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Article(id=1325501671341687052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736179200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-07, revisedDate=1737734400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953825077, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953825077, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953825077, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953825077, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=364, endPage=367, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501672948105485, articleId=1325501671341687052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students, columnId=1259565855189418448, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Mental Health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students, so as to provide reference for sleep health promotion in primary school students.

Methods

From April to June 2024, a survey was conducted among 4 341 fourth- and fifth-grade students from 9 public primary schools in a district in Beijing. Sleep patterns were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire, while psychological behavior was evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)(parent version). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the association between different levels of social jetlag and psychological behavior problem scores in primary school students.

Results

The proportions of students with social jetlag of < 1.0, 1.0- < 2.0, and ≥2.0 h were 57.6%, 30.6%, and 11.8%, respectively. The GEE model analysis found that after adjusting for covariates, compared with primary school students with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with 1.0- < 2.0 and ≥2.0 h had higher scores for internalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI) =0.23(0.05-0.41), 0.28(0.02-0.54), P < 0.01]. Primary school students with ≥2.0 h of social jetlag had higher scores for externalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI)=0.42 (0.13-0.71), P < 0.01]. Among boys and primary school students with an average nighttime sleep duration of ≥9 h, comparied with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with sucial jetlag 1.0- < 2.0 h had higher scores on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems[β(95%CI)=0.32(0.07-0.56), 0.51 (0.11-0.90), 0.26 (0.06-0.46), 0.58 (0.25-0.91), P < 0.05].

Conclusions

Greater social jetlag may be a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in upper primary school students. Reducing social jetlag may help decrease the occurrence of psychological behavior problems in primary school students.

, authors=Ruilan ZHAO1, Guiyin ZHU2, Tao PENG1, Guoxin ZHEN1, Fangfang ZHAO1, Qingqing SONG1, Li LI*, 1, Yinghua MA*, 2, authorsList=Ruilan ZHAO, Guiyin ZHU, Tao PENG, Guoxin ZHEN, Fangfang ZHAO, Qingqing SONG, Li LI, Yinghua MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li LI, Yinghua MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501673577251086, articleId=1325501671341687052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的相关性, columnId=1259565858817491410, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=心理卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的关系，为促进小学生睡眠健康提供参考依据。

方法

2024年4—6月在北京市某区方便选取9所公立小学共4 341名四至五年级小学生，使用自编问卷调查小学生睡眠情况，采用长处和困难问卷(SDQ)父母版调查小学生的心理行为情况，采用广义估计方程模型分析小学生不同社会时差水平与心理行为问题得分的关联。

结果

小学生社会时差 < 1.0，1.0~< 2.0，≥2.0 h者分别占57.6%，30.6%和11.8%。广义估计方程模型分析发现，调整协变量后，与社会时差 < 1.0 h的小学生相比，社会时差在1.0~< 2.0和≥2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)分别为0.23(0.05~0.41)，0.28(0.02~0.54)]，社会时差≥2.0 h的小学生外化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)=0.42(0.13~0.71)](P值均 < 0.01)。在男生、平均夜间睡眠时长≥9 h的小学生中，与社会时差 < 1.0 h者相比，社会时差1.0~< 2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题、外化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)分别为0.32(0.07~0.56)，0.51(0.11~0.90)，0.26(0.06~0.46)，0.58(0.25~0.91)，P值均 < 0.05]。

结论

社会时差较大可能是高年级小学生发生内、外化行为问题的风险因素，缩小社会时差可能有助于减少小学生心理行为问题的发生。

, authors=赵瑞兰1, 朱桂因2, 彭涛1, 甄国新1, 赵芳芳1, 宋青青1, 李莉*, 1, 马迎华*, 2, authorsList=赵瑞兰, 朱桂因, 彭涛, 甄国新, 赵芳芳, 宋青青, 李莉, 马迎华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李莉, 马迎华, authorNote=

