Article(id=1325502102008640464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501865651216714, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=1733932800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953927757, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1745510400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953927757, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953927757, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953927757, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501865651216714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='457', pageEnd='572 578', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1745510400000', pubDateStr='2025-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953871404, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953871404, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=489, endPage=493, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502102453236689, articleId=1325502102008640464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Correlation between the health literacy of reducing salt, oil and sugar on overweight and obesity among fourth-grade elementary school students and their parents, columnId=1325501866582352204, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Column on the prevention and control of obesity in children and adolescents, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To analyze the effects of health literacy on overweight and obesity among primary school students and their parents in terms of salt, oil and sugar reduction (referred to as the "three reductions"), so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of obesity control measures.

Methods

From March to April 2024, a total of 1 022 fourth-grade primary school students and 913 parents were surveyed in 24 classes in six counties in Shandong Province using multistage cluster random sampling, and physical measurements of primary school students were conducted. Pearson's correlation analysis and ordered multivariate Logistic regression were used to investigate the associations between health literacy of primary school students and their parents with overweight and obesity among children.

Results

The detection rates of overweight and obesity primary school students in Shandong Province were 14.87% and 24.66%, respectively, with significant sex difference in obesity rate (29.46% for boys and 19.76% for girls) (χ2=12.93, P<0.01). In addition to students' reducing oil scores, parental reducing salt, reducing oil, reducing sugar, comprehensive health literacy scores and students' reducing salt, reducing sugar and comprehensive health literacy scores showed a negative relationship with students' overweight and obesity (r=-0.10, -0.08, -0.07, -0.10, -0.04, -0.07, -0.03, P<0.05). The overweight and obesity rates among primary school students with high parental reducing salt, reducing oil, reducing sugar and composite health literacy scores were lower (OR=0.69, 0.69, 0.71, 0.63, P<0.05); and the overweight and obesity rate among students with high parental and low parental and high and low parental health literacy scores were lower (OR=0.68, 0.57, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Improving health literacy regarding "three reductions" for parents and children, especially parents, can effectively reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity.

, authors=Ying HAO1, Danru LIU2, Xianxian CHEN2, Jie REN2, Cong XU2, Fengjun DU3, Xiaolei GUO2, Jing DONG*, 2, Jixiang MA*, 4, authorsList=Ying HAO, Danru LIU, Xianxian CHEN, Jie REN, Cong XU, Fengjun DU, Xiaolei GUO, Jing DONG, Jixiang MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing DONG, Jixiang MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502103241765842, articleId=1325502102008640464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=四年级小学生及其父母减盐减油减糖健康素养与学生超重肥胖的关联, columnId=1325501866821427534, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=儿童青少年肥胖防控专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

分析小学生及其父母减盐、减油、减糖(简称"三减")健康素养对学生超重、肥胖的影响, 为制定肥胖控制措施提供参考依据。

方法

2024年3—4月, 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法, 在山东省选取6个县24个班级, 共对1 022名四年级小学生和913名学生家长开展问卷调查, 同时对小学生进行体格测量。采用Pearson相关性分析、有序多分类Logistic回归探讨小学生及其父母"三减"健康素养与学生超重、肥胖之间的关联性。

结果

山东省小学生超重检出率为14.87%, 肥胖检出率为24.66%, 男、女生肥胖检出率(29.46%, 19.76%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.93, P<0.01)。除学生减油健康素养得分外, 家长减盐、减油、减糖、综合得分及学生减盐、减糖、综合得分健康素养均与学生超重肥胖呈现负相关关系(r值分别为-0.10, -0.08, -0.07, -0.10, -0.04, -0.07, -0.03, P值均<0.05)。家长减盐、减油、减糖以及综合健康素养得分高的小学生超重肥胖率较低(OR值分别为0.69, 0.69, 0.71, 0.63, P值均<0.05);家长健康素养得分处于高水平时, 学生健康素养处于高、低水平者超重肥胖检出均较低(OR值分别为0.68, 0.57, P值均<0.05)。

