and the P3a component respectively. The symptom assessment scales adopted the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-Ⅳ Rating Scale (SNAP-Ⅳ) and the Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ), which were filled out by the parents. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ERP components and symptoms in school-aged children with ADHD.

Results

The latency of MMN components in the healthy control group on the Fz lead was (188.30±2.06)ms, and the amplitude was (-15.54±1.35)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (312.82±7.80)ms, and the amplitude was (3.80±0.18)μV. The latency of MMN components in the ADHD group on the Fz lead was (188.94±1.39)ms, and the amplitude was (-14.78±1.40)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (317.21±5.65)ms, and the amplitude was (3.70±0.13)μV. Compared with normal children, the MMN of children with ADHD had smaller amplitudes in the Fz and Cz leads, and the P3a had greater latency and smaller amplitudes in the Cz and Pz leads (t=2.79, 2.20;-2.04, -3.25;2.35, 3.21, P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the latency of MMN in children with ADHD was positively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ(r=0.22), and the amplitude of MMN was negatively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the learning problem score in PSQ (r=-0.26, -0.34)(P < 0.05). The latency of P3a was positively correlated with the scores of inattention in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the score of learning problems in the PSQ (r=0.26, 0.24); the amplitude of P3a was negatively correlated with the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the scores of learning problems and impulsivity/hyperactivity in the PSQ(r=-0.26, -0.22, -0.25, -0.32)(P < 0.05).

Conclusions

School-aged ADHD children exhibit abnormal MMN/P3a components, indicating attention-related cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms such as inattention, learning problems and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD are related to abnormal components of MMN and P3a.

, authors=Guiqin DUAN1, 2, Mingfang ZHAO*, 1, Ganyu WANG2, Jiabao YIN2, Wenhao NIE1, Tingting JIN1, Xiaoyu WANG1, authorsList=Guiqin DUAN, Mingfang ZHAO, Ganyu WANG, Jiabao YIN, Wenhao NIE, Tingting JIN, Xiaoyu WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Mingfang ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325521146099147410, articleId=1325521137790231181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童注意认知功能与症状的相关性, columnId=1259565858817491410, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=心理卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术研究学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的注意认知功能及症状的相关性,为早期诊断ADHD儿童提供参考。

方法

选取2022年9月至2024年9月于郑州大学第三附属医院门诊诊断为ADHD的学龄期儿童为ADHD组(52名),选取同期体检的年龄、性别相匹配的正常儿童为健康对照组(50名)。ERP试验采用听觉Oddball任务,分别对头皮电极Fz、Cz、Pz点失匹配负波(MMN)和P3a成分进行波幅和潜伏期的比较分析。症状评定量表采用SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表和Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ),由家长填写。采用Spearman相关分析学龄期ADHD儿童ERP成分与症状的相关性。

结果

健康对照组儿童MMN成分在Fz导联上的潜伏期为(188.30±2.06)ms,波幅为(-15.54±1.35)μV;P3a成分在Pz导联上的潜伏期为(312.82±7.80)ms,波幅为(3.80±0.18)μV。ADHD组儿童MMN成分在Fz导联上的潜伏期为(188.94±1.39)ms,波幅为(-14.78±1.40)μV;P3a成分在Pz导联上的潜伏期为(317.21±5.65)ms,波幅为(3.70±0.13)μV。相较正常儿童,ADHD儿童的MMN在Fz、Cz导联上有较小的波幅,P3a在Cz、Pz导联上有更大的潜伏期和较小的波幅(t值分别为2.79,2.20;-2.04,-3.25;2.35,3.21,P值均<0.05)。相关性分析显示,ADHD儿童MMN潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足得分呈正相关(r=0.22),MMN波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.34);P3a潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ量表中的学习问题得分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.26,0.24),P3a波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足、多动/冲动和PSQ量表中的学习问题、冲动/多动得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.22,-0.25,-0.32)(P值均<0.05)。

结论

学龄期ADHD儿童MMN、P3a成分异常,存在注意认知功能缺陷。ADHD儿童注意力不足、学习问题、冲动多动等症状与MMN、P3a成分异常有关。

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段桂琴(1968-),女,河南郑州人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童发育行为

