Article(id=1325501883208573347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501865651216714, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739462400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-14, revisedDate=1741276800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953875590, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953875590, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953875590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953875590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501865651216714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='457', pageEnd='572 578', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953871404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953871404, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=524, endPage=527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501883397317028, articleId=1325501883208573347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=A qualitative study on the awareness and management strategy improvement of childhood hypertension, columnId=1259565859148804482, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Health Education and Promotion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize strategies for improving childhood hypertension, so as to provide evidence-based recommendations for poliy-making and practice childhood hypertension management in China.

Methods

From March to April 2024, child health stakeholders from five districts in Hangzhou were selected using a combination of stratified and convenience sampling methods. Data were analyzed using a grounded-theory approach. During the in-depth interview phase, six policymakers were interviewed. Focus group discussions were conducted with school administrators, healthcare providers, and parents, comprising a total of 62 participants.

Results

Through three-level coding, 116 initial categories were identified(e.g., "trend of younger age" "difficulty in behavior change"), 35 main categories (e.g., "higher incidence compared to the past" "caused by comprehensive influencing factors"), and 12 core categories (e.g., "epidemic status" "influencing factors"). Finally, the cognitive status, problem analysis, and management strategies of children hypertension were constructed.

Conclusion

Effective prevention and control of childhood hypertension requires coordinated efforts among governments, schools, families, and society to establish a comprehensive management system, with dynamic monitoring and evaluation to optimize policy implementation.

, authors=Jiali* ZHOU1, Chenhao ZHANG1, Weidi SUN1, Leying HOU1, Zeyu LUO1, Bing ZHU2, Ronghua ZHANG2, Peige SONG*, 1, authorsList=Jiali* ZHOU, Chenhao ZHANG, Weidi SUN, Leying HOU, Zeyu LUO, Bing ZHU, Ronghua ZHANG, Peige SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peige SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501883938382245, articleId=1325501883208573347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=儿童高血压认知现状及管理策略提升的质性研究, columnId=1259565859903779205, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=健康教育与健康促进, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

归纳儿童高血压管理策略的提升路径,为中国儿童高血压管理的相关实践与政策制定提供科学参考。

方法

2024年3—4月,采用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法选取杭州市5个区的儿童健康利益相关者为研究对象,运用扎根理论对访谈资料进行分析。深入访谈阶段共纳入6名政策制定者;焦点小组访谈阶段分别对学校管理人员、医疗保健提供者和家长开展访谈,累计纳入62名对象。

结果

通过三级编码提炼出116个初始范畴(如“低龄化趋势” “行为改变困难”)、35个主范畴(如“发生率较以前更高”“由综合影响因素引起”)和12个核心范畴(如“流行状况”“影响因素”),最终构建儿童高血压认知现状、问题分析与管理策略提升路径。

结论

儿童高血压的防控需政府、学校、家庭与社会多方携手,共同构建覆盖全面的综合管理体系,并通过动态监测与评估优化政策实施效果。

, authors=周佳丽1, 张晨昊1, 孙炜迪1, 侯乐莹1, 罗泽宇1, 朱冰2, 章荣华2, 宋培歌*, 1, authorsList=周佳丽, 张晨昊, 孙炜迪, 侯乐莹, 罗泽宇, 朱冰, 章荣华, 宋培歌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋培歌, authorNote=

