Article(id=1325501955287678994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953892776, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953892776, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953892776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953892776, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=321, endPage=324, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501957300944915, articleId=1325501955287678994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Compatibility and comfort assessment of school desks and chairs in three cities in China, columnId=1325501651079004285, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=School Desks and Chairs Configuration Column, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of students from different age groups on desks and chairs, so as to provide reference for standardized allocation and use of desks and chairs.

Methods

From January to April 2024, a total of 2 446 students were selected from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuxi from Jiangsu Province by using cluster random method, including students in kindergartens, primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, colleges and universities. Standardized procedures were used to measure the height and weight of participants, and the matching desks and chairs models were selected according to the height. The subjective comfort of students on matching desks and chairs was investigated, and their objective comfort was evaluated by using a self-designed questionnaire. The χ2 test was used to analyze the differences of subjective perception and objective evaluation in comfort between different types of desks and chairs.

Results

About 84.1% of the students subjectively thought that large desks and small chairs were very comfortable or relatively comfortable, followed by large desks and chairs (75.7%), and the proportion of small desks and chairs was the lowest among the three types (46.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=722.46, P < 0.01). The reporting rates of primary school, junior high school and senior high school students who subjectively considered large desks and chairs to be very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of other types of desks and chairs, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=297.49, 252.82, 343.67, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the subjective comfort evaluation of different types of desks and chairs among kindergarten children (χ2=3.21, P > 0.05), and 66.3% of the students in colleges and universities felt very comfortable/relatively comfortable when they used the matching standard desks and chairs. The objective evaluation results of the comfort for the three types of desks and chairs were consistent with the subjective evaluation, but the proportions of the objective evaluation as very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of the subjective evaluation (χ2=20.76-813.47,P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Large desks and chairs, as well as large desks with small chairs are perceived comfortable, while small desks and chairs are perceived less comfortable. It is recommended to match the large desks and chairs or large desks and small chairs that are suitable for them according to the "standard", to promote physical and mental health of students.

, authors=Tao XU1, Chunyan LUO2, Zhonghui LIU3, Yan WANG4, Dongling YANG2, Shuangxiao QU2, Wenjuan QI2, Shenglei HUANG2, Keyang ZHENG*, 2, Fengyun ZHANG*, 2, authorsList=Tao XU, Chunyan LUO, Zhonghui LIU, Yan WANG, Dongling YANG, Shuangxiao QU, Wenjuan QI, Shenglei HUANG, Keyang ZHENG, Fengyun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Keyang ZHENG, Fengyun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501958253051924, articleId=1325501955287678994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国三市学校课桌椅匹配与学生舒适度调查, columnId=1325501651485851775, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=学校课桌椅配置专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解不同学段学生对于相匹配型号课桌椅的主观和客观舒适度评价,为课桌椅规范配备和使用提供参考。

方法

2024年1—4月,采取整群随机抽样方法从上海市、天津市和江苏省无锡市13个区(县/市)26所学校抽取2 446名学生进行调查,包括幼儿园、小学、初中、高中和高等院校各年级在校学生。采用标准化程序对研究对象进行身高和体重测量,根据身高选择匹配的课桌椅型号,调查学生的主观舒适度,利用自编问卷对学生客观舒适度进行评估。采用χ2检验分析不同类型课桌椅主观和客观舒适度评价差异。

结果

84.1%的学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌搭配较小尺寸型号课椅(大桌小椅)非常舒适或较为舒适,其次是与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌椅(大桌大椅,75.7%),在3种类型中报告率最低为与其身高匹配的较小尺寸型号课桌椅(小桌小椅,46.2%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=722.46,P<0.01)。小学、初中、高中学生对大桌小椅主观认为非常舒适/较为舒适的报告率高于对其他类型课桌椅的评价,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为297.49,252.82,343.67,P值均<0.01);幼儿园儿童对与其相匹配的各类型课桌椅主观舒适度评价差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.21,P>0.05),66.3%的高等院校学生使用与其相匹配的标准课桌椅自我感觉为非常舒适/较为舒适。对3种类型课桌椅舒适度客观评估结果与主观评价相符合,但客观评估为非常舒适/较为舒适报告率均高于主观评价(χ2=20.76~813.47,P值均<0.01)。

