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Article(id=1325502021956141252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736438400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-10, revisedDate=1739289600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953908670, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953908670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953908670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953908670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=325, endPage=329, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325502024061681863, articleId=1325502021956141252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Comfort assessment of school desks and chairs ergonomics among students with different body types, columnId=1325501651079004285, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=School Desks and Chairs Configuration Column, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the differences in the comfort of desks and chairs furniture among students with different body types according to the standard, so as to provide a reference for guiding students with overweight and obesity to choose the correct study furniture and revising the standards.

Methods

From January to April 2024, 2 443 students from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province were selected by the cluster random sampling method to conduct physical examination. The subjective and objective evaluations of the comfort of height-matched desks and chairs were investigated. The students were divided into non-overweight, overweight, and obesity groups according to relevant criteria, and stratified analysis was performed. The χ2 test was used to analyze differences in the comfort evaluations of desks and chairs among students with different body types.

Results

Among the 2 443 students surveyed, 16.7% and 12.6% were respectively classified as overweight and obese. All students assigned the highest comfort ratings to large desks and small chairs (84.1%), and consistency was observed between students' subjective and objective evaluations. The reporting rate of samll desks and chairs of obesity students' subjective evaluation was lower (36.8%) than that of overweight and non-overweight/obesity students (52.1%, 48.0%) (χ2=14.63, P < 0.01). The overweight and obese group of primary school students had a worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs and small desks and chairs than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=15.78, 7.63, P < 0.05). Among high school students, the overweight and obese group had worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs, as well as large desks and small chairs, than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=9.62, 11.77, P < 0.05). The objective evaluations revealed low compliance ratings on the posture of the thighs and calves for naturally forming an angle greater than 90° (55.6%), and headroom height under the table (50.3%) with small desks and chairs (χ2=94.05, 166.47, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Compared with non-overweight/obese students, students with overweight and obese students report poor comfort evaluations of height-matched desks and chairs. Revision of the standard should consider the body types of students, and evaluations of the comfort of desks and chairs furniture by students with overweight and obesity should be improved.

, authors=Keyang ZHENG1, Chunyan LUO1, Shuangxiao QU1, Zhonghui LIU2, Yan WANG3, Wenjuan QI1, Shenglei HUANG1, Dongling YANG*, 1, Fengyun ZHANG*, 1, authorsList=Keyang ZHENG, Chunyan LUO, Shuangxiao QU, Zhonghui LIU, Yan WANG, Wenjuan QI, Shenglei HUANG, Dongling YANG, Fengyun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongling YANG, Fengyun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325502024992817352, articleId=1325502021956141252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=不同体型学生学校课桌椅舒适度研究, columnId=1325501651485851775, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学校课桌椅配置专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解不同体型学生按照标准匹配课桌椅舒适度的差异性，为指导超重肥胖学生选择合适的课桌椅以及相关标准修订提供参考。

方法

2024年1—4月，采用整群随机抽样方法选取上海市、天津市和江苏省13个区(县市)26所学校2 443名幼儿园至大学的学生，对学生进行体格检查，根据其身高匹配课桌椅型号调查舒适度的主观和客观评价。根据相关标准划分为非超重肥胖、超重和肥胖组后进行分层分析。采用χ2检验分析不同体型研究对象对于课桌椅主客观舒适度评价之间的差异。

结果

调查学生中，有16.7%为超重，12.6%为肥胖。所有学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌搭配较小尺寸型号课椅(大桌小椅)舒适的报告率最高(84.1%)，主观评价与客观评估的结果一致。肥胖组学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较小尺寸型号课桌椅(小桌小椅)舒适的报告率(36.8%)低于超重组和非超重肥胖组(52.1%，48.0%)(χ2=14.63，P＜0.01)。小学生中超重肥胖组对大桌大椅和小桌小椅舒适度评价较非超重肥胖组更差(χ2值分别为15.78，7.63，P值均＜0.05)。高中生中超重肥胖组对大桌大椅和大桌小椅舒适度评价较非超重肥胖组更差(χ2值分别为9.62，11.77，P值均＜0.05)。客观评价中，不同课桌椅类型，小桌小椅搭配的大腿与小腿是否自然成>90°角(55.6%)及桌下净空高是否合适(50.3%)达标率较低(χ2值分别为94.05，166.47，P值均＜0.05)。

