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Article(id=1325501648637931771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1738252800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953819665, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953819665, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953819665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953819665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=310, endPage=314, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501650449871100, articleId=1325501648637931771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Characteristics and implications of observation tools for physical activity among children and adolescents, columnId=1325500680437375125, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Expert Viewpoint, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyzes the characteristics, problems and enlightenment of physical activity observation tools, so as to provide reference for researchers to quickly and accurately choose appropriate observation tools to evaluate children's and adolescents' physical activity. Literature search is conducted in eight databases of Chinese and English, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. Ultimately, eight observation tools for assessing physical activity in children and adolescents are included. Through summarization and comparison, it is found that the applications of those tools cover multiple age groups, the observation indicators cover multiple dimensions for each with varying emphases, and the applicable contexts vary in their specific background information, and recording methods tend to be quantitative. However, several issues remain to be addressed in practical applications. First, the observation indicators need to be supplemented and improved; second, physical activity in community environments and academic classrooms requires further attention; third, physical activity intensity needs to be scientifically evaluated; fourth, observation and recording methods need to be integrated and innovated; fifth, the number of observation subjects needs to be expanded. Future research could focus on developing observation tools tailored to the characteristics of Chinese children and adolescents, while drawing on foreign observation tools to comprehensively assess physical activity among children and adolescents.

, authors=Yanping QIU1, Lijuan WANG*, 1, Jing QI2, Huan CHEN1, Nan ZHENG1, Xiaoqing LI3, authorsList=Yanping QIU, Lijuan WANG, Jing QI, Huan CHEN, Nan ZHENG, Xiaoqing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lijuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501652513468671, articleId=1325501648637931771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的特征问题与启示, columnId=1325500682912014487, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=专题笔谈, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为分析身体活动观察工具的特征、问题与启示，为研究者快捷准确选择适宜的观察工具评估儿童青少年身体活动提供参考。在中国知网、万方、维普、Web of Science、PubMed、Medline、ERIC、SPORTDiscus 8个中英文数据库进行儿童青少年身体活动观察工具文献检索，最终纳入8种儿童青少年身体活动观察工具。通过对工具总结与比较，发现工具的应用覆盖多个年龄段、观察指标涵盖多维且各有侧重、适用环境特定信息各异、记录方式趋向定量记录。但在实际应用中，仍暴露出亟待解决的问题：一是观察指标有待补充与完善；二是社区环境和学科课堂中的身体活动有待关注；三是活动强度有待科学评判；四是观察记录方法有待融合与创新；五是观察对象人数有待扩充与增加。未来研究可着手于研发针对中国儿童青少年特点的身体活动观察工具，同时借鉴国外观察工具，以全面评估儿童青少年身体活动。

, authors=邱艳平1, 王丽娟*, 1, 齐静2, 陈欢1, 郑南1, 李晓庆3, authorsList=邱艳平, 王丽娟, 齐静, 陈欢, 郑南, 李晓庆, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王丽娟, authorNote=

邱艳平(1998-)，女，湖南长沙人，在读博士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年身体活动与健康促进

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王丽娟，E-mail:
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邱艳平(1998-)，女，湖南长沙人，在读博士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年身体活动与健康促进

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邱艳平(1998-)，女，湖南长沙人，在读博士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年身体活动与健康促进