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赵明方,E-mail:
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Neuroreport, 2020, 31(10): 776-779., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325521150704493203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325521150779990676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, companyId=1325521150704493203, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Child Healthcare Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou (450052), Henan Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325521151732097685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, companyId=1325521150704493203, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1郑州大学第三附属医院儿童保健科,河南 450052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1325521152050864790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325521152071836311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, companyId=1325521152050864790, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2郑州大学第三附属医院儿童发育行为科)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325521203951182543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of the scores of symptom rating scales for children between healthy control group and ADHD group(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数SNAP-ⅣPSQ
注意力不足多动/冲动其他症状品行问题学习问题*心身障碍*冲动/多动*焦虑*多动指数*
健康对照组500.88±0.390.80±0.550.96±0.560.83±0.550.32(0.25, 0.69)0.20(0, 0.30)0.50(0.25, 1.20)0.30(0.25, 0.75)0.50(0.29, 0.80)
ADHD组521.83±0.431.14±0.710.92±0.570.95±0.621.42(1.02, 1.75)0.20(0.20, 0.55)1.25(0.75, 1.75)0.50(0.25, 1.00)0.80(0.30, 1.24)
t/Z值-11.71-2.760.36-1.00-7.28-2.52-4.27-1.68-2.39
P值<0.01<0.010.720.32<0.010.01<0.010.090.02
), ArticleFig(id=1325521205645681361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

健康对照组和ADHD组儿童症状评定量表得分比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数SNAP-ⅣPSQ
注意力不足多动/冲动其他症状品行问题学习问题*心身障碍*冲动/多动*焦虑*多动指数*
健康对照组500.88±0.390.80±0.550.96±0.560.83±0.550.32(0.25, 0.69)0.20(0, 0.30)0.50(0.25, 1.20)0.30(0.25, 0.75)0.50(0.29, 0.80)
ADHD组521.83±0.431.14±0.710.92±0.570.95±0.621.42(1.02, 1.75)0.20(0.20, 0.55)1.25(0.75, 1.75)0.50(0.25, 1.00)0.80(0.30, 1.24)
t/Z值-11.71-2.760.36-1.00-7.28-2.52-4.27-1.68-2.39
P值<0.01<0.010.720.32<0.010.01<0.010.090.02
), ArticleFig(id=1325521206513902290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of MMN and P3a components in leads Fz, Cz and Pz for children between healthy control group and ADHD group(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数MMN潜伏期/msMMN波幅/μVP3a潜伏期/msP3a波幅/μV
FzCzPzFzCzPzFzCzPzFzCzPz
健康对照组50188.30±2.06185.14±2.35176.34±4.52-15.54±1.35-15.12±2.70-7.36±0.40323.30±0.95315.38±2.55312.82±7.801.13±0.092.18±0.223.80±0.18
ADHD组52188.94±1.39185.38±2.43175.23±3.32-14.78±1.40-13.82±3.27-7.52±0.50323.12±1.18316.56±3.24317.21±5.651.10±0.082.08±0.203.70±0.13
t值-1.39-0.521.422.792.20-1.860.85-2.04-3.251.492.353.21
P值0.180.610.160.010.030.070.400.04<0.010.140.02<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521206950109907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

健康对照组和ADHD组儿童Fz、Cz、Pz导联MMN及P3a成分指标比较(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别人数MMN潜伏期/msMMN波幅/μVP3a潜伏期/msP3a波幅/μV
FzCzPzFzCzPzFzCzPzFzCzPz
健康对照组50188.30±2.06185.14±2.35176.34±4.52-15.54±1.35-15.12±2.70-7.36±0.40323.30±0.95315.38±2.55312.82±7.801.13±0.092.18±0.223.80±0.18
ADHD组52188.94±1.39185.38±2.43175.23±3.32-14.78±1.40-13.82±3.27-7.52±0.50323.12±1.18316.56±3.24317.21±5.651.10±0.082.08±0.203.70±0.13
t值-1.39-0.521.422.792.20-1.860.85-2.04-3.251.492.353.21
P值0.180.610.160.010.030.070.400.04<0.010.140.02<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521208174846676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Correlation between the latency and amplitude of MMN and P3a in children with ADHD and the factor scores of SNAP-Ⅳ and PSQ(r, n=52)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ERPSNAP-ⅣPSQ
注意力不足多动/冲动其他症状品行问题学习问题心身障碍冲动/多动焦虑多动指数
MMN潜伏期(Fz)0.22*-0.060.12-0.130.04-0.190.02-0.18-0.05
MMN波幅(Fz)-0.26*-0.020.010.01-0.24**-0.040.17-0.020.18
P3a潜伏期(Pz)0.26*0.08-0.070.010.24*0.100.18-0.100.14
P3a波幅(Pz)-0.26*-0.22*-0.04-0.05-0.25*-0.21-0.32**-0.16-0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1325521211094082261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325521137790231181, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ADHD儿童MMN、P3a潜伏期及波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ、PSQ各因子分之间的相关性(r值,n=52)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ERPSNAP-ⅣPSQ
注意力不足多动/冲动其他症状品行问题学习问题心身障碍冲动/多动焦虑多动指数
MMN潜伏期(Fz)0.22*-0.060.12-0.130.04-0.190.02-0.18-0.05
MMN波幅(Fz)-0.26*-0.020.010.01-0.24**-0.040.17-0.020.18
P3a潜伏期(Pz)0.26*0.08-0.070.010.24*0.100.18-0.100.14
P3a波幅(Pz)-0.26*-0.22*-0.04-0.05-0.25*-0.21-0.32**-0.16-0.14
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学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童注意认知功能与症状的相关性
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段桂琴 1, 2 , 赵明方 *, 1 , 王甘雨 2 , 尹嘉宝 2 , 聂文毫 1 , 靳婷婷 1 , 王小宇 1
中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2025,46(6): 827-831
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中国学校卫生 |心理卫生 2025 , 46 (6) : 827 -831
学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童注意认知功能与症状的相关性
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段桂琴1, 2, 赵明方*, 1 , 王甘雨2, 尹嘉宝2, 聂文毫1, 靳婷婷1, 王小宇1
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学第三附属医院儿童保健科,河南 450052
  • 2郑州大学第三附属医院儿童发育行为科
通讯作者:
赵明方,E-mail:
作者简介:

段桂琴(1968-),女,河南郑州人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童发育行为

Correlation between attentional cognitive function and symptoms in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Guiqin DUAN1, 2, Mingfang ZHAO*, 1 , Ganyu WANG2, Jiabao YIN2, Wenhao NIE1, Tingting JIN1, Xiaoyu WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1Child Healthcare Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou (450052), Henan Province, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025187
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目的

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术研究学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的注意认知功能及症状的相关性,为早期诊断ADHD儿童提供参考。

方法

选取2022年9月至2024年9月于郑州大学第三附属医院门诊诊断为ADHD的学龄期儿童为ADHD组(52名),选取同期体检的年龄、性别相匹配的正常儿童为健康对照组(50名)。ERP试验采用听觉Oddball任务,分别对头皮电极Fz、Cz、Pz点失匹配负波(MMN)和P3a成分进行波幅和潜伏期的比较分析。症状评定量表采用SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表和Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ),由家长填写。采用Spearman相关分析学龄期ADHD儿童ERP成分与症状的相关性。

结果

健康对照组儿童MMN成分在Fz导联上的潜伏期为(188.30±2.06)ms,波幅为(-15.54±1.35)μV;P3a成分在Pz导联上的潜伏期为(312.82±7.80)ms,波幅为(3.80±0.18)μV。ADHD组儿童MMN成分在Fz导联上的潜伏期为(188.94±1.39)ms,波幅为(-14.78±1.40)μV;P3a成分在Pz导联上的潜伏期为(317.21±5.65)ms,波幅为(3.70±0.13)μV。相较正常儿童,ADHD儿童的MMN在Fz、Cz导联上有较小的波幅,P3a在Cz、Pz导联上有更大的潜伏期和较小的波幅(t值分别为2.79,2.20;-2.04,-3.25;2.35,3.21,P值均<0.05)。相关性分析显示,ADHD儿童MMN潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足得分呈正相关(r=0.22),MMN波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.34);P3a潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ量表中的学习问题得分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.26,0.24),P3a波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足、多动/冲动和PSQ量表中的学习问题、冲动/多动得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.22,-0.25,-0.32)(P值均<0.05)。

结论

学龄期ADHD儿童MMN、P3a成分异常,存在注意认知功能缺陷。ADHD儿童注意力不足、学习问题、冲动多动等症状与MMN、P3a成分异常有关。

注意力缺陷障碍伴多动  /  认知  /  精神卫生  /  儿童
Objective

To investigate the attention cognitive function and symptom correlations of school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)using event-related potential (ERP) technology, so as to provide references for the early diagnosis of children with ADHD.

Methods

A total of 52 school-aged children diagnosed with ADHD at the outpatient department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from September 2022 to September 2024 and 50 age-/sex-matched healthy controls were selected. The ERP experiment adopted the auditory Oddball task to conduct comparative analyses of the amplitude and latency of the mismatch negative(MMN) at the Fz, Cz, and Pz points of the scalp electrode and the P3a component respectively. The symptom assessment scales adopted the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-Ⅳ Rating Scale (SNAP-Ⅳ) and the Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ), which were filled out by the parents. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ERP components and symptoms in school-aged children with ADHD.