周佳丽(1999-),女,浙江绍兴人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童健康

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋培歌,E-mail:
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选择编码主轴编码政策制定者学校管理者医疗卫生服务提供者家长
流行状况6312
发生率较以前更高44
不属于常见病223
是一种常见疾病5
儿童不会出现高血压1
影响因素
由综合影响因素引起2812829957
健康影响73232
应受重视611
存在危害1392
管理很重要3
管理现状4818604
已有针对性措施3517504
尚未出台专项政策12110
防控措施有力,现状改善1
面临挑战29326
未受重视8311
未充分落实14
判定复杂11
对危害与现状了解不足4
缺乏有说服力的科学证据21
较难控制3
现有措施效果不好1
提供依据7
了解病因4
提供科学可靠的依据3
增强意识829301
增大宣传教育力度629201
加强防控意识210
监测识别616
定期监测血压312
需普及体检4
及时反馈体检结果3
政府支持38
加大政府支持力度28
政府出台相关文件1
部门合作
多部门合作管理3
具体措施115141
减少儿童的学业压力1571
针对性管理高危儿童53
调整儿童的行为生活方式34
对儿童提供心理支持1
设立专项主题项目1
后效评价21
建立管理效果评价11
监测执行效果反馈1
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选择编码主轴编码政策制定者学校管理者医疗卫生服务提供者家长
流行状况6312
发生率较以前更高44
不属于常见病223
是一种常见疾病5
儿童不会出现高血压1
影响因素
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加大政府支持力度28
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部门合作
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具体措施115141
减少儿童的学业压力1571
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建立管理效果评价11
监测执行效果反馈1
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儿童高血压认知现状及管理策略提升的质性研究
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周佳丽 1 , 张晨昊 1 , 孙炜迪 1 , 侯乐莹 1 , 罗泽宇 1 , 朱冰 2 , 章荣华 2 , 宋培歌 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 健康教育与健康促进 2025,46(4): 524-527
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中国学校卫生 |健康教育与健康促进 2025 , 46 (4) : 524 -527
儿童高血压认知现状及管理策略提升的质性研究
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周佳丽(1999-),女,浙江绍兴人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童健康

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周佳丽1, 张晨昊1, 孙炜迪1, 侯乐莹1, 罗泽宇1, 朱冰2, 章荣华2, 宋培歌*, 1
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学公共卫生学院,杭州 310058
  • 2浙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所
通讯作者:
宋培歌,E-mail:
作者简介:

周佳丽(1999-),女,浙江绍兴人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童健康

A qualitative study on the awareness and management strategy improvement of childhood hypertension
Jiali* ZHOU1, Chenhao ZHANG1, Weidi SUN1, Leying HOU1, Zeyu LUO1, Bing ZHU2, Ronghua ZHANG2, Peige SONG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1*School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (310058), Zhejiang Province, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025120
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目的

归纳儿童高血压管理策略的提升路径,为中国儿童高血压管理的相关实践与政策制定提供科学参考。

方法

2024年3—4月,采用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法选取杭州市5个区的儿童健康利益相关者为研究对象,运用扎根理论对访谈资料进行分析。深入访谈阶段共纳入6名政策制定者;焦点小组访谈阶段分别对学校管理人员、医疗保健提供者和家长开展访谈,累计纳入62名对象。

结果

通过三级编码提炼出116个初始范畴(如“低龄化趋势” “行为改变困难”)、35个主范畴(如“发生率较以前更高”“由综合影响因素引起”)和12个核心范畴(如“流行状况”“影响因素”),最终构建儿童高血压认知现状、问题分析与管理策略提升路径。

结论

儿童高血压的防控需政府、学校、家庭与社会多方携手,共同构建覆盖全面的综合管理体系,并通过动态监测与评估优化政策实施效果。

高血压  /  认知  /  卫生保健提供  /  儿童
Objective

To summarize strategies for improving childhood hypertension, so as to provide evidence-based recommendations for poliy-making and practice childhood hypertension management in China.

Methods

From March to April 2024, child health stakeholders from five districts in Hangzhou were selected using a combination of stratified and convenience sampling methods. Data were analyzed using a grounded-theory approach. During the in-depth interview phase, six policymakers were interviewed. Focus group discussions were conducted with school administrators, healthcare providers, and parents, comprising a total of 62 participants.

Results

Through three-level coding, 116 initial categories were identified(e.g., "trend of younger age" "difficulty in behavior change"), 35 main categories (e.g., "higher incidence compared to the past" "caused by comprehensive influencing factors"), and 12 core categories (e.g., "epidemic status" "influencing factors"). Finally, the cognitive status, problem analysis, and management strategies of children hypertension were constructed.

Conclusion

Effective prevention and control of childhood hypertension requires coordinated efforts among governments, schools, families, and society to establish a comprehensive management system, with dynamic monitoring and evaluation to optimize policy implementation.

