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Article(id=1325520972866003175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325520723858568134, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1738857600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-07, revisedDate=1741536000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793958426919, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793958426919, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793958426919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793958426919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325520723858568134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='761', pageEnd='912', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1750780800000', pubDateStr='2025-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793958367551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793958367551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=774, endPage=778, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325520974573084904, articleId=1325520972866003175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Association between sleep quality and executive functions among middle school students, columnId=1325520730598801558, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Column on Promoting Sleep Quality among Middle School Students, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the relationship between sleep quality and executive function among middle school students, so as to provide theoretical support for the promotion of adolescents' physical and mental health development.

Methods

From September to December 2023, 5 713 junior and senior high school students aged 13 to 18 were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to conduct sleep quality survey. And conduct executive function was tested on middle school students, including inhibitory function, refresh function and conversion function tests. Spearman correlation and linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and executive function of middle school students.

Results

The total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of boys was [4.0(2.0, 6.0)] and that of girls was [5.0(3.0, 6.0)], and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-10.90, P < 0.01). The total PSQI score of boys was positively correlated with both 2-back reaction time and conversion function of executive function (r=0.04, 0.04); the total PSQI score of girls was negatively correlated with 2-back reaction time (r=-0.04) (P < 0.05). After controlling for variables such as mental health, physical activity and nutritional status, linear regression analyses showed that PSQI total score of middle school students was positively correlated with the inhibitory function and the conversion function response time [B(95%CI)=1.28(0.21-2.34), 7.62(2.34-12.90), P < 0.05]; the associations of total PSQI scores among middle school students with both 2-back and 1-back response time were not statistically significant [B(95%CI)=-5.88(-16.14-4.37), 8.05(-3.39-19.50), P>0.05].

Conclusion

Positive correlations are observed on sleep quality with inhibitory and conversion functions of executive function among middle school students.

, authors=Xiumin YU1, Fule CHEN2, Jingfei YAN*, 3, Xiaojian YIN4, 5, Huipan WU6, Yi WANG7, Yaru GUO5, Dingkun XU8, authorsList=Xiumin YU, Fule CHEN, Jingfei YAN, Xiaojian YIN, Huipan WU, Yi WANG, Yaru GUO, Dingkun XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingfei YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325520976733151465, articleId=1325520972866003175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联, columnId=1325520731349581976, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=中学生睡眠质量促进专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联，为促进青少年身心健康发展提供理论支持。

方法

2023年9—12月，采用分层整群随机抽样法在上海、苏州、太原、婺源、兴义、乌鲁木齐共选取5 713名13~18岁初、高中学生，采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)进行睡眠质量调查，并对中学生进行执行功能测试(包括抑制功能、刷新功能和转换功能测试)。采用Spearman相关和线性回归分析中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联。

结果

男生PSQI总分为[4.0(2.0, 6.0)]分，女生为[5.0(3.0, 6.0)]分，差异有统计学意义(Z=-10.90，P＜0.01)。男生PSQI总分与执行功能的2-back反应时和转换功能均呈正相关(r值分别为0.04，0.04)；女生PSQI总分与2-back反应时呈负相关(r=-0.04)(P值均 < 0.05)。线性回归分析结果显示，控制心理健康、体力活动和营养状况等变量后，中学生PSQI总分与抑制功能和转换功能反应时均呈正相关[B值(95%CI)分别为1.28(0.21~2.34)，7.62(2.34~12.90)，P值均＜0.05]；中学生PSQI总分与2-back和1-back反应时的关联均无统计学意义[B值(95%CI)分别为-5.88(-16.14~4.37)，8.05(-3.39~19.50)，P值均＞0.05]。

结论

中学生的睡眠质量与执行功能的抑制功能和转换功能均存在正相关性。

, authors=于秀敏1, 陈福乐2, 颜景飞*, 3, 尹小俭4, 5, 吴慧攀6, 王毅7, 郭亚茹5, 徐鼎坤8, authorsList=于秀敏, 陈福乐, 颜景飞, 尹小俭, 吴慧攀, 王毅, 郭亚茹, 徐鼎坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=颜景飞, authorNote=