Results

The latency of MMN components in the healthy control group on the Fz lead was (188.30±2.06)ms, and the amplitude was (-15.54±1.35)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (312.82±7.80)ms, and the amplitude was (3.80±0.18)μV. The latency of MMN components in the ADHD group on the Fz lead was (188.94±1.39)ms, and the amplitude was (-14.78±1.40)μV; the latency of the P3a component on the Pz lead was (317.21±5.65)ms, and the amplitude was (3.70±0.13)μV. Compared with normal children, the MMN of children with ADHD had smaller amplitudes in the Fz and Cz leads, and the P3a had greater latency and smaller amplitudes in the Cz and Pz leads (t=2.79, 2.20;-2.04, -3.25;2.35, 3.21, P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the latency of MMN in children with ADHD was positively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ(r=0.22), and the amplitude of MMN was negatively correlated with the inattention score in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the learning problem score in PSQ (r=-0.26, -0.34)(P < 0.05). The latency of P3a was positively correlated with the scores of inattention in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the score of learning problems in the PSQ (r=0.26, 0.24); the amplitude of P3a was negatively correlated with the scores of attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity in the SNAP-Ⅳ and the scores of learning problems and impulsivity/hyperactivity in the PSQ(r=-0.26, -0.22, -0.25, -0.32)(P < 0.05).

Conclusions

School-aged ADHD children exhibit abnormal MMN/P3a components, indicating attention-related cognitive dysfunction. Symptoms such as inattention, learning problems and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD are related to abnormal components of MMN and P3a.