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Comparison of physical activity observation tools for children and adolescents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观察工具名称年份国家适用年龄/岁适用环境观察指标观察目的观察工具的应用
国外研究国内研究
BEACHES[7]1991美国4~8课间、家中活动强度收集儿童在学校课间与在家中的身体活动2项0
SOFIT[8]1991美国7~18体育课活动强度收集儿童在学校体育课堂中身体活动32项5项
SOPLAY[9]2000美国3~18校内课外活动强度、活动类型、活动环境收集儿童在校内课外的身体活动60项2项
SOPARC[10]2006美国3~18公园活动强度、活动类型、活动环境、参与者信息收集儿童在公园的身体活动29项7项
SOCARP[11]2010英国3~12课间活动强度、活动类型、活动组织规模、社交互动收集儿童在学校课间的身体活动11项0
SOTG-PE[12]2012英国11~16体育课活动类型收集儿童在体育课游戏教学中身体活动1项0
PARAGON[13]2015美国6~12花园课程活动强度收集儿童在花园课程中身体活动2项0
SOSMART[14]2017美国6~12体智融合课程活动人数收集儿童在体智融合课程中身体活动4项0
), ArticleFig(id=1325501659476013362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501648637931771, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观察工具名称年份国家适用年龄/岁适用环境观察指标观察目的观察工具的应用
国外研究国内研究
BEACHES[7]1991美国4~8课间、家中活动强度收集儿童在学校课间与在家中的身体活动2项0
SOFIT[8]1991美国7~18体育课活动强度收集儿童在学校体育课堂中身体活动32项5项
SOPLAY[9]2000美国3~18校内课外活动强度、活动类型、活动环境收集儿童在校内课外的身体活动60项2项
SOPARC[10]2006美国3~18公园活动强度、活动类型、活动环境、参与者信息收集儿童在公园的身体活动29项7项
SOCARP[11]2010英国3~12课间活动强度、活动类型、活动组织规模、社交互动收集儿童在学校课间的身体活动11项0
SOTG-PE[12]2012英国11~16体育课活动类型收集儿童在体育课游戏教学中身体活动1项0
PARAGON[13]2015美国6~12花园课程活动强度收集儿童在花园课程中身体活动2项0
SOSMART[14]2017美国6~12体智融合课程活动人数收集儿童在体智融合课程中身体活动4项0
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儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的特征问题与启示
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邱艳平 1 , 王丽娟 *, 1 , 齐静 2 , 陈欢 1 , 郑南 1 , 李晓庆 3
中国学校卫生 | 专题笔谈 2025,46(3): 310-314
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中国学校卫生 |专题笔谈 2025 , 46 (3) : 310 -314
儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的特征问题与启示
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邱艳平(1998-)，女，湖南长沙人，在读博士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年身体活动与健康促进

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邱艳平1, 王丽娟*, 1 , 齐静2, 陈欢1, 郑南1, 李晓庆3
作者信息
  • 1上海体育大学体育教育学院，上海 200438
  • 2浙江师范大学体育与健康科学学院
  • 3董李凤美康健学校
通讯作者:
王丽娟，E-mail:
作者简介:

邱艳平(1998-)，女，湖南长沙人，在读博士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年身体活动与健康促进

Characteristics and implications of observation tools for physical activity among children and adolescents
Yanping QIU1, Lijuan WANG*, 1 , Jing QI2, Huan CHEN1, Nan ZHENG1, Xiaoqing LI3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physical Education, Shanghai Sports University, Shanghai (200438), China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
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摘要
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为分析身体活动观察工具的特征、问题与启示，为研究者快捷准确选择适宜的观察工具评估儿童青少年身体活动提供参考。在中国知网、万方、维普、Web of Science、PubMed、Medline、ERIC、SPORTDiscus 8个中英文数据库进行儿童青少年身体活动观察工具文献检索，最终纳入8种儿童青少年身体活动观察工具。通过对工具总结与比较，发现工具的应用覆盖多个年龄段、观察指标涵盖多维且各有侧重、适用环境特定信息各异、记录方式趋向定量记录。但在实际应用中，仍暴露出亟待解决的问题：一是观察指标有待补充与完善；二是社区环境和学科课堂中的身体活动有待关注；三是活动强度有待科学评判；四是观察记录方法有待融合与创新；五是观察对象人数有待扩充与增加。未来研究可着手于研发针对中国儿童青少年特点的身体活动观察工具，同时借鉴国外观察工具，以全面评估儿童青少年身体活动。

运动活动  /  数据库, 文献型  /  量表  /  儿童  /  青少年

To analyzes the characteristics, problems and enlightenment of physical activity observation tools, so as to provide reference for researchers to quickly and accurately choose appropriate observation tools to evaluate children's and adolescents' physical activity. Literature search is conducted in eight databases of Chinese and English, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. Ultimately, eight observation tools for assessing physical activity in children and adolescents are included. Through summarization and comparison, it is found that the applications of those tools cover multiple age groups, the observation indicators cover multiple dimensions for each with varying emphases, and the applicable contexts vary in their specific background information, and recording methods tend to be quantitative. However, several issues remain to be addressed in practical applications. First, the observation indicators need to be supplemented and improved; second, physical activity in community environments and academic classrooms requires further attention; third, physical activity intensity needs to be scientifically evaluated; fourth, observation and recording methods need to be integrated and innovated; fifth, the number of observation subjects needs to be expanded. Future research could focus on developing observation tools tailored to the characteristics of Chinese children and adolescents, while drawing on foreign observation tools to comprehensively assess physical activity among children and adolescents.

