Article(id=1325502204811018759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501865651216714, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739030400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-09, revisedDate=1741795200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953952266, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953952266, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953952266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953952266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501865651216714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='457', pageEnd='572 578', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953871404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953871404, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=457, endPage=459, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502207344378378, articleId=1325502204811018759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Focus on obesity in children and adolescents and build a comprehensive public health prevention and control system, columnId=1325500683172065622, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Editorial, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, China has witnessed a trend of earlier onset and wider prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Obesity not only elevates the risk of chronic diseases but also adversely impacts mental health and social adaptability in the population. The study analyzes the combined effects of genetic, behavioral, social, and environmental factors on obesity in childhren and adolescents, and proposes a three-tier public health intervention framework:primary prevention targeting risk factor control, secondary prevention with early intervention for at-risk groups, and tertiary prevention employing comprehensive clinical management for severe cases. Guided by the social-ecological model, the authors emphasize a "five-in-one" collaborative approach involving individuals, families, schools, healthcare institutions, as well as communities. Multisectoral cooperation is critical to promoting healthy diets, physical activity, and ultimately curbing the rising trend of obesity in childhren and adolescents to safeguard physical and mental well-being.

, authors=Qian ZHANG, Qian GAN, authorsList=Qian ZHANG, Qian GAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502210624324109, articleId=1325502204811018759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=聚焦儿童青少年肥胖构建公共卫生综合防控体系, columnId=1325500684380025177, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来中国儿童青少年肥胖呈低龄化和广泛化趋势。肥胖不仅会增加慢性病风险, 还会影响儿童青少年心理健康和社会适应能力。研究分析了遗传、行为、社会和环境等因素对儿童青少年肥胖的综合作用, 提出了构建公共卫生三级预防干预体系的策略, 包括一级预防控制危险因素、二级预防早期干预、三级预防综合治疗, 同时基于社会生态学模型, 强调个体、家庭、学校、专业机构和社区"五位一体"协作模式的重要性。通过多方协作, 推动平衡膳食和积极运动的普及, 有效遏制儿童青少年肥胖的上升趋势, 保障其身心健康。

, authors=张倩, 甘倩, authorsList=张倩, 甘倩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张倩(1972-),女,山东省人,博士,研究员,主要从事学生营养与健康工作

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聚焦儿童青少年肥胖构建公共卫生综合防控体系
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张倩 , 甘倩
中国学校卫生 | 述评 2025,46(4): 457-459
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中国学校卫生 |述评 2025 , 46 (4) : 457 -459
聚焦儿童青少年肥胖构建公共卫生综合防控体系
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张倩, 甘倩
作者信息
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委员会公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050
作者简介:

张倩(1972-),女,山东省人,博士,研究员,主要从事学生营养与健康工作

Focus on obesity in children and adolescents and build a comprehensive public health prevention and control system
Qian ZHANG, Qian GAN
Affiliations
  • National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Key Laboratory of Public Nutrition and Health, National Health Commission, Beijing(100050), China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025118
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近年来中国儿童青少年肥胖呈低龄化和广泛化趋势。肥胖不仅会增加慢性病风险, 还会影响儿童青少年心理健康和社会适应能力。研究分析了遗传、行为、社会和环境等因素对儿童青少年肥胖的综合作用, 提出了构建公共卫生三级预防干预体系的策略, 包括一级预防控制危险因素、二级预防早期干预、三级预防综合治疗, 同时基于社会生态学模型, 强调个体、家庭、学校、专业机构和社区"五位一体"协作模式的重要性。通过多方协作, 推动平衡膳食和积极运动的普及, 有效遏制儿童青少年肥胖的上升趋势, 保障其身心健康。

超重  /  肥胖症  /  公共卫生  /  儿童  /  青少年

In recent years, China has witnessed a trend of earlier onset and wider prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Obesity not only elevates the risk of chronic diseases but also adversely impacts mental health and social adaptability in the population. The study analyzes the combined effects of genetic, behavioral, social, and environmental factors on obesity in childhren and adolescents, and proposes a three-tier public health intervention framework:primary prevention targeting risk factor control, secondary prevention with early intervention for at-risk groups, and tertiary prevention employing comprehensive clinical management for severe cases. Guided by the social-ecological model, the authors emphasize a "five-in-one" collaborative approach involving individuals, families, schools, healthcare institutions, as well as communities. Multisectoral cooperation is critical to promoting healthy diets, physical activity, and ultimately curbing the rising trend of obesity in childhren and adolescents to safeguard physical and mental well-being.