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity  /  Cognition  /  Mental health  /  Child
段桂琴, 赵明方, 王甘雨, 尹嘉宝, 聂文毫, 靳婷婷, 王小宇. 学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍儿童注意认知功能与症状的相关性. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (6) : 827 -831 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025187
Guiqin DUAN, Mingfang ZHAO, Ganyu WANG, Jiabao YIN, Wenhao NIE, Tingting JIN, Xiaoyu WANG. Correlation between attentional cognitive function and symptoms in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (6) : 827 -831 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025187
注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)属于神经发育障碍性疾病,是儿童期常见的心理行为障碍之一[1],严重影响患儿的学业、职业、表现、社会功能及其家庭[2]。最新Meta分析显示,我国学龄期儿童ADHD的患病率约为5.74%[3],其中男童比女童更为常见[4]。ADHD的病因及发病机制尚不明确,可能与遗传因素、围生期情况、家庭、心理因素、营养和饮食因素有关[5]。
ADHD的核心症状包括注意缺陷、多动和冲动三大特征,其中注意缺陷作为核心症状,可能会持续到成年期,给患者带来巨大的精神压力[1]。研究显示,ADHD儿童在完成一项复杂的任务时,难以对信号刺激的变化快速作出反应,从而表现出注意力不集中、分心等症状[6]。事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)能够反映认知过程中大脑的神经电生理改变[7],其中失匹配负波(mismatch negativity,MMN)反映了大脑对刺激变化的自动处理功能及注意力转移情况,无需患儿主动参与,易于临床检测[8]。P3a作为P300的分量,近年来逐渐开始得到关注。在经典Oddball范式中增加新奇刺激可诱发P3a,P3a反映了大脑意识到刺激信号至达到觉醒状态所需的时间,可反映前注意加工过程[9]。已有研究报道显示,成人ADHD患者MMN成分存在异常[10],但目前尚不清楚ADHD患者注意加工过程中的具体神经电生理机制。本研究纳入6~12岁ADHD儿童以及同期年龄、性别相匹配的正常儿童,对两组儿童进行ERP任务检测,分析MMN、P3a结果及其与ADHD儿童症状的相关性,以助于ADHD儿童的早期识别。
选取2022年9月至2024年9月于郑州大学第三附属医院儿童保健科/儿童发育行为科门诊诊断为ADHD的学龄期儿童及同期体检的年龄、性别相匹配的正常儿童。样本量基于研究假设,参考以往文献研究结果[11],双侧检验的α值为0.05,检验效能0.8,采用PASS 2021进行样本量估算,计算得到两组分别需要纳入32例样本。
ADHD组纳入标准:(1)年龄6~12岁;(2)符合美国《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第5版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition,DSM-5)[12]的ADHD诊断标准;(3)右利手;(4)韦氏全量表智商≥80分[13]。排除标准:(1)非首次诊断为ADHD,进行过ADHD相关药物(包括盐酸哌甲酯、盐酸托莫西汀等)或非药物治疗;(2)有大脑器质疾病或严重躯体疾病;(3)有精神共患病及其他神经发育障碍疾病;(4)视力或矫正视力异常;(5)听力障碍;(6)不能配合完成事件相关电位数据收集。健康对照组纳入标准:(1)年龄6~12岁;(2)右利手;(3)韦氏全量表智商≥80分。排除ADHD及其他目前或既往精神障碍的可能。
最终收集ADHD儿童52例,其中男童42例,女童10例;平均年龄(8.19±1.31)岁。健康对照组儿童50例,其中男童41例,女童9例;平均年龄(8.24±1.27)岁。两组间的性别分布、年龄、韦氏全量表智商差异均无统计学意义(χ2/t值分别为0.03,0.21,1.95,P值均>0.05),具有可比性。所有参与研究的儿童均得到家长的知情同意,本研究已获得郑州大学第三附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批号:2021-087-01)。
采用由Swanson等[14]依据ADHD诊断原则制定的SNAP-Ⅳ评定量表(Swanson,Nolan,and Pelham-Ⅳ Rating Scales,SNAP-Ⅳ),由家长填写,适用于6~18岁儿童青少年。共26个条目,分为注意力不足、多动/冲动、其他症状3个部分,采用0=“完全没有”至3=“非常多”评分,分别计算每个部分的平均分,分数越高表示症状越严重。周晋波等[15]评定中文版量表的Cronbach α系数为0.95,KMO系数为0.94,Bartlett's球形检验P<0.01,信、效度良好。
Conners父母症状问卷[16-17](Parent Symptom Questionnaire,PSQ)为父母对儿童行为评定量表,适用于3~16岁儿童。PSQ涵盖品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动/多动、焦虑以及多动指数6个维度,共48个条目。PSQ各条目均采用4级计分:“无”计0分至“很多”计3分,将各维度条目得分相加再除以条目数即为各维度的得分,得分越高表示该维度的行为症状越严重。苏林雁等[17]制定了PSQ中国城市儿童常模,Cronbach α系数为0.92,信、效度良好。
MMN、P3a成分诱发采用听觉Oddball范式,用E-prime 2.0软件进行编制。3种类型的音调被耳机随机呈现出来,其中标准刺激(80%)为1 000 Hz纯音,持续50 ms;偏差刺激(10%)为1 200 Hz纯音,持续50 ms;新奇刺激(10%)为1 000 Hz纯音,持续100 ms,刺激间隔1 300 ms。受试者在安静、舒适、无干扰的房间内戴上耳机进行检测,期间需观看一段无声卡通动画,并无需对刺激做出反应,总持续时间为12 min。
脑电数据由Brain Vision Recorder 2.0软件进行记录,所有电极阻抗低于5 kΩ,参考电极置于鼻尖,采样频率为1 000 Hz。脑电数据处理采用Brain Vision Analyzer 2.0软件。处理步骤:以双侧乳突平均值为新参考对所有电极数据进行重参考,去除眼电伪迹,滤除不必要的信号;再根据标志将脑电分段,并进行基线校正;最后根据刺激类型对分段脑电进行分类叠加平均或差异波分析,得到每名被试不同刺激类型下的平均ERP波形。MMN成分:标准刺激和偏差刺激的差异波,在90~200 ms时间窗口内取负向波的峰值作为MMN的幅值,峰值对应的时间为潜伏期。P3a成分:由新奇刺激诱发,在250~400 ms时间窗口内取正向波的峰值作为P3a的幅值,峰值对应的时间为潜伏期。