赵瑞兰(1980-)，女，北京市人，硕士，副主任医师，主要研究方向为儿童生长与健康促进

, correspAuthorsNote=
李莉，E-mail：
马迎华，E-mail：
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Comparison of the social jetlag status among upper primary school students in different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数< 1 h1~1.9 h≥2 hχ2值P值
性别男2 2351 264(56.6)696(31.1)275(12.3)2.290.32
女2 1061 236(58.7)633(30.1)237(11.3)
年级四2 5961 552(59.8)759(29.2)285(11.0)13.05< 0.01
五1 745948(54.3)570(32.7)227(13.0)
父亲文化水平高中及以下725359(49.5)239(33.0)127(17.5)35.59< 0.01
大专及以上3 6162 141(59.2)1 090(30.1)385(10.6)
母亲文化水平高中及以下541289(53.4)172(31.8)80(14.8)6.840.03
大专及以上3 8002 211(58.2)1 157(30.4)432(11.4)
慢性呼吸道疾病史无2 8251 615(57.2)868(30.7)342(12.1)0.950.62
有1 516885(58.4)461(30.4)170(11.2)
自评学习负担轻1 138727(63.9)313(27.5)98(8.6)67.05< 0.01
一般2 6081 497(57.4)813(31.2)298(11.4)
重595276(46.4)203(34.1)116(19.5)
平均夜间睡眠时长/h≥93 2641 846(56.6)1 032(31.6)386(11.8)6.770.03
< 91 077654(60.7)297(27.6)126(11.7)
平均午睡时长/min01 260630(50.0)427(33.9)203(16.1)69.40< 0.01
1~301 493921(61.7)430(28.8)142(9.5)
>30~601 191725(60.9)363(30.5)103(8.6)
>60397224(56.4)109(27.5)64(16.1)
平均每天视屏时长/h< 0.52 1361 409(66.0)560(26.2)167(7.8)226.23< 0.01
0.5~1.0751407(54.2)265(35.3)79(10.5)
>1.0~2.0965491(50.9)343(35.5)131(13.6)
>2.0489193(39.5)161(32.9)135(27.6)
平均每天户外活动时长/h< 1.0464227(48.9)171(36.9)66(14.2)29.20< 0.01
1.0~< 2.01 505840(55.8)490(32.6)175(11.6)
2.0~< 3.01 411870(61.7)394(27.9)147(10.4)
≥3.0961563(58.6)274(28.5)124(12.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1325501679705129287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501671341687052, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别高年级小学生社会时差分布比较

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组别选项人数< 1 h1~1.9 h≥2 hχ2值P值
性别男2 2351 264(56.6)696(31.1)275(12.3)2.290.32
女2 1061 236(58.7)633(30.1)237(11.3)
年级四2 5961 552(59.8)759(29.2)285(11.0)13.05< 0.01
五1 745948(54.3)570(32.7)227(13.0)
父亲文化水平高中及以下725359(49.5)239(33.0)127(17.5)35.59< 0.01
大专及以上3 6162 141(59.2)1 090(30.1)385(10.6)
母亲文化水平高中及以下541289(53.4)172(31.8)80(14.8)6.840.03
大专及以上3 8002 211(58.2)1 157(30.4)432(11.4)
慢性呼吸道疾病史无2 8251 615(57.2)868(30.7)342(12.1)0.950.62
有1 516885(58.4)461(30.4)170(11.2)
自评学习负担轻1 138727(63.9)313(27.5)98(8.6)67.05< 0.01
一般2 6081 497(57.4)813(31.2)298(11.4)
重595276(46.4)203(34.1)116(19.5)
平均夜间睡眠时长/h≥93 2641 846(56.6)1 032(31.6)386(11.8)6.770.03
< 91 077654(60.7)297(27.6)126(11.7)
平均午睡时长/min01 260630(50.0)427(33.9)203(16.1)69.40< 0.01
1~301 493921(61.7)430(28.8)142(9.5)
>30~601 191725(60.9)363(30.5)103(8.6)
>60397224(56.4)109(27.5)64(16.1)
平均每天视屏时长/h< 0.52 1361 409(66.0)560(26.2)167(7.8)226.23< 0.01
0.5~1.0751407(54.2)265(35.3)79(10.5)
>1.0~2.0965491(50.9)343(35.5)131(13.6)
>2.0489193(39.5)161(32.9)135(27.6)
平均每天户外活动时长/h< 1.0464227(48.9)171(36.9)66(14.2)29.20< 0.01
1.0~< 2.01 505840(55.8)490(32.6)175(11.6)
2.0~< 3.01 411870(61.7)394(27.9)147(10.4)
≥3.0961563(58.6)274(28.5)124(12.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1325501679990341960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501671341687052, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of emotional and behavioral problem scores among upper primary school students in different social jetlag status[M(P25, P75)]