结论

与非超重肥胖学生相比，超重和肥胖学生对与身高匹配的课桌椅型号的舒适度评价较差。标准修订中应考虑学生体型因素，提高超重肥胖学生对课桌椅舒适度的评价。

, authors=郑柯炀1, 罗春燕1, 曲爽笑1, 刘忠慧2, 王艳3, 齐文娟1, 黄生垒1, 杨东玲*, 1, 张凤云*, 1, authorsList=郑柯炀, 罗春燕, 曲爽笑, 刘忠慧, 王艳, 齐文娟, 黄生垒, 杨东玲, 张凤云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨东玲, 张凤云, authorNote=

郑柯炀(1997-)，男，山东济南人，硕士，医师，主要研究方向为环境与儿童青少年健康

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杨东玲，E-mail:
张凤云，E-mail:
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郑柯炀(1997-)，男，山东济南人，硕士，医师，主要研究方向为环境与儿童青少年健康

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郑柯炀(1997-)，男，山东济南人，硕士，医师，主要研究方向为环境与儿童青少年健康

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Comparison of the detection rate of overweight and obesity among different groups

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组别选项人数超重肥胖
检出人数χ2值检出人数χ2值
性别男1 201260(21.6)54.4**191(15.9)35.5**
女1 242148(11.9)118(9.5)
学段幼儿园46178(16.9)3.457(12.4)11.7*
小学51075(14.7)72(14.1)
初中51794(18.2)72(13.9)
高中46782(17.6)67(14.3)
高等院校48879(16.2)41(8.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502053010768144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别学生超重肥胖检出率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数超重肥胖
检出人数χ2值检出人数χ2值
性别男1 201260(21.6)54.4**191(15.9)35.5**
女1 242148(11.9)118(9.5)
学段幼儿园46178(16.9)3.457(12.4)11.7*
小学51075(14.7)72(14.1)
初中51794(18.2)72(13.9)
高中46782(17.6)67(14.3)
高等院校48879(16.2)41(8.4)
), ArticleFig(id=1325502053744771346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of subjective comfort reporting rates of standard-matched desks and chairs for students with different nutritional status in different school groups