Hypertension  /  Cognition  /  Delivery of health care  /  Child
周佳丽, 张晨昊, 孙炜迪, 侯乐莹, 罗泽宇, 朱冰, 章荣华, 宋培歌. 儿童高血压认知现状及管理策略提升的质性研究. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (4) : 524 -527 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025120
Jiali* ZHOU, Chenhao ZHANG, Weidi SUN, Leying HOU, Zeyu LUO, Bing ZHU, Ronghua ZHANG, Peige SONG. A qualitative study on the awareness and management strategy improvement of childhood hypertension[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (4) : 524 -527 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025120
近年来,随着不健康生活方式的蔓延以及肥胖率的快速上升,我国儿童高血压患病率持续攀升[1-3]。儿童高血压通常缺乏明显临床症状,但可导致不同程度的靶器官损伤[4],并易延续至成年[5]。儿童期既是一个脆弱的生命阶段,又是塑造未来健康的关键窗口期,实施早期预防和管理对于保障儿童健康成长至关重要。然而,儿童高血压管理体系涉及多方利益相关者;为改善儿童高血压现状并将“儿童健康融入所有政策”,应综合多方利益相关者意见,推动多学科知识融合与多部门协作[6]。质性研究在深入挖掘不同主体观点与实践经验、揭示问题复杂性及探索潜在解决路径方面具有一定优势[7]。浙江省作为国家卫生健康委确定的国家健康影响评估制度建设唯一省域试点,始终坚持“儿童优先、政府主导”的基本原则[8-9]。本研究以浙江省作为案例,基于共同生产理论[10],通过深度访谈和焦点小组访谈相结合的方式,了解多元主体对儿童高血压的认知现状,深入剖析管理中面临的挑战,并归纳管理策略的提升路径。
2024年3—4月,采用分层抽样与方便抽样相结合的方法选取杭州市5个区(4个中心城区和1个郊区)的儿童健康政策制定者、学校管理者、医疗保健提供者以及监护人作为访谈对象。具体抽样方法为根据城区和郊区分层后,从各层中选择研究者易接触且符合研究目的的对象。受访者纳入标准:(1)具备语言组织与表达能力;(2)自愿参与研究;(3)可为研究主题提供丰富信息。在深入访谈阶段,研究共纳入6名来自杭州市卫生相关政府部门及疾病预防控制中心的工作人员。其中男性3名,女性3名;受访者的年龄34~55岁,均为本科及以上学历。在焦点小组访谈阶段,研究人员分别从医院、社区和学校中选取4组医疗卫生服务提供者(32人)、2组学校管理人员(16人)及2组家长(14人),共开展8次访谈。其中男性10名,女性52名;受访者的年龄21~54岁,均为高中/职校/中专及以上学历。依据信息饱和理论,当新收集信息可被现有范畴概括,且无新范畴出现时,即视为理论饱和[11]。本研究以主题充分探讨、内涵多次验证、新增数据不再提供新信息作为数据收集结束的判断标准。研究经浙江大学医学院医学伦理委员会批准(编号:第2021—029号),受访者均签署知情同意书后参与。
基于文献回顾[12-14]并结合研究目标设计访谈提纲,涵盖以下核心问题领域:儿童高血压认知水平,儿童高血压的影响因素,儿童高血压管理措施及其可行性。提纲以多元主体协作为指导,融合多方视角、促进知识共建,提纲初稿经研究小组讨论、专家咨询及预访谈优化后最终确定。根据参与者身份,调整具体问题和表达方式,确保多元主体在知识生产和意见贡献方面的平等参与。
深入访谈与焦点小组访谈作为质性研究中的重要方法,在挖掘不同主体观点与实践经验、揭示问题复杂性及探索解决路径方面具有各自的优势。深入访谈通过一对一交流获取具体而深刻的个人意见,焦点小组访谈则通过讨论促进受访者之间的观点碰撞,为研究提供多样化视角。依据访谈目的、对象和内容,本研究结合两种方法开展调查:(1)对儿童健康管理政策制定者进行面对面深入访谈,获取个性化且全面的观点,重点探讨其对现行管理决策的看法与建议;(2)对学校管理者、医疗卫生服务提供者和家长分别开展焦点小组访谈,通过小组互动深入了解“家—校—医”三方主体对儿童高血压现状与管理的认知与建议,在经验共享与观点交流中形成多元见解。每场访谈由3位研究人员组织,结束后现场总结主要观点并确认是否需补充或修改。