Motor acvtivity  /  Databases, bibliographic  /  Scale  /  Child  /  Adolescent
邱艳平, 王丽娟, 齐静, 陈欢, 郑南, 李晓庆. 儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的特征问题与启示. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 310 -314 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
Yanping QIU, Lijuan WANG, Jing QI, Huan CHEN, Nan ZHENG, Xiaoqing LI. Characteristics and implications of observation tools for physical activity among children and adolescents[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 310 -314 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
正文
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身体活动是由骨骼肌收缩引起能量消耗的活动，适量的身体活动对于儿童青少年的身心健康具有积极作用[1]。作为客观评价身体活动的方法之一，系统观察是指经过系统训练的观察者以明确目的为导向，利用观察工具，凭借自我感官直接或间接收集客观、真实的素材，并加以分析[2]；该方法能全面获取身体活动的强度、类型、时间、频次，还能反映身体活动的环境信息，已广泛运用于国内外儿童青少年身体活动相关研究中[3-4]。为提高系统观察的准确性和有效性，科学合理且逻辑严密的观察工具必不可少[3]。目前，国际上有多种儿童青少年身体活动观察工具，涵盖不同的观察对象、活动环境、观察指标，部分学者在其研究中选择观察工具时往往难以抉择。在我国，学界主要针对问卷与加速度计2种活动测量工具的特点与应用进行分析[5]，缺乏对身体活动观察工具的总结。因此，本研究旨在梳理儿童青少年身体活动观察工具及运用，分析身体活动观察工具的特征、问题与启示，为研究者快捷准确选择适宜的观察工具评估儿童青少年身体活动提供参考。
1　儿童青少年身体活动观察量表的选取依据
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依据《系统评价和Meta分析优先报告条目》(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA)声明[6]，在中国知网、万方、维普、Web of Science、PubMed、Medline、ERIC、SPORTDiscus 8个中英文数据库进行文献检索，检索时间为各数据库的起始日期至2024年8月31日。运用布尔逻辑词“AND”“OR”连接所有检索词进行检索。英文检索词：(1)physical activity OR exercise OR sport*；(2)observation*；(3)child* OR adolescent* OR youth* OR young OR teen* OR girl* and boy* OR juvenile* OR student* OR school OR primary OR elementary OR high OR secondary。中文检索词：(身体活动OR体力活动)AND (观察工具OR观察量表OR观察系统OR观测系统)AND(儿童OR青少年OR学生OR小学OR初中OR高中)。通过文献检索、文献筛选和量表筛选，最终纳入8种身体活动观察量表及169篇文献。身体活动观察量表与文献的检索流程、排除标准及筛选过程见图1，由2位研究人员采用独立双盲方式进行文献与观察量表的筛选，若出现分歧则咨询第3位研究者。
2　儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的内容及运用
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2.1　儿童饮食行为和健康身体活动评估系统(Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children's Health Evaluation System，BEACHES)
主要收集4~8岁儿童在学校与家庭环境下身体活动、饮食及环境等方面信息，该系统由美国学者McKenzie等[7]于1991年研发，将身体活动按强度分类编码：1=躺、2=坐、3=站、4=走、5=剧烈活动。实施观察时，在班级中随机选取1名儿童为观察对象，每周1次，连续观察8周；在家于晚间连续观察90 min，在校于课间连续观察30 min，以1 min为观察间隔。观察结束后，计算目标区域该名儿童不同活动的时间百分比。目前BEACHES应用范围比较有限，仅美国有研究运用了此工具[15]。在我国该工具还未进行信效度检验，也未在相关研究中应用。