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学段营养状况统计值大桌大椅小桌小椅大桌小椅
人数报告人数人数报告人数人数报告人数
幼儿园非超重肥胖323277(85.8)300268(89.3)297267(89.9)
超重7766(85.7)7364(87.7)7266(91.7)
肥胖5249(94.2)4236(85.7)3734(91.9)
χ2值2.880.570.31
P值0.240.750.86
小学非超重肥胖363282(77.7)363120(33.1)363290(79.9)
超重7544(58.7)7523(30.7)7556(74.7)
肥胖7245(62.5)7212(16.7)7256(77.8)
χ2值15.787.631.07
P值＜0.010.020.59
初中非超重肥胖351251(71.5)351127(36.2)351286(81.5)
超重9470(74.5)9429(30.9)9467(71.3)
肥胖7253(73.6)7225(34.7)7259(81.9)
χ2值0.390.935.00
P值0.820.630.08
高中非超重肥胖318272(85.5)317124(39.1)317287(90.5)
超重8164(79.0)8232(39.0)8176(93.8)
肥胖6747(70.1)6720(29.9)6752(77.6)
χ2值9.622.0911.77
P值0.010.35＜0.01
高等院校非超重肥胖368253(68.8)
超重7947(59.5)
肥胖4124(58.5)
χ2值3.74
P值0.15
总体非超重肥胖1 7231 335(77.5)1 331639(48.0)1 3281 130(85.1)
超重406291(71.7)338176(52.1)322265(82.3)
肥胖304218(71.7)25393(36.8)248201(81.0)
χ2值9.1914.633.48
P值0.01＜0.010.18
), ArticleFig(id=1325502055007256851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同学段各营养状况学生的标准匹配课桌椅主观舒适报告率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学段营养状况统计值大桌大椅小桌小椅大桌小椅
人数报告人数人数报告人数人数报告人数
幼儿园非超重肥胖323277(85.8)300268(89.3)297267(89.9)
超重7766(85.7)7364(87.7)7266(91.7)
肥胖5249(94.2)4236(85.7)3734(91.9)
χ2值2.880.570.31
P值0.240.750.86
小学非超重肥胖363282(77.7)363120(33.1)363290(79.9)
超重7544(58.7)7523(30.7)7556(74.7)
肥胖7245(62.5)7212(16.7)7256(77.8)
χ2值15.787.631.07
P值＜0.010.020.59
初中非超重肥胖351251(71.5)351127(36.2)351286(81.5)
超重9470(74.5)9429(30.9)9467(71.3)
肥胖7253(73.6)7225(34.7)7259(81.9)
χ2值0.390.935.00
P值0.820.630.08
高中非超重肥胖318272(85.5)317124(39.1)317287(90.5)
超重8164(79.0)8232(39.0)8176(93.8)
肥胖6747(70.1)6720(29.9)6752(77.6)
χ2值9.622.0911.77
P值0.010.35＜0.01
高等院校非超重肥胖368253(68.8)
超重7947(59.5)
肥胖4124(58.5)
χ2值3.74
P值0.15
总体非超重肥胖1 7231 335(77.5)1 331639(48.0)1 3281 130(85.1)
超重406291(71.7)338176(52.1)322265(82.3)
肥胖304218(71.7)25393(36.8)248201(81.0)
χ2值9.1914.633.48
P值0.01＜0.010.18
), ArticleFig(id=1325502057624502550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of objective comfort reporting rates of standard-matched desks and chairs for students with different nutritional status in different school groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学段营养状况统计值大桌大椅小桌小椅大桌小椅
人数报告人数人数报告人数人数报告人数
幼儿园非超重肥胖323308(95.4)300292(97.3)297262(98.3)
超重7774(96.1)7369(94.5)7272(100.0)
肥胖5252(100.0)4241(97.6)3736(97.3)
χ2值2.531.621.55
P值0.280.450.46
小学非超重肥胖363355(97.8)363320(88.2)363355(97.8)
超重7573(97.3)7563(84.0)7572(96.0)
肥胖7269(95.8)7250(69.4)7270(97.2)
χ2值0.8316.460.74
P值0.66＜0.010.69
初中非超重肥胖351340(96.9)351303(86.3)351340(96.9)
超重9488(93.6)9479(84.0)9487(92.6)
肥胖7266(91.7)7253(73.6)7268(94.4)
χ2值4.817.243.73
P值0.090.030.16
高中非超重肥胖318316(99.4)317307(96.8)317316(99.7)
超重8178(96.3)8273(89.0)8180(98.8)
肥胖6764(95.5)6754(80.6)6764(95.5)
χ2值7.1525.466.48
P值0.03＜0.010.04
高等院校非超重肥胖368347(94.3)
超重7973(92.4)
肥胖4137(90.2)
χ2值1.26
P值0.53
总体非超重肥胖1 7231 666(96.7)1 3311 222(91.8)1 3281 303(98.1)
超重406386(95.1)324284(87.7)322311(96.6)
肥胖304288(94.7)253198(78.3)248238(96.0)
χ2值4.3041.995.70
P值0.12＜0.010.06
), ArticleFig(id=1325502058400448791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同学段各营养状况学生的标准匹配课桌椅客观舒适报告率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学段营养状况统计值大桌大椅小桌小椅大桌小椅
人数报告人数人数报告人数人数报告人数
幼儿园非超重肥胖323308(95.4)300292(97.3)297262(98.3)
超重7774(96.1)7369(94.5)7272(100.0)
肥胖5252(100.0)4241(97.6)3736(97.3)
χ2值2.531.621.55
P值0.280.450.46
小学非超重肥胖363355(97.8)363320(88.2)363355(97.8)
超重7573(97.3)7563(84.0)7572(96.0)
肥胖7269(95.8)7250(69.4)7270(97.2)
χ2值0.8316.460.74
P值0.66＜0.010.69
初中非超重肥胖351340(96.9)351303(86.3)351340(96.9)
超重9488(93.6)9479(84.0)9487(92.6)
肥胖7266(91.7)7253(73.6)7268(94.4)
χ2值4.817.243.73
P值0.090.030.16
高中非超重肥胖318316(99.4)317307(96.8)317316(99.7)
超重8178(96.3)8273(89.0)8180(98.8)
肥胖6764(95.5)6754(80.6)6764(95.5)
χ2值7.1525.466.48
P值0.03＜0.010.04
高等院校非超重肥胖368347(94.3)
超重7973(92.4)
肥胖4137(90.2)
χ2值1.26
P值0.53
总体非超重肥胖1 7231 666(96.7)1 3311 222(91.8)1 3281 303(98.1)
超重406386(95.1)324284(87.7)322311(96.6)
肥胖304288(94.7)253198(78.3)248238(96.0)
χ2值4.3041.995.70
P值0.12＜0.010.06
), ArticleFig(id=1325502059172200728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of the compliance rates of each item in the objective comfort evaluation of desks and chairs of different models by overweight and obese students