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社会时差/h人数内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为
< 1.02 5003(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
1.0~< 2.01 3294(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
≥2.05124(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
H值13.7017.630.17
P值< 0.01< 0.010.92
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不同社会时差高年级小学生心理行为得分比较[M(P25, P75)]

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社会时差/h人数内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为
< 1.02 5003(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
1.0~< 2.01 3294(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
≥2.05124(2, 5)5(3, 7)8(6, 9)
H值13.7017.630.17
P值< 0.01< 0.010.92
), ArticleFig(id=1325501681718395210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501671341687052, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Association between social jetlag status and emotional and behavioral problem scores among upper primary school students [β (95%CI), n=4 341]

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亚组1.0~< 2.0 h≥2.0 h
内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为
性别
  男0.32(0.07~0.56)*0.20(-0.07~0.48)0.07(-0.11~0.25)0.31(-0.04~0.66)0.51(0.11~0.90)*0.15(-0.11~0.41)
  女0.13(-0.13~0.39)-0.02(-0.30~0.27)-0.03(-0.22~0.15)0.27(-0.11~0.65)0.34(-0.08~0.76)-0.02(-0.30~0.26)
平均夜间睡眠时长/h
  ≥90.26(0.06~0.46)*0.12(-0.11~0.34)0.00(-0.14~0.15)0.27(-0.03~0.56)0.58(0.25~0.91)**0.02(-0.20~0.23)
   < 90.11(-0.28~0.49)-0.01(-0.42~0.41)0.07(-0.20~0.35)0.37(-0.18~0.92)-0.05(-0.64~0.55)0.18(-0.22~0.58)
总体0.23(0.05~0.41)*0.10(-0.10~0.29)0.02(-0.11~0.15)0.28(0.02~0.54)*0.42(0.13~0.71)**0.07(-0.12~0.26)
), ArticleFig(id=1325501681856807243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501671341687052, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为各项得分的关联分析[β值(95%CI)，n=4 341]

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亚组1.0~< 2.0 h≥2.0 h
内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为内化行为问题外化行为问题亲社会行为
性别
  男0.32(0.07~0.56)*0.20(-0.07~0.48)0.07(-0.11~0.25)0.31(-0.04~0.66)0.51(0.11~0.90)*0.15(-0.11~0.41)
  女0.13(-0.13~0.39)-0.02(-0.30~0.27)-0.03(-0.22~0.15)0.27(-0.11~0.65)0.34(-0.08~0.76)-0.02(-0.30~0.26)
平均夜间睡眠时长/h
  ≥90.26(0.06~0.46)*0.12(-0.11~0.34)0.00(-0.14~0.15)0.27(-0.03~0.56)0.58(0.25~0.91)**0.02(-0.20~0.23)
   < 90.11(-0.28~0.49)-0.01(-0.42~0.41)0.07(-0.20~0.35)0.37(-0.18~0.92)-0.05(-0.64~0.55)0.18(-0.22~0.58)
总体0.23(0.05~0.41)*0.10(-0.10~0.29)0.02(-0.11~0.15)0.28(0.02~0.54)*0.42(0.13~0.71)**0.07(-0.12~0.26)
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高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的相关性
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赵瑞兰 1 , 朱桂因 2 , 彭涛 1 , 甄国新 1 , 赵芳芳 1 , 宋青青 1 , 李莉 *, 1 , 马迎华 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 心理卫生 2025,46(3): 364-367
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中国学校卫生 |心理卫生 2025 , 46 (3) : 364 -367
高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的相关性
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赵瑞兰(1980-)，女，北京市人，硕士，副主任医师，主要研究方向为儿童生长与健康促进

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赵瑞兰1, 朱桂因2, 彭涛1, 甄国新1, 赵芳芳1, 宋青青1, 李莉*, 1 , 马迎华*, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科，101300
  • 2北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
通讯作者:
李莉，E-mail：
马迎华，E-mail：
作者简介:

赵瑞兰(1980-)，女，北京市人，硕士，副主任医师，主要研究方向为儿童生长与健康促进

Correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students
Ruilan ZHAO1, Guiyin ZHU2, Tao PENG1, Guoxin ZHEN1, Fangfang ZHAO1, Qingqing SONG1, Li LI*, 1 , Yinghua MA*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of School Health, Shunyi District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing(101300), China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074
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摘要
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目的