于秀敏(1998-)，女，山东德州人，硕士，主要研究方向为学生体质健康技术创新管理

, correspAuthorsNote=
颜景飞，E-mail:
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Comparison of executive functioning response times for middle school students of different sexes in all age groups[M(P25, P75), ms]

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年龄/岁性别人数统计值抑制功能1-back2-back转换功能
13男6342.48(-13.09, 19.63)774.74(633.30, 965.68)1 043.86(654.12, 1 267.98)296.32(155.52, 388.02)
女6314.27(-10.54, 22.35)820.28(644.56, 1 011.44)1 108.40(738.56, 1 327.84)330.63(208.30, 439.11)
Z值-1.21-2.05-2.16-4.37
P值0.230.040.03＜0.01
14男7103.76(-13.44, 21.76)782.22(613.82, 992.12)1 028.44(677.92, 1 275.42)288.95(176.81, 376.54)
女6521.79(-15.49, 19.65)773.54(617.42, 1 002.86)1 096.58(816.14, 1 351.06)327.04(221.71, 422.45)
Z值-1.68-0.08-3.03-5.14
P值0.090.94＜0.01＜0.01
15男3945.23(-14.74, 23.22)811.64(661.18, 1 105.05)1 049.86(821.17, 1 285.44)284.13(188.64, 395.83)
女3583.14(-18.10, 19.85)803.28(660.83, 1 130.96)1 071.94(827.61, 1 357.88)312.23(209.78, 407.16)
Z值-1.01-0.12-1.26-1.68
P值0.310.910.210.09
16男3873.81(-7.54, 18.75)788.60(685.52, 1 009.56)1 132.72(951.60, 1 330.60)298.22(232.31, 384.44)
女4144.65(-10.43, 18.34)773.44(681.81, 936.30)1 134.36(964.23, 1 322.20)337.59(272.11, 423.08)
Z值-0.58-1.58-0.28-5.08
P值0.560.110.78＜0.01
17男4655.63(-8.26, 18.78)788.80(673.84, 1 001.34)1 102.04(894.24, 1 299.42)297.98(232.40, 374.17)
女4434.46(-8.96, 17.42)768.36(674.64, 953.44)1 111.24(936.00, 1 300.88)327.59(253.89, 411.36)
Z值-0.88-0.18-0.80-3.74
P值0.380.860.43＜0.01
18男3187.22(-7.09, 20.92)752.36(664.08, 910.94)1 108.44(927.69, 1 312.65)305.52(242.73, 369.18)
女3074.13(-10.79, 18.98)777.56(683.60, 929.08)1 122.36(905.68, 1 328.80)335.41(270.52, 428.63)
Z值-1.58-1.34-0.50-3.89
P值0.120.180.62＜0.01
合计男2 9084.50(-10.71, 20.13)784.60(652.62, 994.33)1 074.68(834.98, 1 294.08)295.18(205.38, 380.80)
女2 8053.56(-12.27, 19.56)787.36(663.94, 983.68)1 109.92(875.28, 1 329.72)328.38(239.72, 421.47)
Z值-1.73-0.77-3.58-9.71
P值0.080.44＜0.01＜0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521004822405426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520972866003175, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各年龄组不同性别中学生执行功能反应时比较[M(P25, P75)，ms]

