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Article(id=1325501843324936429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726675200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-19, revisedDate=1734019200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953866082, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953866082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953866082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953866082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=412, endPage=415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501843933110510, articleId=1325501843324936429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Physical circumference development in Chinese children aged 3-6 years, columnId=1259565862181286284, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Growth, Development and Surveillance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the growth and development levels of four physical measurements in children aged 3-6 years in China, so as to provide a reference for child nutrition improvement and health promotion.

Methods

A stratified random sampling method was used to collect physical measurement data from 120 kindergartens 25 842 children aged 3-6 years across 24 provinces and cities in seven natural geographical regions of North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China and Northwest China from 2020 to 2023. The development levels of head circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference were evaluated using a grading method. The analysis of gender and age differences was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and the comparison of abnormal detection rates for different genders was conducted using Chi-square test.

Results

The distribution range of children aged 3-6 was 51.74(50.08, 53.33) cm in terms of head circumference, 55.73(52.09, 59.04) cm in terms of chest circumference, 53.04(48.92, 56.40) cm in terms of waist circumference, and 59.36(56.30, 62.32) cm in terms of hip circumference. The detection rate of abnormal head circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 years old was relatively high (19.71%-42.02%), and the detection rate of abnormal physical circumference development levels in boys was higher than that in girls of all ages (χ2=5.63-83.35, P < 0.05). The detection rate of abnormal hip circumference (4.89%-6.53%) and chest circumference (4.51%-6.38%) in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively low, and there was no statistically significant difference in the abnormal rate between different ages and genders (χ2=0.00-1.61, 0.00-3.71, P>0.05). The detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively high (13.70%-42.45%), and the detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys aged 4-6 groups (χ2=10.49-58.18, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The overall physical development of children aged 3-6 years in China is improving, but the abnormal detection rates for head circumference and waist circumference are relatively high. Child healthcare should focus on preventing and treating abdominal obesity, with differentiated health intervention strategies based on different age groups and genders.

, authors=Zhiping ZHEN1, Yi BA1, De MA1, Yaqi XUE1, Meiqin GE2, Bingchen LÜ3, Meitong GUO4, authorsList=Zhiping ZHEN, Yi BA, De MA, Yaqi XUE, Meiqin GE, Bingchen LÜ, Meitong GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501844742611183, articleId=1325501843324936429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况, columnId=1259565866786632093, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=生长发育与健康监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解中国3~6岁学龄前儿童4项体格围度的生长发育水平，为儿童营养改善和健康促进政策的制定提供参考依据。

方法

采用分层随机抽样方法，在2020—2023年采集中国华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南和西北七大自然地理区域24个省市120所幼儿园25 842名3~6岁学龄前儿童的体格围度数据；采用等级评价法对儿童头围、胸围、腰围和臀围的发育水平进行评价。性别和年龄差异分析分别使用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验，不同性别异常检出率的比较采用χ2检验。

结果

3~6岁儿童头围为51.74(50.08，53.33)cm，胸围为55.73(52.09，59.04)cm，腰围为53.04(48.92，56.40)cm，臀围为59.36(56.30，62.32)cm。3~6岁男、女童头围异常检出率较高(19.71%~42.02%)，且各年龄各体格围度发育水平异常检出率男童均高于女童(χ2=5.63~83.35，P值均 < 0.05)。3~6岁男、女童臀围(4.89%~6.53%)和胸围(4.51%~6.38%)异常检出率较低，各年龄性别间异常率差异均无统计学意义(χ2值分别为0.00~1.61，0.00~3.71，P值均>0.05)；3~6岁男、女童腰围异常检出率较高(13.70%~42.45%)，4~6岁阶段中女童异常检出率均高于男童(χ2=10.49~58.18，P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

当前中国3~6岁儿童体格发育状况总体良好，但头围和腰围异常检出率较高。儿童保健工作应重点关注腹型肥胖的防治，并针对不同年龄段和性别制定差异化的健康干预策略。

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甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

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甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