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课桌椅类型人数脚部完全着地大腿与地面平行大腿与小腿自然成略>90°角脚部不存在悬空或者椅子过矮造成腿部不适的情况桌下净空高合适眼睛距离桌面中心≥33.3 cm桌面深度和宽度合适椅面深度和宽度合适
大桌大椅710709(99.9)655(92.3)541(76.2)630(88.7)535(75.4)656(92.4)634(89.3)639(90.0)
小桌小椅577576(99.8)517(89.6)321(55.6)441(76.4)290(50.3)538(93.2)483(83.7)498(86.3)
大桌小椅570569(99.8)555(97.4)452(79.3)521(91.4)476(83.5)514(90.2)522(91.6)521(91.4)
χ2值0.0327.5594.0561.02166.473.5118.337.97
P值0.99＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.17＜0.010.02
), ArticleFig(id=1325502059570659609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325502021956141252, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

超重肥胖学生对不同型号课桌椅客观舒适度评价的各条目达标率比较

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课桌椅类型人数脚部完全着地大腿与地面平行大腿与小腿自然成略>90°角脚部不存在悬空或者椅子过矮造成腿部不适的情况桌下净空高合适眼睛距离桌面中心≥33.3 cm桌面深度和宽度合适椅面深度和宽度合适
大桌大椅710709(99.9)655(92.3)541(76.2)630(88.7)535(75.4)656(92.4)634(89.3)639(90.0)
小桌小椅577576(99.8)517(89.6)321(55.6)441(76.4)290(50.3)538(93.2)483(83.7)498(86.3)
大桌小椅570569(99.8)555(97.4)452(79.3)521(91.4)476(83.5)514(90.2)522(91.6)521(91.4)
χ2值0.0327.5594.0561.02166.473.5118.337.97
P值0.99＜0.01＜0.01＜0.01＜0.010.17＜0.010.02
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不同体型学生学校课桌椅舒适度研究
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郑柯炀 1 , 罗春燕 1 , 曲爽笑 1 , 刘忠慧 2 , 王艳 3 , 齐文娟 1 , 黄生垒 1 , 杨东玲 *, 1 , 张凤云 *, 1
中国学校卫生 | 学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025,46(3): 325-329
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中国学校卫生 |学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025 , 46 (3) : 325 -329
不同体型学生学校课桌椅舒适度研究
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郑柯炀1, 罗春燕1, 曲爽笑1, 刘忠慧2, 王艳3, 齐文娟1, 黄生垒1, 杨东玲*, 1 , 张凤云*, 1
作者信息
  • 1上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所，200336
  • 2天津市疾病预防控制中心环境健康与公共卫生所
  • 3江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所
通讯作者:
杨东玲，E-mail:
张凤云，E-mail:
作者简介:

郑柯炀(1997-)，男，山东济南人，硕士，医师，主要研究方向为环境与儿童青少年健康

Comfort assessment of school desks and chairs ergonomics among students with different body types
Keyang ZHENG1, Chunyan LUO1, Shuangxiao QU1, Zhonghui LIU2, Yan WANG3, Wenjuan QI1, Shenglei HUANG1, Dongling YANG*, 1 , Fengyun ZHANG*, 1
Affiliations
  • 1Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai (200336), China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077
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摘要
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目的

了解不同体型学生按照标准匹配课桌椅舒适度的差异性，为指导超重肥胖学生选择合适的课桌椅以及相关标准修订提供参考。

方法

2024年1—4月，采用整群随机抽样方法选取上海市、天津市和江苏省13个区(县市)26所学校2 443名幼儿园至大学的学生，对学生进行体格检查，根据其身高匹配课桌椅型号调查舒适度的主观和客观评价。根据相关标准划分为非超重肥胖、超重和肥胖组后进行分层分析。采用χ2检验分析不同体型研究对象对于课桌椅主客观舒适度评价之间的差异。

结果

调查学生中，有16.7%为超重，12.6%为肥胖。所有学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌搭配较小尺寸型号课椅(大桌小椅)舒适的报告率最高(84.1%)，主观评价与客观评估的结果一致。肥胖组学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较小尺寸型号课桌椅(小桌小椅)舒适的报告率(36.8%)低于超重组和非超重肥胖组(52.1%，48.0%)(χ2=14.63，P＜0.01)。小学生中超重肥胖组对大桌大椅和小桌小椅舒适度评价较非超重肥胖组更差(χ2值分别为15.78，7.63，P值均＜0.05)。高中生中超重肥胖组对大桌大椅和大桌小椅舒适度评价较非超重肥胖组更差(χ2值分别为9.62，11.77，P值均＜0.05)。客观评价中，不同课桌椅类型，小桌小椅搭配的大腿与小腿是否自然成>90°角(55.6%)及桌下净空高是否合适(50.3%)达标率较低(χ2值分别为94.05，166.47，P值均＜0.05)。

结论

与非超重肥胖学生相比，超重和肥胖学生对与身高匹配的课桌椅型号的舒适度评价较差。标准修订中应考虑学生体型因素，提高超重肥胖学生对课桌椅舒适度的评价。

超重  /  肥胖症  /  课桌椅  /  舒适度  /  学生
Objective

To investigate the differences in the comfort of desks and chairs furniture among students with different body types according to the standard, so as to provide a reference for guiding students with overweight and obesity to choose the correct study furniture and revising the standards.

Methods

From January to April 2024, 2 443 students from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province were selected by the cluster random sampling method to conduct physical examination. The subjective and objective evaluations of the comfort of height-matched desks and chairs were investigated. The students were divided into non-overweight, overweight, and obesity groups according to relevant criteria, and stratified analysis was performed. The χ2 test was used to analyze differences in the comfort evaluations of desks and chairs among students with different body types.

Results

Among the 2 443 students surveyed, 16.7% and 12.6% were respectively classified as overweight and obese. All students assigned the highest comfort ratings to large desks and small chairs (84.1%), and consistency was observed between students' subjective and objective evaluations. The reporting rate of samll desks and chairs of obesity students' subjective evaluation was lower (36.8%) than that of overweight and non-overweight/obesity students (52.1%, 48.0%) (χ2=14.63, P < 0.01). The overweight and obese group of primary school students had a worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs and small desks and chairs than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=15.78, 7.63, P < 0.05). Among high school students, the overweight and obese group had worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs, as well as large desks and small chairs, than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=9.62, 11.77, P < 0.05). The objective evaluations revealed low compliance ratings on the posture of the thighs and calves for naturally forming an angle greater than 90° (55.6%), and headroom height under the table (50.3%) with small desks and chairs (χ2=94.05, 166.47, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Compared with non-overweight/obese students, students with overweight and obese students report poor comfort evaluations of height-matched desks and chairs. Revision of the standard should consider the body types of students, and evaluations of the comfort of desks and chairs furniture by students with overweight and obesity should be improved.