Overweight  /  Obesity  /  Public health  /  Child  /  Adolescent
张倩, 甘倩. 聚焦儿童青少年肥胖构建公共卫生综合防控体系. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (4) : 457 -459 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025118
Qian ZHANG, Qian GAN. Focus on obesity in children and adolescents and build a comprehensive public health prevention and control system[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (4) : 457 -459 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025118
近年来,我国儿童青少年超重肥胖问题日益凸显,已成为影响他们健康的重要公共卫生问题。据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2020年)》及多项近期研究[1-2]显示,我国儿童青少年肥胖率已从2002年的2.1%逐步增长到了2022年的13.0%,低龄化、广泛化趋势明显。肥胖不仅增加了心血管疾病、糖尿病等慢性病的风险,还会对儿童青少年的心理健康、社会适应能力及生活质量造成不良影响[3]。当前,肥胖防控仍是许多国家的重要公共卫生政策,世界卫生组织也将“儿童青少年超重率不再升高”作为2025年的全球营养目标之一[4]。我国政府高度重视儿童青少年肥胖防控工作,陆续出台了多项政策措施。其中,《国民营养计划(2017—2030)》[5]《中国儿童发展纲要(2021—2030)》[6]均将“儿童超重、肥胖上升趋势减缓”作为我国儿童肥胖防控目标。为实现该目标,控制儿童青少年肥胖增长,需要从公共卫生维度构建三级防控体系,聚焦儿童青少年肥胖影响因素,针对不同程度肥胖的儿童青少年实施科学、系统地综合防控措施,有效预防和控制肥胖的发生发展,保障学生的身心健康。
遗传因素是肥胖发生的主要因素之一。目前全基因组关联研究已确定至少1 100多个肥胖易感基因位点,其中最常见的有瘦素、瘦素受体及黑素皮质素受体基因[7]。虽然遗传在肥胖的发病中扮演着重要角色,但并非唯一决定因素,可能通过影响个体的代谢率、食欲调节、能量消耗等方面,增加肥胖的风险[8]。肥胖相关的基因发生变异可影响调节食欲和饱腹感的神经回路、胰岛素分泌和作用、脂肪细胞的分化和脂质代谢等多个环节[9]。
不良的饮食习惯和身体活动不足是导致儿童青少年肥胖的主要行为因素,现代食物环境、电子产品的使用等带来的生活方式变革改变了儿童青少年的饮食行为和就餐习惯。研究表明,规律就餐、专注就餐、吃好早餐、食物多样化的儿童青少年肥胖发病风险较低,而经常食用快餐、喝含糖饮料的儿童发生肥胖的风险则较高[10]。同时,缺乏规律的身体活动、长时间使用电子设备和久坐行为也会加剧儿童青少年超重肥胖发生的风险[11-12]。
现今,社会文化、教育政策、家庭环境等社会环境因素深刻影响着儿童青少年肥胖的发生和发展。随着城市化进程的加快、信息化的普及、食物供应链的发展,人们参与体力活动的机会相应减少,对食物的选择更加多样、可及性更高。其中,家庭食物环境,如家庭食物的可及性、家庭共餐情况、家庭成员的营养素养等深刻影响着儿童青少年的膳食摄入水平和能量平衡[13-14];不健康食品的营销与推广在一定程度上也增加了儿童青少年超重肥胖的风险,如含糖饮料和面向儿童青少年的不健康食品的广告,高油高盐高糖的预包装食品缺乏营养警示标签,反式脂肪、添加糖的使用未受限制等[15-18],对儿童青少年食物的选择产生影响。学校体育课时不足、学校和社区运动设施不完善、交通方式的便利化、电子屏幕使用导致的社会时差增大等因素,均促进了儿童青少年久坐行为和体力活动的减少[19-22]。
聚焦上述影响因素,将促进心理健康、生活方式管理、支持环境营造等多个维度纳入肥胖防控范畴,形成综合干预模式,与促进平衡膳食和身体活动结合,构建符合我国国情的中小学生超重肥胖的三级防控体系,能全方位、全周期、全链条把控肥胖发生发展的各个环节,体现分层分类管理的理念,是综合防控儿童青少年超重肥胖、促进其全面发展的关键。
在超重肥胖发生前控制危险因素、提升保护水平,预防儿童青少年超重肥胖。通过风险因素评估,了解个体和群体发生超重肥胖的风险,早期识别高危个体。同时开展促进健康饮食和保证身体活动为主的生活方式管理。家庭和学校要提供种类多样、搭配合理的食物,多提供蔬菜水果、奶类、全谷物和杂豆等健康食品,减少高盐、高糖、高脂食物的摄入。学校应开展营养健康教育,保障学生体育课时和保证充足的户外活动时间。政府、专业机构要组织编制、开发适合不同年龄段儿童青少年的防控宣传教育材料,利用多种平台传播防控知识和技能,提高儿童青少年和家长的健康素养[23]。