结论

提高父母及儿童的"三减"健康素养, 尤其提高家长健康素养有利于降低儿童超重肥胖发生率。

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郝颖(2000-), 女, 山东济南人, 在读硕士, 主要研究方向为慢性病预防与控制

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董静,E-mail:
马吉祥,E-mail:
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Comparison of overweight and obesity detection rates among different groups of primary school students

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数超重肥胖超重肥胖
检出人数χ2值P值检出人数χ2值P值检出人数χ2值P值
性别男51680(15.50)0.330.57152(29.46)12.93<0.01232(44.96)12.27<0.01
女50672(14.23)100(19.76)172(34.25)
是否有意愿选择含盐/钠少的食物是61592(14.96)0.010.92138(22.44)4.090.04230(37.40)2.940.09
否/不知道40760(14.74)114(28.01)174(42.75)
购买加工食品时是否关注过食品的盐/钠含量是60488(14.57)0.110.74140(23.18)1.740.19228(37.75)1.960.16
否/不知道41864(15.31))112(26.79)176(42.11
是否要求餐馆少放盐是48772(14.78)0.010.94101(20.74)7.690.01173(35.52)6.250.01
否/不知道53580(14.95)151(28.22)231(43.18)
购买包装食品时是否关注营养成分表中的脂肪含量是696110(15.80)1.500.22165(23.71)1.060.30275(39.51)0.000.99
否/不知道32642(12.88)87(26.69)129(39.57)
是否要求餐馆少放油是45469(15.20)0.070.79105(23.13)1.030.31174(38.33)0.500.48
否/不知道56883(14.61)147(25.88)230(40.49)
每周喝果汁、碳酸饮料频次032552(16.00)3.920.2767(20.62)7.320.06119(36.62)5.520.14
1~259279(13.34)160(27.03)239(40.37)
3~46512(18.46)12(18.46)24(36.92)
>5409(22.50)13(32.50)22(55.00)
每周吃甜食或零食的频次023742(17.72)4.130.2556(23.63)1.150.7698(41.35)4.000.26
1~263884(13.17)156(24.45)240(37.62)
3~410820(18.52)31(28.70)51(47.22)
>5396(15.38)9(23.08)15(38.46)
是否购买过无糖饮料是754117(15.52)0.940.33176(23.34)2.680.10293(38.86)0.540.46
否/不知道26835(13.06)76(28.26)111(41.42)
学生减盐健康素养得分高36658(15.85)0.440.5183(22.68)2.050.15141(38.52)0.6210.43
低54778(14.26)147(26.87)225(41.13)
学生减油健康素养得分高39460(15.23)0.060.81106(26.90)1.0780.30166(42.13)1.210.27
低51976(14.64)124(23.89)200(38.54)
学生减糖健康素养得分高36963(17.07)2.320.1381(21.95)3.450.06144(39.02)0.290.59
低54473(13.42)149(27.39)222(40.81)
学生综合健康素养得分高46171(15.40)0.190.67115(24.95)0.030.86186(40.35)0.030.87
低45265(14.38)115(25.44)180(39.82)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502114650271767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502102008640464, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别小学生超重肥胖检出率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数超重肥胖超重肥胖
检出人数χ2值P值检出人数χ2值P值检出人数χ2值P值
性别男51680(15.50)0.330.57152(29.46)12.93<0.01232(44.96)12.27<0.01
女50672(14.23)100(19.76)172(34.25)
是否有意愿选择含盐/钠少的食物是61592(14.96)0.010.92138(22.44)4.090.04230(37.40)2.940.09
否/不知道40760(14.74)114(28.01)174(42.75)
购买加工食品时是否关注过食品的盐/钠含量是60488(14.57)0.110.74140(23.18)1.740.19228(37.75)1.960.16
否/不知道41864(15.31))112(26.79)176(42.11
是否要求餐馆少放盐是48772(14.78)0.010.94101(20.74)7.690.01173(35.52)6.250.01
否/不知道53580(14.95)151(28.22)231(43.18)
购买包装食品时是否关注营养成分表中的脂肪含量是696110(15.80)1.500.22165(23.71)1.060.30275(39.51)0.000.99
否/不知道32642(12.88)87(26.69)129(39.57)
是否要求餐馆少放油是45469(15.20)0.070.79105(23.13)1.030.31174(38.33)0.500.48
否/不知道56883(14.61)147(25.88)230(40.49)
每周喝果汁、碳酸饮料频次032552(16.00)3.920.2767(20.62)7.320.06119(36.62)5.520.14
1~259279(13.34)160(27.03)239(40.37)
3~46512(18.46)12(18.46)24(36.92)
>5409(22.50)13(32.50)22(55.00)
每周吃甜食或零食的频次023742(17.72)4.130.2556(23.63)1.150.7698(41.35)4.000.26
1~263884(13.17)156(24.45)240(37.62)
3~410820(18.52)31(28.70)51(47.22)
>5396(15.38)9(23.08)15(38.46)
是否购买过无糖饮料是754117(15.52)0.940.33176(23.34)2.680.10293(38.86)0.540.46
否/不知道26835(13.06)76(28.26)111(41.42)
学生减盐健康素养得分高36658(15.85)0.440.5183(22.68)2.050.15141(38.52)0.6210.43
低54778(14.26)147(26.87)225(41.13)
学生减油健康素养得分高39460(15.23)0.060.81106(26.90)1.0780.30166(42.13)1.210.27
低51976(14.64)124(23.89)200(38.54)
学生减糖健康素养得分高36963(17.07)2.320.1381(21.95)3.450.06144(39.02)0.290.59
低54473(13.42)149(27.39)222(40.81)
学生综合健康素养得分高46171(15.40)0.190.67115(24.95)0.030.86186(40.35)0.030.87
低45265(14.38)115(25.44)180(39.82)
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Ordered multicategorical Logistic regression analysis of overweight and obesity in primary school students and the Three-Reduced health literacy of students and parents(n=913)