Overweight  /  Obesity  /  Desk and chair  /  Comfortable  /  Students
郑柯炀, 罗春燕, 曲爽笑, 刘忠慧, 王艳, 齐文娟, 黄生垒, 杨东玲, 张凤云. 不同体型学生学校课桌椅舒适度研究. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 325 -329 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077
Keyang ZHENG, Chunyan LUO, Shuangxiao QU, Zhonghui LIU, Yan WANG, Wenjuan QI, Shenglei HUANG, Dongling YANG, Fengyun ZHANG. Comfort assessment of school desks and chairs ergonomics among students with different body types[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 325 -329 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077
正文
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课桌椅的舒适性是影响学生身心健康的重要因素，不舒适的课桌椅不仅会降低学习效率，而且与多种不良健康结局的发生有关[1-3]。目前，我国使用《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)(以下简称“标准”)指导学生根据身高选择与其相适应的课桌椅，学生个体根据其身高能够匹配1~2种相符合的课桌椅型号[4]。随着经济发展和生活方式的改变，学生营养状况得到改善，超重肥胖率也呈快速增长趋势。截至2022年，全球儿童青少年的肥胖率是1990年的4倍，总计1.59亿儿童青少年患有肥胖症[5]。根据《中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告》，中国6~17岁儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为11.1%和7.9%[6]。基于以上背景，本研究旨在调查不同体型学生按照标准匹配课桌椅舒适度的差异性，探讨影响课桌椅舒适度的原因，为指导超重肥胖学生选择合适的课桌椅以及“标准”的修订提供参考。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
2024年1—4月，采取整群随机抽样方法在上海、天津和江苏省无锡市三市选取幼儿园、中小学和高等院校各学段在校学生作为研究对象，从上海和天津各抽到的5个区分别随机分配一个学段采用直接抽选法进行学校的抽取，江苏省无锡市从3个区采用直接抽选法抽取5个学段的学校；抽中的学校以班级为单位进行抽样, 被抽中的班级整班纳入研究。最终在上海市抽取黄浦区、徐汇区、静安区、闵行区、宝山区5个区5所学校共834名学生, 天津市抽取和平区、南开区、滨海新区、津南区、武清区5个区5所学校共761名学生，江苏省无锡市抽取梁溪区、锡山区、宜兴市3个市区16所学校共851名学生，最终共纳入中国三省市13个区(县/市)26所学校的2 443名学生为研究对象。其中男生1 201名，女生1 242名；平均年龄(13.3±5.3)岁。所有研究对象及其监护人均知情同意，本研究取得上海市疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会批准(批号：2022-13)。
1.2　体格检查
经过培训的技术人员使用定期校准的设备按照标准流程对研究对象的身高和体重进行测量，并计算体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)，身高测量精确至0.1 cm，重复误差控制在±0.5 cm；体重测量精确至0.1 kg，重复误差控制在±0.1 kg。学龄前儿童参考“中国2~18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖筛查体重指数界值点标准”[7]，学龄儿童参考《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》(WS/T 586—2018)[8]，按照不同性别和年龄别的BMI参考临界值划分非超重肥胖、超重和肥胖。
1.3　课桌椅舒适度评价