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年龄/岁性别人数统计值抑制功能1-back2-back转换功能
13男6342.48(-13.09, 19.63)774.74(633.30, 965.68)1 043.86(654.12, 1 267.98)296.32(155.52, 388.02)
女6314.27(-10.54, 22.35)820.28(644.56, 1 011.44)1 108.40(738.56, 1 327.84)330.63(208.30, 439.11)
Z值-1.21-2.05-2.16-4.37
P值0.230.040.03＜0.01
14男7103.76(-13.44, 21.76)782.22(613.82, 992.12)1 028.44(677.92, 1 275.42)288.95(176.81, 376.54)
女6521.79(-15.49, 19.65)773.54(617.42, 1 002.86)1 096.58(816.14, 1 351.06)327.04(221.71, 422.45)
Z值-1.68-0.08-3.03-5.14
P值0.090.94＜0.01＜0.01
15男3945.23(-14.74, 23.22)811.64(661.18, 1 105.05)1 049.86(821.17, 1 285.44)284.13(188.64, 395.83)
女3583.14(-18.10, 19.85)803.28(660.83, 1 130.96)1 071.94(827.61, 1 357.88)312.23(209.78, 407.16)
Z值-1.01-0.12-1.26-1.68
P值0.310.910.210.09
16男3873.81(-7.54, 18.75)788.60(685.52, 1 009.56)1 132.72(951.60, 1 330.60)298.22(232.31, 384.44)
女4144.65(-10.43, 18.34)773.44(681.81, 936.30)1 134.36(964.23, 1 322.20)337.59(272.11, 423.08)
Z值-0.58-1.58-0.28-5.08
P值0.560.110.78＜0.01
17男4655.63(-8.26, 18.78)788.80(673.84, 1 001.34)1 102.04(894.24, 1 299.42)297.98(232.40, 374.17)
女4434.46(-8.96, 17.42)768.36(674.64, 953.44)1 111.24(936.00, 1 300.88)327.59(253.89, 411.36)
Z值-0.88-0.18-0.80-3.74
P值0.380.860.43＜0.01
18男3187.22(-7.09, 20.92)752.36(664.08, 910.94)1 108.44(927.69, 1 312.65)305.52(242.73, 369.18)
女3074.13(-10.79, 18.98)777.56(683.60, 929.08)1 122.36(905.68, 1 328.80)335.41(270.52, 428.63)
Z值-1.58-1.34-0.50-3.89
P值0.120.180.62＜0.01
合计男2 9084.50(-10.71, 20.13)784.60(652.62, 994.33)1 074.68(834.98, 1 294.08)295.18(205.38, 380.80)
女2 8053.56(-12.27, 19.56)787.36(663.94, 983.68)1 109.92(875.28, 1 329.72)328.38(239.72, 421.47)
Z值-1.73-0.77-3.58-9.71
P值0.080.44＜0.01＜0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325521005149561139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520972866003175, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Linear regression analysis of sleep quality and executive function among middle school students[B(95%CI), n=5 713]

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自变量抑制功能1-back2-back转换功能
睡眠质量-2.29(-4.40~-0.17)*1.87(-18.54~22.29)-23.14(-45.93~-0.36)*-15.30(-25.81~-4.78)**
入睡时间-1.15(-2.69~0.40)3.73(-11.19~18.65)-24.33(-40.99~-7.68)**-11.09(-18.78~-3.41)**
睡眠时间-0.70(-2.53~1.13)-1.01(-18.70~16.68)38.61(18.87~58.36)**14.07(4.96~23.18)**
睡眠效率-2.14(-19.46~15.19)115.23(-52.18~282.64)86.99(-99.86~273.85)57.61(-28.62~143.85)
睡眠障碍-1.62(-3.78~0.55)17.40(-3.53~38.33)6.86(-16.51~30.22)-14.42(-25.21~-3.64)**
催眠药物-2.55(-5.24~0.15)8.99(-17.08~35.07)-25.07(-54.17~4.03)-12.59(-26.02~0.84)
PSQI总分1.28(0.21~2.34)*-5.88(-16.14~4.37)8.05(-3.39~19.50)7.62(2.34~12.90)**
), ArticleFig(id=1325521005250224436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325520972866003175, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中学生睡眠质量与执行功能线性回归分析[B值(95%CI)，n=5 713]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自变量抑制功能1-back2-back转换功能
睡眠质量-2.29(-4.40~-0.17)*1.87(-18.54~22.29)-23.14(-45.93~-0.36)*-15.30(-25.81~-4.78)**
入睡时间-1.15(-2.69~0.40)3.73(-11.19~18.65)-24.33(-40.99~-7.68)**-11.09(-18.78~-3.41)**
睡眠时间-0.70(-2.53~1.13)-1.01(-18.70~16.68)38.61(18.87~58.36)**14.07(4.96~23.18)**
睡眠效率-2.14(-19.46~15.19)115.23(-52.18~282.64)86.99(-99.86~273.85)57.61(-28.62~143.85)
睡眠障碍-1.62(-3.78~0.55)17.40(-3.53~38.33)6.86(-16.51~30.22)-14.42(-25.21~-3.64)**
催眠药物-2.55(-5.24~0.15)8.99(-17.08~35.07)-25.07(-54.17~4.03)-12.59(-26.02~0.84)
PSQI总分1.28(0.21~2.34)*-5.88(-16.14~4.37)8.05(-3.39~19.50)7.62(2.34~12.90)**
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中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联
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于秀敏 1 , 陈福乐 2 , 颜景飞 *, 3 , 尹小俭 4, 5 , 吴慧攀 6 , 王毅 7 , 郭亚茹 5 , 徐鼎坤 8
中国学校卫生 | 中学生睡眠质量促进专栏 2025,46(6): 774-778
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中国学校卫生 |中学生睡眠质量促进专栏 2025 , 46 (6) : 774 -778
中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联
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于秀敏1, 陈福乐2, 颜景飞*, 3 , 尹小俭4, 5, 吴慧攀6, 王毅7, 郭亚茹5, 徐鼎坤8
作者信息
  • 1上海应用技术大学经济管理学院，上海 201418
  • 2广西职业师范学院体育教学部
  • 3上海应用技术大学体育教育部
  • 4华东理工大学体育科学与工程学院
  • 5华东师范大学体育与健康学院
  • 6太原工业学院儿童青少年健康促进研究中心
  • 7中北大学体育学院
  • 8山西大学体育学院
通讯作者:
颜景飞，E-mail:
作者简介:

于秀敏(1998-)，女，山东德州人，硕士，主要研究方向为学生体质健康技术创新管理

Association between sleep quality and executive functions among middle school students
Xiumin YU1, Fule CHEN2, Jingfei YAN*, 3 , Xiaojian YIN4, 5, Huipan WU6, Yi WANG7, Yaru GUO5, Dingkun XU8
Affiliations
  • 1School of Economics Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai (201418), China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025182
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摘要
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目的

探讨中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联，为促进青少年身心健康发展提供理论支持。

方法

2023年9—12月，采用分层整群随机抽样法在上海、苏州、太原、婺源、兴义、乌鲁木齐共选取5 713名13~18岁初、高中学生，采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)进行睡眠质量调查，并对中学生进行执行功能测试(包括抑制功能、刷新功能和转换功能测试)。采用Spearman相关和线性回归分析中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联。

结果

男生PSQI总分为[4.0(2.0, 6.0)]分，女生为[5.0(3.0, 6.0)]分，差异有统计学意义(Z=-10.90，P＜0.01)。男生PSQI总分与执行功能的2-back反应时和转换功能均呈正相关(r值分别为0.04，0.04)；女生PSQI总分与2-back反应时呈负相关(r=-0.04)(P值均 < 0.05)。线性回归分析结果显示，控制心理健康、体力活动和营养状况等变量后，中学生PSQI总分与抑制功能和转换功能反应时均呈正相关[B值(95%CI)分别为1.28(0.21~2.34)，7.62(2.34~12.90)，P值均＜0.05]；中学生PSQI总分与2-back和1-back反应时的关联均无统计学意义[B值(95%CI)分别为-5.88(-16.14~4.37)，8.05(-3.39~19.50)，P值均＞0.05]。

结论

中学生的睡眠质量与执行功能的抑制功能和转换功能均存在正相关性。

睡眠  /  执行功能  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To explore the relationship between sleep quality and executive function among middle school students, so as to provide theoretical support for the promotion of adolescents' physical and mental health development.

Methods

From September to December 2023, 5 713 junior and senior high school students aged 13 to 18 were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to conduct sleep quality survey. And conduct executive function was tested on middle school students, including inhibitory function, refresh function and conversion function tests. Spearman correlation and linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and executive function of middle school students.