探究高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的关系，为促进小学生睡眠健康提供参考依据。

方法

2024年4—6月在北京市某区方便选取9所公立小学共4 341名四至五年级小学生，使用自编问卷调查小学生睡眠情况，采用长处和困难问卷(SDQ)父母版调查小学生的心理行为情况，采用广义估计方程模型分析小学生不同社会时差水平与心理行为问题得分的关联。

结果

小学生社会时差 < 1.0，1.0~< 2.0，≥2.0 h者分别占57.6%，30.6%和11.8%。广义估计方程模型分析发现，调整协变量后，与社会时差 < 1.0 h的小学生相比，社会时差在1.0~< 2.0和≥2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)分别为0.23(0.05~0.41)，0.28(0.02~0.54)]，社会时差≥2.0 h的小学生外化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)=0.42(0.13~0.71)](P值均 < 0.01)。在男生、平均夜间睡眠时长≥9 h的小学生中，与社会时差 < 1.0 h者相比，社会时差1.0~< 2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题、外化行为问题得分更高[β值(95%CI)分别为0.32(0.07~0.56)，0.51(0.11~0.90)，0.26(0.06~0.46)，0.58(0.25~0.91)，P值均 < 0.05]。

结论

社会时差较大可能是高年级小学生发生内、外化行为问题的风险因素，缩小社会时差可能有助于减少小学生心理行为问题的发生。

昼夜节律  /  精神卫生  /  回归分析  /  学生
Objective

To investigate the correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students, so as to provide reference for sleep health promotion in primary school students.

Methods

From April to June 2024, a survey was conducted among 4 341 fourth- and fifth-grade students from 9 public primary schools in a district in Beijing. Sleep patterns were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire, while psychological behavior was evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)(parent version). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the association between different levels of social jetlag and psychological behavior problem scores in primary school students.

Results

The proportions of students with social jetlag of < 1.0, 1.0- < 2.0, and ≥2.0 h were 57.6%, 30.6%, and 11.8%, respectively. The GEE model analysis found that after adjusting for covariates, compared with primary school students with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with 1.0- < 2.0 and ≥2.0 h had higher scores for internalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI) =0.23(0.05-0.41), 0.28(0.02-0.54), P < 0.01]. Primary school students with ≥2.0 h of social jetlag had higher scores for externalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI)=0.42 (0.13-0.71), P < 0.01]. Among boys and primary school students with an average nighttime sleep duration of ≥9 h, comparied with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with sucial jetlag 1.0- < 2.0 h had higher scores on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems[β(95%CI)=0.32(0.07-0.56), 0.51 (0.11-0.90), 0.26 (0.06-0.46), 0.58 (0.25-0.91), P < 0.05].

Conclusions

Greater social jetlag may be a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in upper primary school students. Reducing social jetlag may help decrease the occurrence of psychological behavior problems in primary school students.