专业调查人员按照“标准”[4]匹配原则，采用同号课桌与课椅相匹配或相邻两个型号大桌与小椅相匹配的方法。结合研究对象身高匹配相对应课桌椅型号(通常为2种型号)进行搭配，搭配方式分为3种情况：与身高匹配的较大尺寸型号的课桌配同型号课椅(大桌大椅)、与身高匹配的较小尺寸型号的课桌配同型号课椅(小桌小椅)，与身高匹配的较大尺寸型号的课桌配较小尺寸型号的课椅(大桌小椅)，针对3种课桌椅搭配的舒适度进行评价。因高等院校只有1种标准型号课桌椅，因此本研究分析时将其计为“大桌大椅”。学生按照非常舒适、较为舒适、一般、不舒适、非常不舒适5个等级对自我感觉舒适度进行现场评价和调查表的填写。同时，专业调查人员采用观察法根据8个评判项目为舒适度进行评价[脚部是否完全着地；大腿与地面是否平行；大腿与小腿是否自然成略>90°角；是否存在脚部悬空或者椅子过矮造成腿部不适的情况；桌下净空高是否合适(腿部与课桌屉箱下部留有空隙，腿部可以自由活动)；自然读写姿势，眼睛距离桌面中心是否≥33.3 cm；桌面深度和宽度是否合适；椅面深度和宽度是否合适)]，选项赋值均为是=1，否=0。赋值得分作为客观评估的结果，7~8分为“非常舒适”，5~6分为“较为舒适”，4分为“一般”，2~3分为“不舒适”，0~1分为“非常不舒适”。调查表编制内容经过公共卫生领域的专家审核，根据专家意见修订后确定，并经过间隔7 d的预调查，本研究中该问卷在各学段的Cronbach α系数为0.77~0.82。
1.4　质量控制
调查前由调查负责人对现场调查人员进行培训，对调查条目统一标准和认识。调查开始时调查人员向学生说明调查的意义和问卷填写要求，以保证结果可靠。问卷完成后进行核查，对于漏填或问题问卷由调查人员进行指导后现场填写，数据采用双录入和逻辑检查以保证准确性。
1.5　统计学分析
所有数据均使用SPSS 24.0软件进行分析，计量资料用(x ±s)描述，计数资料用频数和百分率描述。采用χ2检验分析不同体型研究对象对于课桌椅舒适度评价的差异。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　不同性别和学段学生超重肥胖检出率
根据不同年龄的超重/肥胖筛查参考值，16.7%(408名)的学生被判定为超重，12.6%(309名)被判定为肥胖。男生超重和肥胖检出率均高于女生；各学段以初中学生的超重检出率最高，其次为高中，高等院校肥胖检出率最低。见表1。
2.2　课桌椅主观和客观舒适度报告率
总体来看，所有学生主观认为大桌小椅舒适的报告率最高(84.1%, 1 596/1 898)，是否超重肥胖组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.18)。所有学生认为小桌小椅舒适的报告率最低，特别是肥胖组学生(36.8%)，组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。幼儿园儿童对不同型号课桌椅搭配的主观评价报告率在是否超重肥胖组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)；小学生非超重肥胖组认为大桌大椅舒适的报告率高于超重或肥胖组，而肥胖组认为小桌小椅舒适的报告率最低(P值均＜0.05)。高中生肥胖组认为大桌大椅和大桌小椅舒适的报告率均低于其他组(P值均＜0.01)。高等院校学生对于教室固定型号课桌椅的主观评价在3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
客观舒适度评估中，超重或肥胖组使用小桌小椅被客观评估为舒适的报告率低于非超重肥胖组(P＜0.01)，而大桌大椅和大桌小椅的评估结果组间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。幼儿园儿童客观评估不同型号课桌椅搭配的舒适度在各组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)；小学生和初中生中均观察到肥胖组使用小桌小椅被客观评估为舒适的报告率低于另外两组(P值均＜0.05)。高中生使用大桌小椅、小桌小椅以及大桌小椅舒适度客观评价在3组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)，主要表现为肥胖组被客观评估为舒适的报告率最低。高等院校学生对大桌大椅的客观评价差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3。
2.3　课桌椅舒适度影响因素分析