首先,通过“讯飞快转”软件将访谈录音转为文本,由两名研究人员进行2轮文稿校对,并梳理非语言信息和现场观察等补充内容,确保信息完整。同时对受访者的基本人口信息进行统一录入、核查和整理。采用扎根理论按照开放编码、主轴编码和选择编码3个步骤,使用NVivo 15.0软件对原始资料进行多次阅读、归纳和编码,提炼理论脉络。
见表1。
开放编码是对访谈文本逐句分析并进行概念化与范畴化的过程。本研究初步确定901条反映多元主体对儿童高血压认知现状及政策建议的初始概念。经对比提炼,最终确定116个初始范畴,主要包括“低龄化趋势”“行为改变困难”“接受对象不重视”等。
主轴编码是对初始范畴进一步归纳与整合的过程,通过分析各范畴间的内在联系提炼出主范畴。本研究从四方视角进行归纳,最终得出35个主范畴,包括“发生率较以前更高”“由综合影响因素引起”“应受重视”等。选择编码是在主轴编码的基础上,进一步合并具有关联性的编码,将分析重点逐渐聚焦于与其相关的类别,并分析其与其他类别的关系,最终形成“故事线”。围绕“儿童高血压认知现状、面临挑战以及可行管理措施”这一核心目标,本研究共归纳出12个核心范畴,包括“流行状况”“影响因素”“健康影响”等。
结合共同生产理论,融合多元主体视角,形成的故事线如下:近年来,儿童高血压的发生率显著上升,并呈现低龄化趋势,不仅对个体健康造成长期危害,也增加了家庭和社会负担;其病因复杂,涉及宏观层面的政策与社会环境、中观层面的家庭与学校因素、微观层面的个体生活习惯与生物学特征;然而,目前尚无针对儿童高血压的专项管理政策,现有干预措施也相对分散,缺乏系统性与协同性;为有效应对,需以科学证据为基础,加强健康教育和宣传,提升全社会对儿童高血压的认识与重视;同时应加大政府支持、推动多部门协作,构建覆盖全面的儿童高血压综合管理体系,并通过及时监测和评估来优化政策实施效果。
从政策制定者、学校管理者、医疗卫生服务提供者及家长四方视角来看,政策制定者与医疗卫生服务提供者对儿童高血压的认知和挑战理解较为一致。两方均认为儿童高血压近年高发且趋于低龄化,危害个体、家庭及社会,需引起重视;其影响因素涉及多系统,但当前重视不足,缺乏专项管理政策。相较之下,学校管理者与家长的理解趋同,但学校管理者提及内容更广。学校管理者认为儿童高血压不属于常见病,而家长未提及流行状况;双方均认同其多系统影响及危害,同时指出目前各部门已实施一些针对性的措施;学校管理者还强调了当前对儿童高血压重视程度的不足,而家长在讨论中未提及面临的挑战。
在管理策略方面,政策制定者和医疗卫生服务提供者的讨论较全面且趋于一致。政策制定者认为应深入了解病因,提供科学依据;两方均主张应加大政府的支持力度,定期监测儿童血压,并做好管理的后效评价工作;政策制定者还特别强调了多部门协同管理的重要性。四方主体一致认为需加大宣传教育力度,增强公众意识。具体措施上,政策制定者聚焦高危儿童的针对性管理和生活方式调整,学校管理者、医疗服务提供者和家长则更关注减轻儿童学业压力。
儿童健康是全民健康的重要基石,更是经济发展与社会文明进步的重要体现[15]。在多元主体参与儿童健康管理的过程中,儿童自身缺乏发言权,决策主要由父母、教师、医疗服务提供者和政府主导[16]。基于共同生产理论,儿童健康管理的有效实施需多元主体的共同参与,通过知识、资源和能力的共享实现高效服务资源整合,应对儿童发展阶段的复杂健康问题[8]。然而,各方权责划分往往存在并列或交叉,缺乏有效的沟通与协作机制,致使儿童健康服务体系的整合深度不足。随着不健康生活方式的普及与肥胖率的上升,儿童高血压呈现快速低龄化态势,对儿童期乃至成年期健康状况构成严峻挑战。目前,各方主体对儿童高血压的认知及态度尚不明晰,系统研究较为缺乏,未能全面揭示多元主体在认知与实践中的差异及存在的问题。鉴于此,本研究系统探究浙江省各儿童健康利益相关方对儿童高血压的认知现状与管理挑战的理解,总结优化路径,为我国儿童高血压防治政策与实践提供科学依据,助力提升儿童整体健康水平、筑牢健康中国根基。