Circadian rhythm  /  Mental health  /  Regression analysis  /  Students
赵瑞兰, 朱桂因, 彭涛, 甄国新, 赵芳芳, 宋青青, 李莉, 马迎华. 高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为的相关性. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 364 -367 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074
Ruilan ZHAO, Guiyin ZHU, Tao PENG, Guoxin ZHEN, Fangfang ZHAO, Qingqing SONG, Li LI, Yinghua MA. Correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 364 -367 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074
正文
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充足且规律的睡眠对于儿童生长发育、认知行为发展、心理健康等多个方面都起着重要作用[1]。目前，学龄儿童在上学日睡眠时长不足、周末补觉的现象比较常见[2]，使得实际睡眠时间和个体内部的生物钟存在偏差，即上学日和周末之间的入睡时间、起床时间和睡眠时长不一致，这种偏差定义为社会时差[3]。现有研究表明，社会时差与儿童青少年的心理行为问题存在显著关联，如社会时差较大的青少年更可能表现出内化行为问题(如焦虑和抑郁)和外化行为问题(如攻击性和多动)[4]。笔者旨在通过对高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为之间的关系进行初步探索，为促进小学生睡眠健康提供参考依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
于2024年4—6月在北京市某区方便选取9所公立小学，面向全体四至五年级小学生及其家长开展问卷调查。纳入学生及其家长均提交有效问卷的样本，同时排除家长报告既往诊断患有睡眠障碍或发育行为障碍、正在服用助眠药物或精神类药物的学生，最终共纳入4 341名小学生，其中男生2 235名，女生2 106名；四年级学生2 596名，五年级学生1 745名。平均年龄为(10.68±0.66)岁。本调查已获得所有调查对象及其家长的知情同意，并通过北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心伦理委员会伦理审查(批件号：2024032802)。
1.2　方法
在征得学生及家长同意后，学校统一组织学生在电脑机房填写电子版学生问卷，家长通过扫描二维码填写电子版家长问卷。
1.2.1　基本情况
学生问卷包括性别、年级、自评学习负担(轻/一般/重)、平均每天视屏时长(< 0.5，0.5~1.0，>1.0~2.0，>2.0 h)、平均每天户外活动时长(< 1.0，1.0~< 2.0，2.0~< 3.0，≥3.0 h)等信息；家长问卷包括父亲文化水平、母亲文化水平、睡眠障碍或发育行为障碍疾病史、慢性呼吸道疾病史、助眠药物或精神类药物用药史等信息。
1.2.2　睡眠情况
采用自编睡眠情况问卷，由学生报告过去1个月上学日就寝时间、起床时间、午睡时长，周末就寝时间、起床时间、午睡时长。分别计算上学日睡眠中点和周末睡眠中点(睡眠中点=起床时间-夜间睡眠时长/2，夜间睡眠时长=起床时间-就寝时间)，以及社会时差(社会时差=|周末睡眠中点-上学日睡眠中点|)[3]。既往研究中，儿童青少年的社会时差常定义为上学日和非上学日的睡眠中点相差超过1或2 h[5-7]，本研究根据小学生社会时差的分布特点，将社会时差分为3组，分别为 < 1.0，1.0~< 2.0，≥2.0 h。
根据上学日和周末的夜间睡眠时长、午睡时长，加权平均计算学生的平均夜间睡眠时长[平均夜间睡眠时长=(上学日睡眠时长×5 + 周末睡眠时长×2)/7]，并将其分组为 < 9和≥9 h[8]；加权平均计算平均午睡时长[平均午睡时长=(上学日午睡时长×5 + 周末午睡时长×2)/7]，并将其分组为0, 1~30, >30~60, >60 min。
1.2.3　心理行为问题
采用长处和困难问卷(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire，SDQ)父母版[9]评估过去6个月的儿童心理行为问题，适用于4~17岁儿童青少年。SDQ分为情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意缺陷、同伴关系问题、亲社会行为5个维度，共25个条目，每个条目按3级评分(0分：不符合；1分：有点符合；2分：完全符合)，其中亲社会行为维度的条目为反向计分。内化行为问题得分为情绪症状和同伴关系问题维度得分之和，外化行为问题得分为品行问题和多动/注意缺陷维度得分之和，得分越高表明儿童相应的情绪和行为问题越严重；亲社会行为得分越高，表明儿童具有更好的亲社会行为[10]。SDQ已在我国小学生中验证，信、效度良好[9, 11]。本研究中该问卷的Cronbach α系数为0.83。
1.3　质量控制
由经统一培训的调查员开展调查，向学生说明调查目的和填写说明，班主任和任课教师回避；通过班级微信群向家长发放问卷二维码及问卷说明。调查结束后，由团队成员检查删除重复值后进行匹配等工作，整理形成本次研究的数据库。
1.4　统计学分析使用SPSS
26.0进行数据分析，计数资料用频数和构成比(%)描述；心理行为得分为计量资料，经检验不符合正态分布，用M(P25, P75)描述；采用χ2检验比较不同组别小学生的社会时差分布；采用Kruskal-Wallis检验分析不同性别、不同水平社会时差小学生心理行为各项得分的差异；以社会时差为自变量，3种心理行为得分为因变量，调整性别、年级、父母亲文化水平、慢性呼吸道疾病史、自评学习负担、平均夜间睡眠时长、平均午睡时长、平均视屏时长、平均户外活动时长等协变量后，采用广义估计方程模型分析小学生不同社会时差水平与心理行为问题得分的关联，由于性别、夜间平均睡眠时长可能会影响小学生的社会时差和心理行为[12]，因此进一步按照性别和夜间平均睡眠时长进行亚组分析。使用双侧检验，检验水准为α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　高年级小学生社会时差基本情况