对于条目“大腿与小腿自然成略>90°角”和“桌下净空高合适”，3种课桌椅搭配类型的评价达标率相对较低，且小桌小椅达标率最低(P值均＜0.01)。此外，小桌小椅搭配的条目“大腿与地面平行”“脚部不存在悬空或者椅子过矮造成腿部不适的情况”“桌面深度和宽度合适”“椅面深度和宽度合适”的达标率均低于其他2种搭配类型(P值均＜0.05)。见表4。
3　讨论
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本研究结果显示，总体上学生对于小桌小椅搭配方式的舒适度评价最差，尤其是肥胖学生。超重和肥胖小学生对大桌大椅评价为舒适的报告率低于非超重肥胖组，在高中学生中观察到肥胖组对大桌大椅和大桌小椅评价为舒适的报告率低于其他组，高等院校学生对大桌大椅主观舒适度评价并不理想。课桌椅舒适度客观评估的结果与主观评价基本一致，主要表现为超重或肥胖组学生对于标准型号课桌椅搭配的舒适感受较非超重肥胖组更差。对于超重或肥胖的学生来说，臀围、大腿围较大，桌下净空高较小，大腿小腿姿势不良可能是导致舒适度降低的原因。
当前，大多数研究使用身高、肘高、肩高、上臂长、膝盖高、腘窝高等人体测量指标匹配适合的课桌椅，很少考虑到学生的体重或体型[9-11]。然而，体重决定了身体对课桌椅的压力峰值，长时间的峰值压力是导致身体不适和背痛的主要原因[12]。体型使某些人体解剖特征(如臀部和大腿)存在差异，这与身体和课桌椅的接触面积以及身体压力分布有关[13]。学生坐在不适合的课桌椅上会随着时间的推移导致身体负荷分布不对称，从而形成一种补偿姿势以保持平衡，最终导致腰部和身体其他部位感到疼痛和不适[14]。通常接触面积的增加是提高舒适度最重要和最有用的方法之一，臀部和外周肌肉会逐渐减轻这一负荷从而使压力分布更加合理[13]。因此，使用身高和体重作为人体测量数据能够减少学校课桌椅的错误匹配，并且可将结果推广到相似身高和体重分布人群[15]。
另一方面，根据身高匹配的课桌椅型号可能限制了超重肥胖学生的活动空间。研究发现，在受限空间内进行活动会导致不适感增加，但通过移动或改变姿势后不适感会减少，可能与运动将压力分散到其他部位从而改善压力中心的舒适性有关[16-17]。中小学校教室课桌下嵌入屉箱的设计为学生存放物品提供了便利，但会对学生的舒适性造成负担。
本研究发现超重或肥胖学生的桌下净空高以及大腿与小腿的姿势达标率较低，并且小桌小椅的脚部姿势、桌面和椅面深度不合适可能是导致舒适性下降的原因。良好的坐姿应为下胸部和腰部姿势平坦，腰椎前凸而无胸椎后凸[18]。有研究认为使用大腿厚度的第95百分位设计座椅与桌子之间的间隙可能最佳，因为这能确保体型较大学生的桌下高度方便使用，甚至可以在桌子下交叉双腿[19]。有多数学生认为座椅深度太浅，从而导致课桌椅的不适配[20]。研究表明基于人群的第5百分位数的臀腘长度来确定座椅深度更加合理[21]。
本研究还存在一些局限性：首先，本研究仅测量了学生的身高和体重而未考虑其他人体测量指标；其次，因样本量问题，本研究中大学生肥胖率较低限制了对于高等院校固定式课桌椅的舒适度分析；最后，研究使用的某些评判指标条目仅调查学生某些姿势或课桌椅尺寸是否合适，但未调查不合适的具体原因。未来应选择具有代表性的人群进行更细致的调查，以弥补本研究存在的不足。
基金
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  • 上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-31)；国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养支持项目(2023-2025)
文献
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077
  • 接收时间：2025-01-10
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-10
  • 修回日期：2025-02-12
基金
上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-31)；国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养支持项目(2023-2025)
作者信息
    1上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所，200336
    2天津市疾病预防控制中心环境健康与公共卫生所
    3江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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