2.2　体能教学时间观察系统(System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time，SOFIT)
主要收集7~18岁儿童青少年在体育课中身体活动、课堂环境和教师行为三方面信息。由美国学者McKenzie等[8]于1991年为评估美国儿童运动、游戏和娱乐活动(Sport, Play, and Activ Recreation for Kid, SPARK)课程而研发的，将身体活动按强度分类编码：1=躺、2=坐、3=站、4=走、5=剧烈活动。在一次体育课中随机抽取班级4名学生为观察对象，单次观察时长为20 s，以每4 min为间隔依次观察直至体育课结束，最后计算这4名学生的不同活动所占体育课时间百分比。如Kwon等[16]运用此工具发现美国小学、初中、高中体育课学生中高强度身体活动时间占比分别为47%，44%，64%。2010年，我国学者将SOFIT引入[17]，但在我国使用前并未进行本土化与信效度检验。
2.3　青少年课外体育锻炼观察系统(System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth, SOPLAY)
是一种收集3~18岁儿童青少年校内参与课外体育锻炼相关信息的观察系统，该系统由美国学者McKenzie等[9]于2000年研发，包含目标区域、活动强度、活动类型3个部分。观察时间通常为校内上课前、午餐时间后、校内放学后，最后统计所有区域学生参与不同活动强度及类型的人数百分比。如Smith等[18]运用此工具发现美国小学男生在上课前和午餐时间后主要参与剧烈活动，放学后的活动行为主要为久坐；而女生在上课前和午餐时间后参与久坐、走和剧烈活动，放学后的活动主要为久坐。我国仅个别研究运用此工具，但未进行信效度检验。
2.4　社区休闲娱乐活动观察系统(System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities，SOPARC)
主要观察与记录3~18岁儿童青少年在公园活动情况，该系统是由美国学者McKenzie和Cohen[10]于2006年在SOPLAY的基础上合作研发，包括公园环境信息、活动者的人口统计学特征、活动类型、身体活动强度4个部分。观察者按编号顺序观察公园各区域，观察对象为区域的每位活动者，平均每个样本观察1 s，记录活动者的活动强度及类型；每周观察4 d(周中和周末各2 d)，每天观察4次(早上和晚上各2次)，最后计算公园所有区域活动者不同活动强度及活动类型的人数百分比。国外有29项研究运用此工具，如Floyd等[19]发现美国儿童青少年久坐时间所占比例(52.6%)高于走及剧烈活动的时间(34.2%，13.2%)。在我国，有2位学者[20-21]对该工具进行本土化修订，并有7项研究运用此工具，但未进行信效度检验。
2.5　儿童课间活动行为观察系统(System for Observing Children's Activity and Relationships During Play，SOCARP)
是一种收集3~12岁儿童在学校课间的身体活动强度、活动组织规模、活动类型、社交互动的观察系统，该系统是由英国学者Ridgers等[11]于2010年研发。观察过程中，一次课间随机观察一名学生，单次观察时长为20 s，直至课间结束，最后计算该名学生此次课间的每种活动强度、规模等所占的时间百分比。国外有11项研究运用此工具，如Roberts等[22]发现英国五至六年级男生课间以中高强度活动、球类运动、中团体、友善的肢体互动为主；而女生以久坐、小团体、友善的肢体互动为主。2012年，我国学者彭楚云等[23]对该工具进行翻译与评析，并开发应用程序(电脑版)，以提高数据记录和分析的效率，但该工具还未在我国进行信效度检验和应用。
2.6　体育课游戏教学观察系统(System for Observing the Teaching of Games in Physical Education, SOTG-PE)
主要收集11~16岁儿童青少年在体育课游戏教学中活动类型、课堂内容、教师行为三方面信息，该系统是由英国学者Roberts等[12]于2012年合作研发。观察过程中，一次体育课中随机抽取班级4名学生观察，单次观察时长为20 s，以每4 min为间隔依次观察直至体育课结束，最后计算这4名学生在体育课游戏教学中不同活动类型的时间百分比。目前国际上仅Roberts等[24]使用该工具观察英国1所中学体育游戏教学课，结果显示，击打和防守游戏中学生静态活动时间占比最高(52.8%)，拦网和场地游戏中学生动作反应类活动时间占比最高(9.44%)，入侵类游戏中学生位移类活动时间占比最高(33.4%)。该工具还未在我国进行信效度检验和使用。