Results

The total Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of boys was [4.0(2.0, 6.0)] and that of girls was [5.0(3.0, 6.0)], and the difference was statistically significant (Z=-10.90, P < 0.01). The total PSQI score of boys was positively correlated with both 2-back reaction time and conversion function of executive function (r=0.04, 0.04); the total PSQI score of girls was negatively correlated with 2-back reaction time (r=-0.04) (P < 0.05). After controlling for variables such as mental health, physical activity and nutritional status, linear regression analyses showed that PSQI total score of middle school students was positively correlated with the inhibitory function and the conversion function response time [B(95%CI)=1.28(0.21-2.34), 7.62(2.34-12.90), P < 0.05]; the associations of total PSQI scores among middle school students with both 2-back and 1-back response time were not statistically significant [B(95%CI)=-5.88(-16.14-4.37), 8.05(-3.39-19.50), P>0.05].

Conclusion

Positive correlations are observed on sleep quality with inhibitory and conversion functions of executive function among middle school students.

Sleep  /  Executive function  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
于秀敏, 陈福乐, 颜景飞, 尹小俭, 吴慧攀, 王毅, 郭亚茹, 徐鼎坤. 中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (6) : 774 -778 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025182
Xiumin YU, Fule CHEN, Jingfei YAN, Xiaojian YIN, Huipan WU, Yi WANG, Yaru GUO, Dingkun XU. Association between sleep quality and executive functions among middle school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (6) : 774 -778 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025182
正文
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睡眠作为恢复生理和心理功能的必要过程，不仅对青少年身体健康至关重要，还对青少年的认知能力、情绪调节及行为表现产生深远影响[1]。执行功能是指一系列由前额叶皮层控制的目标导向行为过程，主要包括抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性3个核心成分[2-3]，对于青少年日常生活、学业成就、社会适应等方面具有重要作用[4]。研究发现，青少年睡眠质量对其执行功能产生显著影响，长期睡眠不足可能导致青少年执行功能减弱，进而影响青少年的学习成效和身心健康[5-6]。另外，睡眠不足还会导致青少年注意力不集中、认知灵活性下降、工作记忆受损、出现情绪波动和行为问题，进而影响执行功能的表现[7-8]。除睡眠时间外，睡眠质量也是影响执行功能的重要因素。研究发现，良好的睡眠质量有助于提升认知功能，而睡眠质量差会对认知功能产生不利影响[9]。值得注意的是，睡眠质量与执行功能之间存在复杂的双向关系，二者相互作用，共同影响青少年的心理健康[10]。为此，本研究探讨了中学生睡眠质量与执行功能之间的关系，并分析年龄、性别等因素对两者关系的影响，旨在为青少年执行功能和睡眠质量的改善提供理论支持。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2023年9—12月，采用分层整群随机抽样法在上海、苏州、太原、婺源、兴义、乌鲁木齐进行实地测试和问卷调查。遵循不同性别、年龄人数大致相同原则，在每个城市中分别采用抽签法抽取3所中学，共18所。在各所学校内以年级为基本单位，在各年级中通过抽签法抽取自然班级，共抽取201个班级，以班级为单位纳入所有学生。共发放问卷6 500份，回收有效问卷5 713份，有效回收率87.9%。其中男生2 908名，女生2 805名；初中学生3 379名，高中2 334名；年龄为13~18岁，平均年龄(15.11±1.70)岁。测试前，本研究已征得学生与家长的知情同意，并获得华东师范大学人体实验伦理委员会批准(批准号：HR761-2022)。