结论

学生对与其相匹配的大桌大椅以及大桌小椅的主观舒适度更佳,对于小桌小椅的舒适度评价较差。可按照“标准”匹配与其相适合的大桌大椅或大桌小椅,以促进学生身心健康。

, authors=徐涛1, 罗春燕2, 刘忠慧3, 王艳4, 杨东玲2, 曲爽笑2, 齐文娟2, 黄生垒2, 郑柯炀*, 2, 张凤云*, 2, authorsList=徐涛, 罗春燕, 刘忠慧, 王艳, 杨东玲, 曲爽笑, 齐文娟, 黄生垒, 郑柯炀, 张凤云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑柯炀, 张凤云, authorNote=

徐涛(1978-),男,江苏江阴人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为教育装备事业管理

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郑柯炀,E-mail:
张凤云,E-mail:
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The distribution of desks and chairs in schools in Suzhou from 2013 to 2015 is in line with the situation[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2017, 38(9): 1431-1432. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325501979480424566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501955287678994, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SZETO G P, STRAKER L, RAINE S. A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers[J]. 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Comparison the reporting rates of the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of different types of desks and chairs by students of different stages

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学段课桌椅类型人数主观评价非常舒适/较为舒适客观评价非常舒适/较为舒适χ2值P值
幼儿园大桌大椅454393(86.6)436(96.0)25.64<0.01
小桌小椅417370(88.7)404(96.9)20.76<0.01
大桌小椅408369(90.4)402(98.5)25.61<0.01
小学大桌大椅510371(72.7)497(97.5)122.70<0.01
小桌小椅510155(30.4)433(84.9)310.30<0.01
大桌小椅510402(78.8)497(97.5)84.60<0.01
初中大桌大椅517374(72.3)494(95.6)103.34<0.01
小桌小椅517181(35.0)435(84.1)259.08<0.01
大桌小椅517412(79.7)495(95.8)61.84<0.01
高中大桌大椅466383(82.2)458(98.3)68.50<0.01
小桌小椅466176(37.8)434(93.1)315.84<0.01
大桌小椅465415(89.2)460(98.9)39.13<0.01
高等院校大桌大椅489324(66.3)458(93.7)114.57<0.01
总体大桌大椅2 4361 845(75.7)2 343(96.2)421.80<0.01
小桌小椅1 910882(46.2)1 706(89.3)813.47<0.01
大桌小椅1 9001 598(84.1)1 854(97.6)207.31<0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1325501968185163866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501955287678994, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同学段学生对不同类型课桌椅的主观和客观评价舒适报告率比较

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学段课桌椅类型人数主观评价非常舒适/较为舒适客观评价非常舒适/较为舒适χ2值P值
幼儿园大桌大椅454393(86.6)436(96.0)25.64<0.01
小桌小椅417370(88.7)404(96.9)20.76<0.01
大桌小椅408369(90.4)402(98.5)25.61<0.01
小学大桌大椅510371(72.7)497(97.5)122.70<0.01
小桌小椅510155(30.4)433(84.9)310.30<0.01
大桌小椅510402(78.8)497(97.5)84.60<0.01
初中大桌大椅517374(72.3)494(95.6)103.34<0.01
小桌小椅517181(35.0)435(84.1)259.08<0.01
大桌小椅517412(79.7)495(95.8)61.84<0.01
高中大桌大椅466383(82.2)458(98.3)68.50<0.01
小桌小椅466176(37.8)434(93.1)315.84<0.01
大桌小椅465415(89.2)460(98.9)39.13<0.01
高等院校大桌大椅489324(66.3)458(93.7)114.57<0.01
总体大桌大椅2 4361 845(75.7)2 343(96.2)421.80<0.01
小桌小椅1 910882(46.2)1 706(89.3)813.47<0.01
大桌小椅1 9001 598(84.1)1 854(97.6)207.31<0.01
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中国三市学校课桌椅匹配与学生舒适度调查
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徐涛 1 , 罗春燕 2 , 刘忠慧 3 , 王艳 4 , 杨东玲 2 , 曲爽笑 2 , 齐文娟 2 , 黄生垒 2 , 郑柯炀 *, 2 , 张凤云 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025,46(3): 321-324
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中国学校卫生 |学校课桌椅配置专栏 2025 , 46 (3) : 321 -324
中国三市学校课桌椅匹配与学生舒适度调查
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徐涛1, 罗春燕2, 刘忠慧3, 王艳4, 杨东玲2, 曲爽笑2, 齐文娟2, 黄生垒2, 郑柯炀*, 2 , 张凤云*, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海市教育委员会教育技术装备中心,200070
  • 2上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所
  • 3天津市疾病预防控制中心环境健康与公共卫生所
  • 4江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所
通讯作者:
郑柯炀,E-mail:
张凤云,E-mail:
作者简介:

徐涛(1978-),男,江苏江阴人,硕士,讲师,主要研究方向为教育装备事业管理

Compatibility and comfort assessment of school desks and chairs in three cities in China
Tao XU1, Chunyan LUO2, Zhonghui LIU3, Yan WANG4, Dongling YANG2, Shuangxiao QU2, Wenjuan QI2, Shenglei HUANG2, Keyang ZHENG*, 2 , Fengyun ZHANG*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Educational Technology Equipment Center of Shanghai Education Committee, Shanghai(200070)
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073
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目的

了解不同学段学生对于相匹配型号课桌椅的主观和客观舒适度评价,为课桌椅规范配备和使用提供参考。

方法

2024年1—4月,采取整群随机抽样方法从上海市、天津市和江苏省无锡市13个区(县/市)26所学校抽取2 446名学生进行调查,包括幼儿园、小学、初中、高中和高等院校各年级在校学生。采用标准化程序对研究对象进行身高和体重测量,根据身高选择匹配的课桌椅型号,调查学生的主观舒适度,利用自编问卷对学生客观舒适度进行评估。采用χ2检验分析不同类型课桌椅主观和客观舒适度评价差异。

结果

84.1%的学生主观认为与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌搭配较小尺寸型号课椅(大桌小椅)非常舒适或较为舒适,其次是与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号课桌椅(大桌大椅,75.7%),在3种类型中报告率最低为与其身高匹配的较小尺寸型号课桌椅(小桌小椅,46.2%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=722.46,P<0.01)。小学、初中、高中学生对大桌小椅主观认为非常舒适/较为舒适的报告率高于对其他类型课桌椅的评价,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为297.49,252.82,343.67,P值均<0.01);幼儿园儿童对与其相匹配的各类型课桌椅主观舒适度评价差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.21,P>0.05),66.3%的高等院校学生使用与其相匹配的标准课桌椅自我感觉为非常舒适/较为舒适。对3种类型课桌椅舒适度客观评估结果与主观评价相符合,但客观评估为非常舒适/较为舒适报告率均高于主观评价(χ2=20.76~813.47,P值均<0.01)。

结论

学生对与其相匹配的大桌大椅以及大桌小椅的主观舒适度更佳,对于小桌小椅的舒适度评价较差。可按照“标准”匹配与其相适合的大桌大椅或大桌小椅,以促进学生身心健康。

课桌椅  /  匹配  /  舒适度  /  学生
Objective

To understand the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of students from different age groups on desks and chairs, so as to provide reference for standardized allocation and use of desks and chairs.

Methods

From January to April 2024, a total of 2 446 students were selected from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuxi from Jiangsu Province by using cluster random method, including students in kindergartens, primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, colleges and universities. Standardized procedures were used to measure the height and weight of participants, and the matching desks and chairs models were selected according to the height. The subjective comfort of students on matching desks and chairs was investigated, and their objective comfort was evaluated by using a self-designed questionnaire. The χ2 test was used to analyze the differences of subjective perception and objective evaluation in comfort between different types of desks and chairs.