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问卷健康素养β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
学生减盐-0.010.060.060.99(0.88~1.11)0.81
减油0.110.072.601.11(0.98~1.26)0.11
减糖-0.110.054.730.90(0.82~0.99)0.03
综合-0.020.020.990.99(0.96~1.01)0.32
家长减盐-0.100.047.670.91(0.84~0.97)0.01
减油-0.160.075.780.85(0.75~0.97)0.02
减糖-0.080.053.070.92(0.84~1.01)0.08
综合-0.060.028.740.94(0.91~0.98)<0.01
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小学生超重肥胖与学生和家长“三减”健康素养有序多分类Logistic回归分析(n=913)

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问卷健康素养β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
学生减盐-0.010.060.060.99(0.88~1.11)0.81
减油0.110.072.601.11(0.98~1.26)0.11
减糖-0.110.054.730.90(0.82~0.99)0.03
综合-0.020.020.990.99(0.96~1.01)0.32
家长减盐-0.100.047.670.91(0.84~0.97)0.01
减油-0.160.075.780.85(0.75~0.97)0.02
减糖-0.080.053.070.92(0.84~1.01)0.08
综合-0.060.028.740.94(0.91~0.98)<0.01
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Association between Three-Reduced health literacy categorical variables of parents and students and overweight and obesity(n=913)

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问卷健康素养β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
学生减盐-0.110.140.650.90(0.69~1.17)0.42
减油0.200.132.151.22(0.94~1.58)0.14
减糖-0.110.140.610.90(0.69~1.17)0.43
综合0.040.130.081.04(0.80~1.34)0.78
家长减盐-0.370.146.530.69(0.52~0.92)0.01
减油-0.370.147.600.69(0.53~0.90)0.01
减糖-0.350.155.410.71(0.53~0.95)0.02
综合-0.460.1411.260.63(0.48~0.83)<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325502114977427483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502102008640464, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