高年级小学生的社会时差中位数为50(25, 82)min，其中社会时差 < 1.0 h的有2 500名(57.6%)，1.0~< 2.0 h的1 329名(30.6%)，≥2.0 h的512名(11.8%)。不同年级、父母文化水平、自评学习负担、平均夜间睡眠时长、平均午睡时长、平均每天视屏时长、平均每天户外活动时长的高年级小学生社会时差分布差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。
2.2　不同社会时差高年级小学生心理行为得分比较
高年级小学生内化行为问题、外化行为问题、亲社会行为得分分别为3(2, 5)，5(3, 7)，8(6, 9)分；男、女生得分分别为3(2，5)，5(3，7)，8(6，9)；3(2，5)，4(3，6)，8(6，9)。外化行为问题和亲社会行为得分的性别差异均有统计学意义(H值分别为64.21，4.36，P值均 < 0.05)，内化行为问题得分的性别差异无统计学意义(H=0.69，P=0.41)。不同水平社会时差高年级小学生内化行为问题得分、外化行为问题得分差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。见表2。
2.3　高年级小学生社会时差与心理行为得分的关联分析
广义估计方程模型分析结果显示，调整协变量后，与社会时差 < 1.0 h的高年级小学生相比，社会时差在1.0~< 2.0和≥2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题得分更高(β值分别为0.23，0.28)，社会时差≥2.0 h的外化行为问题得分更高(β=0.42)(P值均 < 0.05)；不同社会时差水平高年级小学生亲社会行为得分差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。亚组分析表明，在男生、平均夜间睡眠时长≥9 h的高年级小学生中，与社会时差 < 1.0 h者相比，社会时差1.0~< 2.0 h的小学生内化行为问题、外化行为问题得分更高(P值均 < 0.05)。见表3。
3　讨论
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本研究结果显示，北京市某区高年级小学生社会时差1.0~< 2.0和≥2.0 h的检出率分别为30.6%和11.8%，提示部分学生存在周末和上学日睡眠时间不规律的情况；小学生社会时差水平与内、外化行为问题呈正相关，表明社会时差越大的小学生更可能出现内、外化行为问题。
既往研究发现，儿童青少年的社会时差与心理行为问题存在关联。一项2021年对我国11座城市27 200名3~6岁儿童的研究发现，较大的社会时差(≥1.0 h)与SDQ总体得分、情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意缺陷等维度得分均呈正相关[13]；我国2023年的一项对37 871名初中生横断面研究发现，自我报告存在社会时差(≥2 h)的青少年更有可能检出抑郁症状[14]。可能的机制是，作息时间不规律引起的昼夜节律紊乱可能会影响大脑相关功能，特别是与情绪调节和行为控制相关的脑区，从而引起易怒、好动等情绪和行为问题[15]。提示促进小学生的规律睡眠，减少社会时差，可能有助于减少心理行为问题的发生。在本研究中，社会时差与亲社会行为关联无统计学意义，与既往同类型研究结果一致[13]，可能是由于亲社会行为还受到其他多种因素影响，如家庭环境、学校教育和社会支持[16]，在一定程度上掩盖了社会时差的影响。
本研究中社会时差与心理行为的关联在男生中有统计学意义。美国一项对3 058名青少年进行的研究发现，女生中社会时差与抑郁症状相关，而在男童中未发现关联性[17]。可能的原因是男生和女生的睡眠模式、心理行为方面存在差异[18]，未来还需要更多研究探究儿童青少年社会时差与心理行为之间联系的性别差异。社会时差与心理行为问题关联在平均夜间睡眠时长≥9 h的学生中有统计学意义的原因可能是，对于平均夜间睡眠时长 < 9 h的学生，周末补觉引起的轻微的社会时差可能得以补偿上学日累积的睡眠负债，会一定程度缓解青少年出现情绪问题的风险[14, 19]，因此，社会时差对心理行为的影响可能对于睡眠时长充足的学生更为明显。
本研究存在一定的局限性：首先，研究采用横断面设计收集数据，无法推断社会时差与心理行为之间的因果关系；其次，研究由学生及其家长自我报告相关信息，可能受到社会期望偏倚和回忆偏倚的影响；最后，研究的样本仅限于北京市某区的高年级小学生，结果可能不完全适用于其他地区或文化背景，结论的外推需谨慎。
基金
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  • 首都卫生发展科研专项项目(2024-2G-7107)
文献
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074
  • 接收时间：2025-01-07
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-01-07
  • 修回日期：2025-01-25
基金
首都卫生发展科研专项项目(2024-2G-7107)
作者信息
    1北京市顺义区疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科，101300
    2北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所

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species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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