主要针对已经出现超重或肥胖的儿童青少年,通过定期筛查和早期干预,控制其发展,预防相关疾病。中小学校结合学生健康体检等工作,开展超重肥胖监测,建立学生健康档案。各级疾病预防控制部门根据筛查和评估结果,评估当地中小学生超重肥胖的流行状况,对高危儿童进行预警,并指导学校家长定期监测学生体重变化。同时对个体开展针对性干预,采取限制能量摄入、优化饮食结构、加强身体活动、养成健康行为习惯等措施,控制超重肥胖发展程度[23]。
针对严重肥胖及伴有临床危险因素的儿童青少年,开展包括医疗卫生、膳食、运动、心理和行为矫正等多个方面的联合干预。通过多学科协作,提供综合性的干预方案,降低肥胖及相关疾病的发展程度[23]。
基于社会生态学模型,儿童青少年肥胖的防控需要从个体、家庭、学校、专业机构及社区等多个层面综合施策,“五位一体”协作模式是推动儿童青少年超重肥胖防控工作的重要保障。
个体是防控肥胖的基础单元。可通过健康教育提高儿童青少年的健康意识和自我管理能力,保持平衡膳食、积极身体活动。引导儿童青少年形成健康饮食行为、规律运动习惯、减少久坐和视屏。同时,鼓励儿童青少年参与肥胖风险评估,及时了解自身肥胖风险,并采取相应的干预措施。
家庭是儿童青少年生活的基本场所,对其健康有深远影响。家长应树立正确的健康观念,为孩子提供健康、均衡的食物,减少高盐、高糖、高脂食物的供应,增加蔬菜水果、全谷物、奶及奶制品等食品的比例。同时,家长应鼓励并陪伴孩子参与身体活动,培养运动爱好和习惯,减少久坐和视屏时间,共同营造良好的家庭氛围。
学校是儿童青少年学习和生活的重要场所,也是防控肥胖的关键环节。学校应开设营养健康教育课程,将肥胖防控知识纳入教学内容,提高儿童营养健康素养。同时,学校应确保儿童每天有足够的体育活动时间和运动强度,鼓励开设多样化的体育课程和课外体育活动,如跑步、打球、健身操等,促进儿童身体活动日常化。此外,学校还应加强对学校食堂、小卖部和自动售卖机的管理,提供健康、营养的学生餐,避免提供高盐、高糖、高脂食品。
专业机构在超重肥胖防控中发挥着重要作用。各级疾病预防控制机构、医疗卫生机构和教育部门应密切合作,开展中小学生超重肥胖监测和评估工作,建立学生健康档案,及时发现并干预肥胖儿童。同时,提供科学的肥胖防控指导和技术支持,如制定个性化干预方案、提供健康咨询和诊疗服务等。
社区是儿童青少年生活的重要区域,也是防控肥胖的重要场所。社区可以营造健康的生活环境,加强体育设施建设,提供便捷、安全的运动场所。同时,社区应组织丰富多彩的体育活动和健康讲座,吸引儿童青少年参与,提高他们的身体素质和健康素养。此外,社区还要加强健康宣传教育,提高居民的健康意识和肥胖防控能力。
综上,构建公共卫生三级防控体系和“五位一体”协作模式能够全方位、全周期地防控儿童青少年肥胖的发生和发展。建议政府部门继续加强政策支持,完善相关法律法规,推广平衡膳食和积极身体活动,加强高盐、高糖、高脂食品的营销管理。推动多部门合作,营造健康的饮食和运动环境,保证儿童青少年肥胖防控措施的有效实施,促进儿童青少年健康成长。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFC2701900)
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国家疾病预防控制局综合司, 中华人民共和国教育部办公厅, 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会, 等.关于印发中小学生超重肥胖公共卫生综合防控技术导则的通定[EB/OL]. (2024-07-12)[2025-02-09].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/content_6963977.htm.
2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025118
  • 接收时间:2025-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-09
  • 修回日期:2025-03-13
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFC2701900)
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    中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所/国家卫生健康委员会公共营养与健康重点实验室,北京 100050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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