家长和学生“三减”健康素养分类变量与学生超重肥胖的关联(n=913)

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问卷健康素养β值标准误Wald χ2值OR值(95%CI)P值
学生减盐-0.110.140.650.90(0.69~1.17)0.42
减油0.200.132.151.22(0.94~1.58)0.14
减糖-0.110.140.610.90(0.69~1.17)0.43
综合0.040.130.081.04(0.80~1.34)0.78
家长减盐-0.370.146.530.69(0.52~0.92)0.01
减油-0.370.147.600.69(0.53~0.90)0.01
减糖-0.350.155.410.71(0.53~0.95)0.02
综合-0.460.1411.260.63(0.48~0.83)<0.01
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四年级小学生及其父母减盐减油减糖健康素养与学生超重肥胖的关联
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郝颖 1 , 刘丹茹 2 , 陈先献 2 , 任杰 2 , 徐聪 2 , 杜凤军 3 , 郭晓雷 2 , 董静 *, 2 , 马吉祥 *, 4
中国学校卫生 | 儿童青少年肥胖防控专栏 2025,46(4): 489-493
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中国学校卫生 |儿童青少年肥胖防控专栏 2025 , 46 (4) : 489 -493
四年级小学生及其父母减盐减油减糖健康素养与学生超重肥胖的关联
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郝颖1, 刘丹茹2, 陈先献2, 任杰2, 徐聪2, 杜凤军3, 郭晓雷2, 董静*, 2 , 马吉祥*, 4
作者信息
  • 1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)公共卫生与健康管理学院, 济南 250117
  • 2山东省疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病防制所
  • 3山东大学公共卫生学院
  • 4山东省慢性病医院
通讯作者:
董静,E-mail:
马吉祥,E-mail:
作者简介:

郝颖(2000-), 女, 山东济南人, 在读硕士, 主要研究方向为慢性病预防与控制

Correlation between the health literacy of reducing salt, oil and sugar on overweight and obesity among fourth-grade elementary school students and their parents
Ying HAO1, Danru LIU2, Xianxian CHEN2, Jie REN2, Cong XU2, Fengjun DU3, Xiaolei GUO2, Jing DONG*, 2 , Jixiang MA*, 4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan(250117), Shandong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-04-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025095
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目的

分析小学生及其父母减盐、减油、减糖(简称"三减")健康素养对学生超重、肥胖的影响, 为制定肥胖控制措施提供参考依据。

方法

2024年3—4月, 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法, 在山东省选取6个县24个班级, 共对1 022名四年级小学生和913名学生家长开展问卷调查, 同时对小学生进行体格测量。采用Pearson相关性分析、有序多分类Logistic回归探讨小学生及其父母"三减"健康素养与学生超重、肥胖之间的关联性。

结果

山东省小学生超重检出率为14.87%, 肥胖检出率为24.66%, 男、女生肥胖检出率(29.46%, 19.76%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.93, P<0.01)。除学生减油健康素养得分外, 家长减盐、减油、减糖、综合得分及学生减盐、减糖、综合得分健康素养均与学生超重肥胖呈现负相关关系(r值分别为-0.10, -0.08, -0.07, -0.10, -0.04, -0.07, -0.03, P值均<0.05)。家长减盐、减油、减糖以及综合健康素养得分高的小学生超重肥胖率较低(OR值分别为0.69, 0.69, 0.71, 0.63, P值均<0.05);家长健康素养得分处于高水平时, 学生健康素养处于高、低水平者超重肥胖检出均较低(OR值分别为0.68, 0.57, P值均<0.05)。

结论

提高父母及儿童的"三减"健康素养, 尤其提高家长健康素养有利于降低儿童超重肥胖发生率。

健康教育  /  超重  /  肥胖症  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To analyze the effects of health literacy on overweight and obesity among primary school students and their parents in terms of salt, oil and sugar reduction (referred to as the "three reductions"), so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of obesity control measures.