2.7　花园课程的身体活动研究与评估工具(Physical Activity Research and Assessment Tool for Garden Observation，PARAGON)
主要收集6~12岁儿童在学校花园区域进行花园课程的活动强度、园艺任务等5方面信息，该系统是由美国学者Myers等[13]，于2015年为评估花园课程(将学科知识与园艺活动相结合的一种新型课程)合作研发的，将身体活动按强度编码：1=躺、2=坐、3=站、4=走、5=剧烈活动、6=跪、7=蹲。观察实施时，一次花园课程中随机抽取4名学生，对其依次进行连续4 min观察，单次观察时长为30 s。观察结束后，计算区域4名儿童不同活动强度的时长占总时长百分比。Rees-Punia等[25]运用该工具观察美国4所学校二至四年级学生在花园课程中的活动强度，结果显示，学生大部分时间处于站立状态(57.2%)，剧烈活动时间占比仅为2%。该工具目前还未在我国进行信效度检验，也未应用于相关研究。
2.8　学习常规与转换中学生活动观察系统(System for Observing Student Movement in Academic Routines and Transitions，SOSMART)
是一种收集6~12岁儿童在体智融合课程中学生活动和教师行为两方面信息的观察系统，该系统是由美国学者Russ等[14]于2017年为了评估体智融合课程(指将身体活动与相关学科知识进行整合性学习的一种新型课程)研发，将身体活动编码为4类：所有学生都参加活动、部分学生参与活动、少于一半的学生参与活动、没有学生参与活动。单次观察时长为20 s，最后计算课程中参与活动的人数百分比。Stewart等[26]运用该工具观察美国8所小学体智融合课程发现，所有学生参与活动的百分比为3.2%，部分学生参与活动的百分比为3.9%，少于一半的学生参与活动的百分比为92.9%。该工具目前还未在我国进行信效度检验和使用。
3　儿童青少年身体活动观察工具的特征
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3.1　工具应用覆盖多个年龄阶段
通过分析8种观察工具，发现大多数工具(6种)应用跨越多个年龄阶段。例如BEACHES和SOCARP能同时评估学龄前儿童和学龄儿童；SOFIT和SOTG-PE能同时评估学龄儿童和青少年。这种跨年龄段属性可避免在评测过程中因切换工具带来评价结果上的分歧，更准确地对比不同年龄阶段的身体活动行为。
3.2　观察指标涵盖多个维度且各有侧重
频率，强度，时间和类型(frequencey, intensity, time, type)(FITT)原则强调从频率、强度、时间和类型四方面建立全面的身体活动测量工具[27]。8种观察工具内容涵盖了身体活动多方面，包括强度、类型、时长、频次、环境、社交等。同时，每种观察工具在观察重点和信息收集方面存在明显差异，如BEACHES、SOFIT、PARAGON侧重活动强度，SOTG-PE侧重活动类型，SOSMART侧重活动人数，SOPLAY、SOPARC同时关注活动强度和类型。因此，研究者应根据研究目的选择适当的观察工具测量身体活动。
3.3　环境特定信息各异
每种观察量表均针对特定环境，反映其环境特征。如SOFIT、PARAGO、SOS-MART观察不同课程(如体育课、花园课程、体智融合课程)中学生的身体活动，主要强调活动强度或类型；SOCARP聚焦于学校课间活动，学生在课间互动较为频繁，故工具还记录学生间的互动；SOPLAY用于校内课外体育锻炼，学生在课外可以自主选择活动内容，故此工具提供篮球、足球等14种活动类型。通过使用观察量表，研究者可以记录并分析不同环境下儿童青少年的身体活动特点及其变化规律，以便制定相应的干预措施。
3.4　记录方式趋向定量记录
观察记录方法分为定量观察和定性观察。上述8种观察工具均采用定量记录，即设定观察量表，以数据方式呈现观察记录结果，如一节体育课中学生剧烈活动出现的次数和持续的时间。定量观察记录能客观记录身体活动，也能使复杂的身体活动场景简约化，但不能分析观察对象在参与身体活动时的言行举止，也无法反映其活动时的态度和情绪，因此很难挖掘观察对象参与身体活动的特征及内在逻辑。
4　儿童青少年身体活动观察工具存在的问题
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身体活动观察工具在长期实际应用中，仍暴露出亟待解决的复杂问题。第一，观察指标有待补充与完善。例如，SOFIT评估体育课时关注活动强度，但未评估活动类型、学生互动及师生互动等重要因素，无法全面反映学生的身体活动情况。第二，目前工具对社区环境和学科课堂(如数学课堂)中的身体活动关注较少。第三，活动强度有待科学评判。现有观察工具将走与剧烈活动归为中高强度，但走可分为慢走与快走，快走属于中等强度，而慢走属于低强度[28]。例如，我国学者使用SOFIT评估武术课时，发现蹲马步被编码为“站”，属于低强度活动，但实际消耗能量较大[29]。活动强度判断缺乏科学性会导致结果的偏倚。第四，观察记录方法有待融合与创新。单一的定量记录方式难以揭示活动背后动机，如SOPLAY虽能收集活动强度及类型的定量数据，但难以揭示学生参与活动背后的动机、环境以及社交互动的影响，并且传统的人工纸质记录会导致后期数据处理耗时较长。第五，观察对象人数有待扩充与增加。一名观察者通常难以同时对多人进行有效监测，导致多数观察工具存在观察人数受限的问题，如使用SOFIT、SOTG-PE、PARAGON时，通常在一次体育课中随机抽取4名学生作为观察对象，以反映全班的活动情况。