1.2　方法
1.2.1　执行功能测试
包括抑制功能测试、刷新功能测试和转换功能测试3个任务，分别采用Flanker任务、N-back任务(1-back，2-back)和More-odd shifing任务[11]。正确测试的反应时被记录为最终结果，较短的反应时反映出更好的执行功能表现。抑制控制反应时=不一致条件反应时-一致条件反应时，为负值表示该受试者在抑制控制的不一致条件下反应时间快于一致条件。执行功能测试在计算机上使用由E-prime 1.1软件系统(Psychology Software Tools Ine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)创建的程序。
1.2.2　睡眠质量测试
采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，PSQI)[12]调查睡眠状况。PSQI包括睡眠的定量方面(如睡眠持续时间、睡眠潜伏期或唤醒次数)和主观方面(如睡眠“深度”或“感受”)。PSQI由19个自评条目和5个他评条目构成，其中5个他评条目和第19个自评条目不参与计分。分为7个成分(包括睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、睡眠药物和日间功能障碍)，每个成分按0~3分4级计分，累计各成分得分为PSQI总分(0~21分)，得分越高表示睡眠质量越差。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.81。
1.2.3　控制变量测试
体力活动依据《7岁~18岁儿童青少年体力活动水平评价》[13]标准进行评估，涵盖中学生体育课的参与情况、活动频率、持续时间及主观强度等方面，并依据该标准将中学生平均每天累计的中高强度体力活动时间＜70 min认定为体力活动不达标。心理健康状况通过《青少年心理健康评定简明问卷》[14]进行系统调查，得分≥P10表示心理健康。根据《国家学生体质健康标准(2014)》[15]测量学生身高、体重，并计算体质量指数(body mass index，BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2；依据世界卫生组织的5~19岁生长标准，将BMI值划分为消瘦、正常、超重和肥胖4个营养状况等级[16]。
1.3　质量控制
研究团队由经过培训的教师与研究生组成，分成若干小组，各小组前往不同省份的学校开展调查。问卷发放前，研究人员通过相应的指导语，向学生详细介绍调查的要求，并确保匿名编号填写。问卷由学生当场填写后直接收回，调查人员在填答过程中帮助学生解答疑问，保证填答流程顺利进行。回收问卷时检查填答情况，并要求学生补齐错填或漏填的条目，确保数据完整性及有效性。
1.4　统计学分析
使用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据处理；计数资料用频数或百分率描述，计量资料不符合正态分布的数据用M(P25，P75)描述，组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。通过Spearman相关性分析探究睡眠质量与执行功能之间的相关性；采用线性回归分析，以睡眠指标作为自变量(连续型变量)，心理健康、体力活动和营养状况作为控制变量，执行功能各因子作为因变量(连续型变量)，分析中学生执行功能与睡眠质量的关联。检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　中学生睡眠质量与执行功能情况
男生睡眠质量、睡眠时间、睡眠障碍、催眠药物、日间功能障碍得分及PSQI总分为[1.0(0.0，1.0)，0.0(0.0，1.0)，1.0(0.0，1.0)，0.0(0.0，0.0)，1.0(1.0，2.0)，4.0(2.0，6.0)分]，女生为[1.0(0.0，1.0)，1.0(0.0，1.0)，1.0(1.0，1.0)，0.0(0.0，0.0)，2.0(1.0，2.0)，5.0(3.0，6.0)分]，差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-5.58，-6.91，-10.37，-2.86，10.87，-10.90，P值均＜0.01)。入睡时间和睡眠效率2个维度上，男生[1.0(0.0，1.0)，0.0(0.0，0.0)分]和女生[1.0(0.0，1.0)，0.0(0.0，0.0)分]得分差异均无统计学意义(Z值分别为-1.53，-0.57，P值均＞0.05)。
在抑制功能任务和1-back工作记忆任务中，男、女生差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。在2-back任务和转换功能任务中，男、女生的差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。抑制功能任务中, 不同年龄段男、女生反应时差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)；13岁女生1-back工作记忆任务反应时长于男生，13和14岁女生2-back工作记忆任务反应时均长于男生，除15岁外、其余年龄段女生任务转换功能均表现出更长的反应时(P值均＜0.05)。见表1。