Methods

From March to April 2024, a total of 1 022 fourth-grade primary school students and 913 parents were surveyed in 24 classes in six counties in Shandong Province using multistage cluster random sampling, and physical measurements of primary school students were conducted. Pearson's correlation analysis and ordered multivariate Logistic regression were used to investigate the associations between health literacy of primary school students and their parents with overweight and obesity among children.

Results

The detection rates of overweight and obesity primary school students in Shandong Province were 14.87% and 24.66%, respectively, with significant sex difference in obesity rate (29.46% for boys and 19.76% for girls) (χ2=12.93, P<0.01). In addition to students' reducing oil scores, parental reducing salt, reducing oil, reducing sugar, comprehensive health literacy scores and students' reducing salt, reducing sugar and comprehensive health literacy scores showed a negative relationship with students' overweight and obesity (r=-0.10, -0.08, -0.07, -0.10, -0.04, -0.07, -0.03, P<0.05). The overweight and obesity rates among primary school students with high parental reducing salt, reducing oil, reducing sugar and composite health literacy scores were lower (OR=0.69, 0.69, 0.71, 0.63, P<0.05); and the overweight and obesity rate among students with high parental and low parental and high and low parental health literacy scores were lower (OR=0.68, 0.57, P<0.05).

Conclusion

Improving health literacy regarding "three reductions" for parents and children, especially parents, can effectively reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity.