所有入选对象的诊断均由临床经验丰富的儿童发育行为科/儿童保健科医师完成。症状评定量表填写时,由专业评估人员向家长详细介绍每个条目的填写方式,确保家长理解问卷并正确填写。所有儿童的ERP检测均由一位接受培训的专业人员进行,检测前确保每名儿童理解实验规则,并控制环境适宜且无额外声音干扰,对不配合儿童的ERP数据进行筛检剔除。
采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料满足正态分布以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布以M(P25,P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料采用例数和百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。相关性分析采用Spearman相关法。以P<0.05为有统计学意义。
SNAP-Ⅳ中,ADHD组儿童注意力不足、多动/冲动得分均高于健康对照组;PSQ中,ADHD组学习问题、心身障碍、冲动/多动、多动指数得分均高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表1。
与健康对照组相比,ADHD组儿童MMN成分在Fz、Cz导联上波幅较小;P3a成分在Cz、Pz导联上潜伏期均大于健康对照组,波幅均小于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表2。
MMN在Fz导联上的潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足得分呈正相关(r=0.22),MMN在Fz导联上的波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.34)(P值均<0.05)。P3a在Pz导联上的潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.26,0.24),P3a在Pz导联上的波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足、多动/冲动和PSQ中的学习问题、冲动/多动得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.26,-0.22,-0.25,-0.32)(P值均<0.05)。见表3。
注意缺陷是ADHD患者贯穿整个生命周期的核心特征[18]。本研究采用听觉Oddball范式并加入新奇刺激,比较学龄期ADHD儿童及正常儿童事件相关电位MMN及P3a的潜伏期及波幅特征,探索其与临床症状之间的关系,有助于早期识别并干预ADHD儿童,减轻家庭和社会的负担。本研究通过比较ADHD儿童和正常儿童SNAP-Ⅳ及PSQ各因子得分发现,ADHD儿童存在注意力不足、冲动多动、学习问题等症状。国内外研究者认为,ADHD儿童常表现为与年龄不相称的注意力易分散、不分场合的过度活动和情绪冲动等[19],并伴有不同程度的认知障碍和学习困难[20]。本研究也显示出ADHD儿童存在上述症状,可能会对学龄期儿童的学业成绩、人际关系和日常生活造成干扰,甚至影响到家庭和社会。若儿童时期ADHD症状未经控制,其危害可延续到青春期和成年期,故早期关注ADHD患儿的注意认知功能及症状十分重要。
本研究发现,相较健康对照组儿童,ADHD儿童的MMN成分在Fz、Cz导联上呈现更小的波幅,与之前的研究一致[21]。MMN是一种听觉事件相关电位的负波成分,由非注意条件下的偏差刺激诱导产生,是大脑对变异刺激信号的自动反应[22]。MMN反应了对刺激变化的注意重定向过程[23],来源于双侧听觉皮层和双侧额叶[24]。当额叶病变和认知功能损伤时可导致MMN振幅衰减,表现为MMN波幅降低[25]。Rydkjar等[11]认为,ADHD儿童的听觉皮层可能存在功能异常,影响了其对变化刺激的快速识别,从而使ADHD儿童无法进行有效的信息整合,导致注意功能受损。此外,本研究显示MMN波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈负相关,与其他研究报道结果一致[26]。原因可能是在完成某项任务时,ADHD儿童在早期信息处理阶段存在对刺激变化的识别缺陷,无法将注意力重新定向到当前任务上,从而出现注意力不集中、发呆、分心等症状;对于学龄期儿童往往会引起一系列学习问题,严重影响儿童的学业。
本研究还发现,与健康对照组相比,ADHD儿童在Cz、Pz处的P3a振幅较小,且潜伏期较长,与之前的研究一致[27]。提示ADHD儿童对新奇刺激的加工存在异常,也支持本研究关于ADHD儿童存在注意功能缺陷的假设。此外,本研究发现P3a潜伏期与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足和PSQ中的学习问题得分均呈正相关,其波幅与SNAP-Ⅳ中的注意力不足、多动/冲动和PSQ中的学习问题、冲动/多动得分均呈负相关。Zhang等[28]发现,ADHD儿童存在注意启动异常,当有新的刺激出现时不能快速作出反应,表现出注意力不能集中在任务上,容易分心,影响学习并干扰其社交互动,使其在与同伴交往时容易出现冲突、难以融入群体,进而在行为上表现出多动/冲动等症状,并出现各种行为问题。以上发现不仅为家长和教师早期识别并干预ADHD儿童提供了科学依据,还为优化教育环境、减轻家庭社会负担以及实施公共卫生策略提供了重要参考。
本研究尚存在部分局限性:首先,研究的症状评定量表均由儿童父母填写,父母的主观认知、对孩子的期望以及情绪状态等可能会影响填写结果,导致信息偏倚;其次,研究样本量较少,未对ADHD儿童的年龄、性别、亚型进行更详细的分组研究;最后,ADHD儿童根据实际需要接受治疗,本研究未进行纵向的随访,无法探讨治疗对ADHD儿童MMN和P3a的影响,未来需要进一步研究。

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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025187
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
  • 修回日期:2025-03-26
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    1郑州大学第三附属医院儿童保健科,河南 450052
    2郑州大学第三附属医院儿童发育行为科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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