Results

About 84.1% of the students subjectively thought that large desks and small chairs were very comfortable or relatively comfortable, followed by large desks and chairs (75.7%), and the proportion of small desks and chairs was the lowest among the three types (46.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=722.46, P < 0.01). The reporting rates of primary school, junior high school and senior high school students who subjectively considered large desks and chairs to be very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of other types of desks and chairs, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=297.49, 252.82, 343.67, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the subjective comfort evaluation of different types of desks and chairs among kindergarten children (χ2=3.21, P > 0.05), and 66.3% of the students in colleges and universities felt very comfortable/relatively comfortable when they used the matching standard desks and chairs. The objective evaluation results of the comfort for the three types of desks and chairs were consistent with the subjective evaluation, but the proportions of the objective evaluation as very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of the subjective evaluation (χ2=20.76-813.47,P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Large desks and chairs, as well as large desks with small chairs are perceived comfortable, while small desks and chairs are perceived less comfortable. It is recommended to match the large desks and chairs or large desks and small chairs that are suitable for them according to the "standard", to promote physical and mental health of students.

Desk and chair  /  Match  /  Comfortable degree  /  Students
徐涛, 罗春燕, 刘忠慧, 王艳, 杨东玲, 曲爽笑, 齐文娟, 黄生垒, 郑柯炀, 张凤云. 中国三市学校课桌椅匹配与学生舒适度调查. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 321 -324 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073
Tao XU, Chunyan LUO, Zhonghui LIU, Yan WANG, Dongling YANG, Shuangxiao QU, Wenjuan QI, Shenglei HUANG, Keyang ZHENG, Fengyun ZHANG. Compatibility and comfort assessment of school desks and chairs in three cities in China[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 321 -324 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073
学生每天在学校度过大量时间,其中70%~90%的时间以静坐为主[1]。不匹配的课桌椅以及长期不正确的坐姿可能导致肌肉骨骼出现问题,包括颈部、背部或肩部疼痛以及脊柱疾病[2-3]。儿童时期是姿势习惯养成的重要时期,不舒适的课桌椅会导致儿童不良的坐姿习惯,并且很难纠正[4-5]。此外,不舒适的课桌椅会妨碍学生学习,增加疲劳并导致注意力受损,从而使学业成绩受到影响[6-7]。