Health education  /  Overweight  /  Obesity  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
郝颖, 刘丹茹, 陈先献, 任杰, 徐聪, 杜凤军, 郭晓雷, 董静, 马吉祥. 四年级小学生及其父母减盐减油减糖健康素养与学生超重肥胖的关联. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (4) : 489 -493 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025095
Ying HAO, Danru LIU, Xianxian CHEN, Jie REN, Cong XU, Fengjun DU, Xiaolei GUO, Jing DONG, Jixiang MA. Correlation between the health literacy of reducing salt, oil and sugar on overweight and obesity among fourth-grade elementary school students and their parents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (4) : 489 -493 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025095
随着经济发展及生活方式的变化,超重、肥胖已成为影响儿童青少年健康的重要公共卫生问题,同时儿童时期的超重与肥胖不仅直接关系到成年后的健康状态[1],还显著增加罹患高血压、糖尿病等多种慢性疾病的风险[2-3],因此,对儿童青少年超重与肥胖问题的监测与干预至关重要。前期研究发现,儿童营养素养得分与体质健康呈正相关[4],即儿童营养素养越高,做出正确营养相关决策的能力也越强,体质健康状况也越好,进而可降低超重肥胖的发生风险。同样,有研究证实,父母受教育程度和认知水平也可影响子女的健康[5]。本研究通过多阶段整群随机抽样方法调查山东省四年级小学生超重肥胖发生率、小学生及其父母“三减”健康素养情况,并分析学生和家长“三减”健康素养得分及联合作用与小学生超重肥胖的关系,为制定儿童青少年超重肥胖干预措施提供理论依据。
于2024年3—4月采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,在山东省随机选取6个县(市、区),每个县(市、区)选取2所小学,每所小学采用抽签法抽取四年级2个班级,共24个班级,将班级内全体学生及其家长作为调查对象,共计1 058名学生及1 058名家长,剔除明显逻辑错误等异常问卷后,最终收回学生有效问卷1 022份,有效率为96.6%,其中男生516名,女生506名;家长有效问卷913份,有效率为86.3%。在调查前研究对象统一签署知情同意书,自愿参与调查,研究已通过山东省疾病预防控制中心医学伦理委员会审查[伦理审查号:SDJK(K)2024-005-01]。
严格按照《学生健康检查技术规范》(GB/T 26343—2010)[6],由疾病预防控制中心从事学校保健工作1年以上、有医师执业证书的专业人员经过统一培训后,对学生进行体格测量,身高测量采用机械式身高计(0.1 cm),体重测量采用便携式体重秤(0.1 kg),测量前进行仪器校正。
问卷在专家评估、参考相关文献[7-8]的基础上设计完成,包括家长问卷和学生问卷,2个问卷均包括一般人口学特征、盐油糖与健康相关知识、态度和行为(knowledge, attitude, practice, KAP),但KAP问题略有不同。问卷均以自填的方式开展调查,家长问卷通过问卷星进行收集;学生问卷由教师收集纸质版后,统一录入问卷星。
超重肥胖按照《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)[9]进行判定,体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2,BMI大于等于标准中相应性别、年龄组“超重”界值点且小于“肥胖”界值点者判定为超重;BMI大于等于标准中相应性别、年龄组“肥胖”界值点者判定为肥胖。
通过三减KAP问卷得分进行衡量,匹配学生和家长问卷后进行赋分,盐、油、糖知识和行为题目答对得1分,答错或不知道得0分,分数越高代表“三减”健康素养越高。分别累加分数得到盐、油、糖得分,再相加得到综合得分。盐、油、糖以及综合得分正确率超过60%者视为高分组[10],否则视为低分组。
调查前统一培训调查人员,通过现场模拟和实操考核评估培训效果,确保每位调查员熟练掌握调查流程。问卷采集后,每个调查员均需审核调查问卷的完整性以及错填漏填情况,发现问题及时核实、补填,确保问卷质量。
采用SPSS 18.0统计软件分析数据,描述性分析时计量资料满足正态分布的采用均数±标准差表示,不满足正态分布采用中位数和四分位间距表示;计数资料采用频数和频率进行描述,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Spearman相关对健康素养不同得分与学生超重肥胖进行相关性分析。学生及家长“三减”健康素养分别以连续性变量和分类变量作为自变量,以学生不同体重状况(0=非超重肥胖,1=超重,2=肥胖)为因变量,校正性别因素后,利用有序Logistic回归分析学生及家长“三减”健康素养以及二者的联合作用与学生超重肥胖的关联。所有统计检验均为双侧检验,P<0.05为有统计学意义。
小学生超重检出率为14.87%(152/1 022),其中男生为15.50%(80/516),女生为14.23%(72/506);肥胖检出率为24.66%(252/1 022),其中男生为29.46%(152/516),女生为19.76%(100/506)。被试学生中有意愿选择含盐/钠少的食物、在外就餐时要求餐馆少放盐的肥胖率较低,组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表1。