5　对我国儿童青少年身体活动研究与实践的启示
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5.1　积极引进观察工具，推动本土优化升级
通过梳理观察工具的来源国家，发现均来自于英国和美国，主要适用于两国的相关研究。在文化背景与教育制度的影响下，我国儿童青少年的活动特征与西方国家存在较大差异，如我国学生面临较大学习压力，导致其学习时间多、身体活动时间少；许多中小学出于安全考虑，限制学生在课间参与强度较高的活动；国外儿童青少年倾向于橄榄球、垒球等活动，我国学生通常以篮球、足球等活动为主。因此，在引入相关观察工具时需谨慎选择，并进行本土化修订与信效度检验。
首先应批判性地选择观察工具。PARAGON工具用于观察花园课程中的身体活动，而我国目前尚无类似课程；SOSMART工具用于观察体智融合课程中的身体活动，但目前此类课程尚未在中小学体育课程或综合课程中推广与应用；SOTG-PE工具用于评估学生体育课游戏教学中的活动类型，我国体育课中游戏教学并非体育课的主体部分。由此，引入这些观察工具对我国儿童青少年身体活动研究的实际意义有限。其次，在借鉴和引入观察工具时，应结合我国儿童青少年身体活动特征进行本土化修订。如引入SOCARP工具时建议增加“集体项目”这一活动类型；引进SOPLAY时建议删除原有量表中“垒球”“棒球”等活动类型，可适当增加“跳绳”“乒乓球”等活动类型。最后，应对修订后的工具进行信效度检验。
5.2　加快观察工具开发，弥补现有工具不足
开发专属于我国儿童青少年身体活动测评体系是当前身体活动研究的重点领域之一，包括以下重要步骤：(1)构建符合我国儿童青少年身体活动特点的观察指标体系；(2)对修订后的工具进行信效度验证，不仅应关注评分者内部信度和评分者间信度，还应全面评估结构效度、校标关联效度以及内容效度；(3)结合现代技术开发配套的应用程序，以便于高效收集和分析数据。
5.3　强化工具科学应用，提升研究实践水平
积极推进身体活动观察量表的应用，对我国儿童青少年身体活动研究与实践有重要的意义，主要表现在：(1)身体活动观察量表可提供有关活动内容、活动环境、活动组织等方面客观观察的信息，从而克服问卷调查的精准度欠缺与加速度计仅能评价活动强度的短板，较为真实地反映我国儿童青少年身体活动的全貌。(2)身体活动观察量表的应用可结合其“活动环境特定”特征，分析我国儿童青少年身体活动在课间、社区等某些特定场景下存在的难点与痛点问题，并为制定有效的干预方案提供依据。(3)基于身体活动观察工具具有覆盖多个年龄阶段的特点，可通过对不同年龄阶段儿童青少年身体活动强度、类型等方面的比较，为不同年龄段儿童青少年制定更具针对性的活动内容。未来研究可着眼于研发针对我国儿童青少年特点的身体活动观察工具，运用此工具全面反映我国儿童青少年在特定环境下的身体活动水平，以及探讨与分析其特定环境下身体活动水平的影响因素与健康效应，为我国儿童青少年身体活动的科学评估及干预方案的制定提供更全面的科学依据。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BTY048)；上海体育大学博士研究生自主科研创新计划项目(YJSCX-2024-008)
文献
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
  • 接收时间：2024-12-23
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2024-12-23
  • 修回日期：2025-01-31
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BTY048)；上海体育大学博士研究生自主科研创新计划项目(YJSCX-2024-008)
作者信息
    1上海体育大学体育教育学院，上海 200438
    2浙江师范大学体育与健康科学学院
    3董李凤美康健学校

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王丽娟，E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgxxws/CN/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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