许多国家使用的标准或指南中根据学生人体测量特征选择与其相匹配的课桌椅尺寸类型[8-9]。《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)(以下简称“标准”)[10]规定了托幼机构、中小学校和高等院校课桌椅不同类型的型号、功能尺寸、分配使用及其他卫生要求。对于中小学校和托幼机构,标准分别设置了11和6种尺寸的课桌椅型号,并设置每种型号的标准身高(各种型号课桌椅最具代表性的身高),根据学生身高能够匹配1~2种与之相适应的课桌椅型号;高等院校仅设置一种通用的课桌椅[11-12]。
本研究对中国三省市13个区(县/市)的幼儿园、小学、初中、高中和高等院校学生开展学校课桌椅舒适度评估,旨在调查学生对于按照“标准”匹配的相应型号课桌和课椅的舒适度情况,为课桌椅规范配备和使用提供参考。
根据样本量估算公式[13]计算每个学段(层)样本为385人,按照幼儿园、小学、初中、高中、大学分为5层,考虑到10%拒访或数据缺失等问题,扩大样本1.1倍,最终计算样本量为2 118人。2024年1—4月,采取整群随机抽样方法首先在开展地区采用直接抽选法抽取区县,要求被抽中的区县包含幼儿园、小学、初中、高中和高等院校5个不同学段的学校,从上海和天津各抽到的5个区分别随机分配一个学段采用直接抽选法进行学校的抽取,江苏省无锡市从3个区采用直接抽选法抽取5个学段的学校;抽中的学校以班级为单位进行抽样,被抽中的班级整班纳入研究,以达到研究所需的样本量。最终在上海市抽取黄浦区、徐汇区、静安区、闵行区、宝山区5个区5所学校共834名学生,天津市抽取和平区、南开区、滨海新区、津南区、武清区5个区5所学校共761名学生,江苏省无锡市抽取梁溪区、锡山区、宜兴市3个市区16所学校共851名学生,最终共纳入中国三市13个区(县/市)26所学校的2 446名学生为研究对象。其中,男生1 203名(49.2%),女生1 243名(50.8%);城区学生1 445名(59.1%),郊县学生1 001名(40.9%);幼儿园儿童463名(18.9%),小学生510名(20.9%),初中生517名(21.1%),高中生467名(19.1%),高等院校学生489名(20.0%);平均身高(152.25±24.32)cm,平均体重(49.69±22.11)kg。研究取得上海市疾病预防控制中心伦理审查委员会批准(批号:2022-13),所有研究对象及其监护人均知情同意。
研究对象填写问卷的基本信息,包含学校、学段、年级、班级、性别、出生日期等内容。幼儿园及小学一至三年级学生由老师和调查人员协助填写,小学四至六年级、初中、高中和高等院校学生独立填写。身高和体重由经过培训的技术人员使用定期校准的身高体重仪对研究对象进行测量,分别精确至0.1 cm和0.1 kg,所有操作按照标准规程进行,测量重复误差分别控制在0.5 cm和0.1 kg。
调查人员按照“标准”[10]技术参数,采用同号课桌与课椅相匹配或相邻两个型号大桌与小椅相匹配的方法,根据研究对象身高匹配与其相适应的课桌椅,匹配方式分为3种情况:与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号的课桌椅(大桌大椅)、与其身高匹配的较小尺寸型号的课桌椅(小桌小椅)以及与其身高匹配的较大尺寸型号的课桌搭配较小尺寸型号的课椅(大桌小椅),分别记录3种课桌椅搭配的舒适度。对于中小学生身高≥187.5 cm、幼儿园儿童身高≥120.0 cm者,仅1种相对较小尺寸的课桌椅可选择,记录为小桌小椅;中小学生身高<112.5 cm、幼儿园儿童身高<82.5 cm者,仅1种相对较大尺寸的课桌椅可选择,记录为大桌大椅;高等院校学生仅1种型号课桌椅,本研究分析时记录为大桌大椅。每种课桌椅搭配体验过程中,学生按照非常舒适、较为舒适、舒适度一般、不舒适、非常不舒适5个等级对自我感觉舒适度进行现场评价和填写;客观舒适度评价采用编制经过公共卫生领域的5位专家审核修订后确定的调查表,并经过间隔7 d的预调查,本研究该问卷在各学段的Cronbach α系数为0.77~0.82。调查人员采用观察法根据8个评判项目进行客观评价[脚部是否完全着地、大腿与地面是否平行、大腿与小腿是否自然成略>90°角、是否存在脚部悬空或椅子过矮造成腿部不适的情况、桌下净空高是否合适(腿部与课桌屉箱下部留有空隙,腿部可以自由活动)、自然读写姿势,眼睛距离桌面中心是否≥33.3 cm、桌面深度和宽度是否合适、椅面深度和宽度是否合适],所有选项赋值均为是=1,否=0,得分及结果评判为7~8分(非常舒适),5~6分(较为舒适),4分(舒适度一般),2~3分(不舒适),0~1分(非常不舒适)。
调查前对所有现场调查人员进行培训,统一工作标准。调查开始时由调查人员向学生说明本次调查的要求和意义以保证结果的真实性。问卷完成后就漏填或问题问卷进行现场检查和核对。
使用SPSS24.0软件进行分析,计量资料用(x±s)描述,计数资料用频数或百分比描述。采用χ2检验分析不同类型课桌椅舒适度差异以及主观感觉和客观评价的差异。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