儿童高血压的防控亟需通过加强多元主体的健康意识来促进行动转变。本研究发现,当前社会各界对儿童高血压的现状及其长期危害认识不足,导致防控行动的主动性和协同性欠缺。家长对儿童血压健康的关注较为薄弱,教育和医疗系统对早期筛查与干预的推广力度有限,政策层面对儿童高血压防治的支持力度有待加强。儿童具有较强的可塑性和模仿能力,若在此阶段未能通过养育者、教师和医生等关键主体辅助其养成健康的生活行为习惯,成年后纠正的难度将明显增大。因此,提高多元主体对儿童高血压的认知水平,是推动行为改变的首要环节,也是构建全面防控体系的关键基础。为实现从意识到行动的有效转变,需加大健康教育宣传力度,广泛普及儿童高血压的危害及防控意义,提高社会各界对儿童高血压的重视程度[17-19]。
共同生产是构建儿童高血压防控合力的关键路径,该理论强调在政府主导下,推动公共服务领域多方协同,通过提升服务质量和效率,实现公共服务的最优价值与最大增益[20]。建议加大政府支持力度,推动多部门协作,构建覆盖全面的儿童高血压综合管理体系。这一理念与国内学者提出的儿童高血压综合防控框架高度契合,该框架强调管理者、家长与儿童的紧密合作,并倡导通过建立健康教育网络、电子健康档案以及强化家庭监护责任等措施,构建全方位、多层次的防控网络[21]。同时,这也与《中国儿童发展纲要(2021—2030年)》提出的从供给和需求双向发力,统筹政府、社会与个人多方参与的新发展理念一致[15]; 《中国儿童发展纲要(2021—2030年)》明确政府在政策制定和资源投入中的优先保障责任,强调多方联动机制的重要性,并强化父母或监护人作为儿童健康第一责任人的核心地位,旨在通过政府牵头、社会广泛参与和个人履行健康责任的协同模式,将健康中国“共建共享”的基本路径落到实处。
本研究综合多元主体视角,归纳了以下具体实施建议。首先,应对高危儿童进行精准管理。例如,针对肥胖儿童实施综合干预,为高危儿童提供生活方式指导,并定期随访其血压状况,必要时提供心理支持,这一建议与既往提出的分级血压管理模式以及个性化筛查与干预的理念较为一致[22]。其次,在行为和生活方式层面,应协力帮助儿童养成健康习惯,例如保证充足的睡眠、均衡饮食和规律运动等,与相关研究团队提出的通过生活方式调整遏制高血压进展的理念相符[23]。此外,学校和家长应合理控制儿童的学业压力,教育部门则需联合学校定期开展专题活动。
后效评价在儿童高血压防控中至关重要,其核心在于通过系统化和持续性的评估,明确管理措施在实际应用中的效果和影响。定期血压筛查作为后效评价的一种重要手段,已在我国多种儿童高血压管理模式中得到广泛应用[22-23]。针对血压的管理不仅有助于改善儿童高血压的状况,还常带来额外的健康收益。例如,生活方式干预已被广泛证明可以改善肥胖儿童的体重管理和心脏代谢健康[24-27]。因此,系统探究并评估不同管理措施对儿童健康的多维提升作用,不仅能有效衡量干预效果,还有助于识别潜在的局限性与改进空间,从而为政策优化和资源配置提供科学依据。
本研究也存在一定的局限性:(1)研究仅纳入部分儿童健康利益相关者,结论可能无法反映整个群体的观点。(2)受限于调查对象的可获得性与研究条件,样本仅覆盖浙江省部分地区,普适性或存在局限;然而,浙江省在儿童健康管理服务体系、政策支持及服务创新方面处于前列,结果可为其他省份或地市提供参考。(3)样本中女性比例较高,可能引发性别视角偏差,需在结果解读时加以关注。(4)研究通过质性研究方法归纳出儿童高血压认知现状、问题分析与管理策略的优化路径,未来可通过定量研究进一步予以验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(72104211)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025120
  • 接收时间:2025-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-14
  • 修回日期:2025-03-07
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(72104211)
作者信息
    1浙江大学公共卫生学院,杭州 310058
    2浙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所

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宋培歌,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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