学生超重肥胖与家长减盐、减油、减糖及综合健康素养得分,学生减盐、减糖及综合健康素养得分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.10,-0.08,-0.07,-0.10,-0.04,-0.07,-0.03,P值均<0.05)。
有序多分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,学生糖得分、家长盐得分、家长油得分以及家长综合得分与学生肥胖呈负相关(P值均<0.05)。见表2。
将健康素养得分作为分类变量纳入模型(0=低分组,1=高分组),结果显示,家长盐、油、糖以及综合得分高的学生超重肥胖发生风险较低(P值均<0.05)。见表3。将学生综合得分和家长综合得分进行组合(0=学生低得分家长低得分、1=学生低得分家长高得分、2=学生高得分家长低得分、3=学生高得分家长高得分),结果显示,学生高得分家长高得分[OR值(95%CI)=0.68(0.48~0.96)]、学生低得分家长高得分[OR值(95%CI)=0.57(0.39~0.83)]的学生超重肥胖发生风险较低(P值均<0.05)。
在本研究中,山东省四年级小学生超重检出率为14.87%,肥胖检出率为24.66%,明显高于2020年我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖率(11.1%,7.9%)[11]。以往研究显示,2014—2017年间山东省6~12岁儿童超重率在16%~17%间波动,肥胖检出率从14.84%增长到17.81%[12];2018年泰安市区6~18岁中小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别为14.92%,16.60%[13];2014—2018年奎文区少年儿童年均超重率为15.19%,年均肥胖率为16.20%[14]。与山东省内其他研究相比,儿童超重率基本相当,但肥胖率明显上升,提示山东省儿童肥胖率呈现上升趋势,与全国范围内肥胖流行趋势一致[15]。《中国儿童肥胖报告》[16]指出,基于目前的增长趋势,如果不采取有效措施,到2030年,我国7岁及以上学龄儿童超重及肥胖检出率将达28.0%,数量将达4 948万,因此强化儿童肥胖的管理和控制尤为重要。
前期研究发现,学生营养知识和健康行为是超重肥胖的重要保护因素[17],与本研究中学生减糖健康素养得分与肥胖显著相关结果一致,但是未发现学生减盐健康素养得分、减油健康素养得分与学生超重肥胖的关联。提示影响学生肥胖主要是糖的相关知信行,可能是因为盐及油的摄入更多来源于膳食[18-19],大多由家长控制,而糖的摄入主要来源于零食及含糖饮料,学生可用零花钱自行购买。有研究显示,含糖饮料相关问题的危险分数越高,学生含糖饮料的消费频率也越高[20],危险分数在一定程度上反映了学生的健康素养。另一项研究显示,健康素养每增加1分,含糖饮料摄入就会减少34 kcal/d(1 kcal=4.18 kJ)[21]。但目前在小学生中普遍存在含糖饮料相关知识知晓率低、饮用频率高的问题[22],提示应该加强学生“三减”健康素养,特别是糖相关知识、态度、行为的教育。
研究发现,父母的减盐减油减糖健康素养均与学生超重肥胖相关,进一步论证了儿童青少年时期的超重肥胖不仅与自身的健康素养及饮食行为相关,还与父母的健康素养有关[23-24]。同时研究也发现家长减糖健康素养得分高水平时对学生超重肥胖有保护作用,而连续变量时未发现此作用,提示家长减糖健康素养得分对儿童超重肥胖的影响存在阈值。可能原因是家长对于糖的认知以及对儿童的体重判断存在误区,Von Deneen等[25]的研究显示,对于体重处于正常范围的儿童,22%的家长认为属于低体重;而对于肥胖的儿童,23%的家长认为处于正常范围,父母的错误判断会导致儿童体重持续增加,使儿童的肥胖不能被及早发现和干预。因此在儿童超重肥胖的控制上,要重点强化家长“三减”健康素养的管理和教育。
研究发现,家长“三减”健康素养综合得分处于高水平时,学生健康素养处于高、低水平者,超重肥胖率均较低。可能的原因是小学阶段的学生饮食多依赖于父母,高健康素养的家长更注重饮食的均衡和营养搭配,从而为学生提供更健康、更均衡的膳食,提示要更加关注家庭环境的重要性,父母要通过言传身教来鼓励并培养儿童青少年逐渐形成健康饮食行为,预防超重肥胖的发生[26]。
本研究具有一定的局限性,一是横断面设计的性质限制了因果推断的能力;二是研究未对调查儿童进行详细的膳食调查与营养分析,而食物的种类与摄入量对肥胖有重要的影响;三是由于条件限制,问卷收集到的基本信息相对较少,未能充分控制和纳入所有可能影响结果的混杂变量。
  • 山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(202012071231, 2015WS0280)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025095
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
  • 修回日期:2024-12-12
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山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(202012071231, 2015WS0280)
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    1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)公共卫生与健康管理学院, 济南 250117
    2山东省疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病防制所
    3山东大学公共卫生学院
    4山东省慢性病医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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