被试学生中,主观认为大桌小椅非常舒适或较为舒适的报告率最高(84.1%),其次是大桌大椅(75.7%),3种类型中报告率最低的为小桌小椅(46.2%),组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=722.64,P<0.05)。幼儿园儿童中有86.6%认为大桌大椅非常舒适或较为舒适,88.7%认为小桌小椅非常舒适或较为舒适,90.4%认为大桌小椅非常舒适或较为舒适,各类型间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.21,P=0.20)。小学、初中、高中学生认为大桌小椅非常舒适或较为舒适的报告率均高于其他类型(χ2值分别为297.49,252.82,343.67,P值均<0.01)。对于高等院校学生,66.3%认为标准课桌椅非常舒适/较为舒适。见表1。
对课桌椅的客观舒适度评价中,使用大桌大椅的学生有96.2%报告非常舒适或较为舒适,使用大桌小椅的学生有97.6%报告非常舒适或较为舒适,小桌小椅在3种类型的报告率最低(89.3%),组间差异有统计学意义(χ2=146.76,P<0.05)。对于幼儿园儿童,分别有96.0%,96.9%,98.5%使用大桌大椅、小桌小椅、大桌小椅报告非常舒适或较为舒适,各类型间差异无统计学意义(χ2=4.87,P=0.09)。小学、初中、高中学生使用大桌大椅非常舒适或较为舒适的报告率均最高(χ2值分别为85.28,60.74,30.12,P值均<0.01)。对于高等院校学生,93.7%使用标准课桌椅非常舒适/较为舒适。见表1。
各类型课桌椅客观评价中认为非常舒适或较为舒适的报告率均高于主观评价(P值均<0.01),以小桌小椅差异最大(89.3%,46.2%)。在不同学段中,各类型课桌椅客观与主观评价舒适报告率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。见表1。
本研究结果表明,中小学生对与其身高相匹配的大桌大椅以及大桌小椅的主观舒适度更佳,但对于小桌小椅的舒适度评价较差,幼儿园学生对与身高其相匹配的不同类型课桌椅感受差异不明显。多数研究对象按照客观指标评估的结果与主观感受不一致,主要表现为客观评价为非常舒适或较为舒适,但主观感受为不舒适。
“标准”设置了每种型号课桌椅的标准身高和适用身高范围,未考虑学生正处于生长发育的快速阶段,身高和体重快速增长,体型不断增大会带来座椅深度太浅以及腿部空间较小等问题,从而影响对课桌椅的舒适度感受[14]。本次调查的多数学生认为座椅深度浅和高度低是造成舒适度较差的主要原因,与既往研究结果相符合[15]。座椅高度与学生体型不匹配,会导致学生大腿后表面组织压力增加、严重不适或可能的伤害[16-17]。有研究认为,腘窝高度是定义座椅高度更合适的测量标准[9]。因此,根据学生腿部测量特征选择适合的课桌椅至关重要。
本研究和“标准”中均采用净身高选择相匹配的课桌椅,可能与实际使用中产生误差,原因可能是未考虑学生鞋子的高度,身高处于标准范围临界值的对象可能因此错误地匹配不适宜的课桌椅型号。此外,现场调查发现,中小学校的多数课桌椅在桌子下面嵌入屉箱,尽管这种设计存放书籍方便,但占用了腿部自由移动的空间并降低了学生的运动灵活性。课桌下部高度不够还会导致膝盖受伤,因为膝盖与课桌下部接触的频率很高[8]。幼儿园课桌椅没有屉箱的设计,可能是幼儿园儿童舒适度评价较好的原因之一。因此,建议“标准”考虑改进课桌设计,为学生腿部提供足够的空间和存放书籍的地方。
课桌高度也是影响学生舒适度的关键因素[18-19]。如果课桌高度不适合,学生大部分时间会保持不良的颈部和肩部姿势,这是导致肌肉骨骼疾病的风险因素[8]。课桌太高会导致学生坐姿时头部过度前倾或肩部抬高,造成背部和肩部肌肉过度劳损,从而导致颈肩部疼痛[20];如课桌太低学生则在写字和阅读时会因脊柱屈曲而向前弯曲,导致脊柱后凸姿势[18]。与本研究结果一致,大多数学生认为较高的桌子,如大桌大椅或大桌小椅相对更舒适,而较矮的桌子如小桌小椅舒适度较差。
本研究也存在一定局限性:初步调查了不同学段学生对于标准课桌椅的舒适度,仅测量身高而未考虑其他人体测量特征;此外,研究未针对学生对于课桌椅舒适度较差的原因进行更深入的调查,未来应进一步探讨学生性别、体型以及地区的差异。适合的课桌椅对于纠正不良坐姿、提高学习效率、预防骨骼系统疾病至关重要,本研究为学生选择合适的课桌椅提供建议,同时为标准完善提供了现实依据。
  • 上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.I.1-30);国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养项目(2023—2025)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
基金
上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.I.1-30);国家疾病预防控制局公共卫生人才培养项目(2023—2025)
作者信息
    1上海市教育委员会教育技术装备中心,200070
    2上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所
    3天津市疾病预防控制中心环境健康与公共卫生所
    4江苏省疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康促进所

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郑柯炀,E-mail:
张凤云,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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