2.2　中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的相关分析
Spearman相关分析显示，男生睡眠障碍与1-back反应时呈正相关(r=0.04)；睡眠时间、睡眠障碍、日间功能障碍和PSQI总分与2-back反应时均呈正相关(r值分别为0.11，0.04，0.05，0.04)；睡眠时间、睡眠效率、日间功能障碍和PSQI总分与转换功能反应时均呈正相关(r值分别为0.10，0.04，0.06，0.04)(P值均＜0.05)。女生日间功能障碍与1-back反应时呈负相关(r=-0.05)；睡眠质量、入睡时间、睡眠障碍和PSQI总分与2-back反应时均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.05，-0.04，-0.05，-0.04)；睡眠质量、入睡时间和睡眠障碍与转换功能反应时均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.04，-0.05，-0.06)(P值均＜0.05)。
2.3　中学生睡眠质量与执行功能的线性回归分析
线性回归分析结果显示，中学生PSQI总分与抑制功能、转换功能反应时均呈正相关[B值(95%CI)分别为1.28(0.21~2.34)，7.62(2.34~12.90)，P值均＜0.05]；中学生PSQI总分与2-back和1-back反应时的关联均无统计学意义[B值(95%CI)分别为-5.88(-16.14~4.37)，8.05(-3.39~19.50)，P值均>0.05]。见表2。
3　讨论
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本研究发现，中学生在睡眠质量方面存在性别差异。男生睡眠质量优于女生，与国内外相关文献[17-20]基本一致。研究表明，性别角色的社会预期可能导致女性承受更多社会压力，引发焦虑情绪，从而影响睡眠质量[21]。此外，生理因素也可能是导致性别差异的关键因素。女生在月经初潮后，失眠发生率增加，约为初潮前的2.75倍，而男生的睡眠质量未受到类似生理变化的影响[22]。
本研究相关分析发现，男生的PSQI总分与2-back和转换功能反应时呈正相关；女生的PSQI总分与2-back反应时呈负相关，该结果与已有文献中的研究结果基本一致。如Thomas等[23-24]指出，睡眠质量较差的青少年在工作记忆任务中的反应时延长，表现出较低的执行功能；Telzer等[25]也发现，睡眠质量不佳的青少年在认知任务中的表现普遍较差，特别是在反应速度和任务转换能力方面。此外，性别差异在本研究中也有所体现，女生仅在2-back反应时与PSQI总分呈负相关，而男生则在2-back和转换功能反应时上均与PSQI总分呈正相关。性别差异可能与男女生在情绪调节、认知策略以及生理差异等方面的不同反应机制有关，Deng等[26]提出，女生可能在情感因素的影响下表现出不同于男生的认知反应模式。本研究与前人研究结果也存在不一致[27-28]，尤其是女生的转换功能与PSQI总分上未发现相关性，这一差异可能与样本特征、任务设计及测量工具的不同有关。此外，个体差异、激素波动及社会心理因素等亦可能对中学生群体的认知表现产生不同程度的影响。
本研究线性回归分析结果显示，中学生PSQI总分与抑制控制、转换功能反应时均呈正相关。有研究表明，睡眠质量不佳可能对执行功能产生负面影响，尤其是涉及前额叶皮层的高级认知功能，如抑制控制、冲突控制和自我调节等认知任务，这些任务对睡眠质量具有较高的敏感性，睡眠不足或睡眠质量差往往导致认知任务表现下降[29]。Setyowati等[30]研究也发现，睡眠质量较差的青少年在执行功能测试中的表现较差，进一步验证了睡眠质量与执行功能间的密切关联。Yu等[31]研究发现，睡眠质量与执行功能之间相关性无统计学意义。还有研究指出，睡眠质量与执行功能间的关系可能受到其他因素的影响，如抑郁症状[32]。因此，未来的研究需要考虑其他潜在影响因素，从而确定两者更为精确的关系。
本研究存在一定的局限性：研究未能充分控制所有潜在的混杂变量，如体力活动等因素，未来的研究可以考虑更多的生理和心理因素，探索睡眠质量对执行功能的独立影响，为青少年健康促进和教育实践提供科学依据。
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025182
  • 接收时间：2025-02-07
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-07
  • 修回日期：2025-03-10
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82373595)
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    1上海应用技术大学经济管理学院，上海 201418
    2广西职业师范学院体育教学部
    3上海应用技术大学体育教育部
    4华东理工大学体育科学与工程学院
    5华东师范大学体育与健康学院
    6太原工业学院儿童青少年健康促进研究中心
    7中北大学体育学院
    8山西大学体育学院

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