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Comparison of physical measurement indicator among preschool children of different genders and ages[M(P25, P75), cm]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别与年龄选项人数统计值头围胸围腰围臀围
性别男13 57652.79(51.28, 54.19)56.20(52.60, 59.50)53.38(49.70, 56.60)59.67(56.70, 62.40)
女12 26650.89(49.10, 51.94)55.22(51.58, 58.59)52.65(48.10, 56.20)59.01(55.70, 62.30)
U值39 142 193.5074 569 422.0074 679 921.0076 992 923.00
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年龄/岁31 41950.18(48.65, 51.53)51.95(48.18, 55.12)50.31(46.73, 53.47)57.23(54.16, 60.29)
3.52 69250.62(49.13, 51.98)53.06(49.53, 56.15)51.61(47.40, 55.00)57.58(54.60, 60.40)
43 49551.07(49.57, 52.46)53.95(50.61, 56.81)51.90(47.90, 55.10)58.08(55.21, 60.80)
4.53 70551.40(49.87, 52.93)54.84(51.54, 57.63)52.34(48.50, 55.68)58.69(55.80, 61.45)
53 82751.85(50.34, 53.36)55.87(52.52, 58.92)53.04(49.10, 56.30)59.40(56.60, 62.40)
5.54 20152.20(50.65, 53.7956.85(53.57, 59.78)53.79(49.90, 57.00)60.16(57.30, 62.90)
63 83352.61(51.02, 54.17)58.10(54.75, 61.16)54.77(50.70, 58.20)60.88(57.90, 63.90)
6.52 67052.91(51.18, 54.58)58.68(55.40, 61.60)54.70(50.82, 57.90)61.37(58.40, 64.20)
H值3 852.782 786.831 445.002 081.39
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
合计25 84251.74(50.08, 53.33)55.73(52.09, 59.04)53.04(48.92, 56.40)59.36(56.30, 62.32)
), ArticleFig(id=1325501856243392809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501843324936429, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同性别年龄学龄前儿童体格测量指标比较[M(P25, P75), cm]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性别与年龄选项人数统计值头围胸围腰围臀围
性别男13 57652.79(51.28, 54.19)56.20(52.60, 59.50)53.38(49.70, 56.60)59.67(56.70, 62.40)
女12 26650.89(49.10, 51.94)55.22(51.58, 58.59)52.65(48.10, 56.20)59.01(55.70, 62.30)
U值39 142 193.5074 569 422.0074 679 921.0076 992 923.00
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
年龄/岁31 41950.18(48.65, 51.53)51.95(48.18, 55.12)50.31(46.73, 53.47)57.23(54.16, 60.29)
3.52 69250.62(49.13, 51.98)53.06(49.53, 56.15)51.61(47.40, 55.00)57.58(54.60, 60.40)
43 49551.07(49.57, 52.46)53.95(50.61, 56.81)51.90(47.90, 55.10)58.08(55.21, 60.80)
4.53 70551.40(49.87, 52.93)54.84(51.54, 57.63)52.34(48.50, 55.68)58.69(55.80, 61.45)
53 82751.85(50.34, 53.36)55.87(52.52, 58.92)53.04(49.10, 56.30)59.40(56.60, 62.40)
5.54 20152.20(50.65, 53.7956.85(53.57, 59.78)53.79(49.90, 57.00)60.16(57.30, 62.90)
63 83352.61(51.02, 54.17)58.10(54.75, 61.16)54.77(50.70, 58.20)60.88(57.90, 63.90)
6.52 67052.91(51.18, 54.58)58.68(55.40, 61.60)54.70(50.82, 57.90)61.37(58.40, 64.20)
H值3 852.782 786.831 445.002 081.39
P值< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01< 0.01
合计25 84251.74(50.08, 53.33)55.73(52.09, 59.04)53.04(48.92, 56.40)59.36(56.30, 62.32)
), ArticleFig(id=1325501856465690922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501843324936429, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of abnormal detection rates of physical measurement indicator among children of different genders in different age groups

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年龄/岁性别人数统计值头围胸围腰围臀围
3女695137(19.71)38(5.47)295(42.45)37(5.32)
男724208(28.73)43(5.94)291(40.19)37(5.11)
χ2值15.670.150.650.03
P值< 0.010.700.420.86
3.5女1 265286(22.61)57(4.51)546(43.16)72(5.69)
男1 427379(26.56)76(5.33)561(39.31)81(5.68)
χ2值5.630.963.950.00
P值0.020.330.050.99
4女1 670391(23.41)101(6.05)612(36.65)96(5.75)
男1 825576(31.56)104(5.70)573(31.40)108(5.92)
χ2值28.930.1910.490.05
P值< 0.010.66< 0.010.83
4.5女1 770391(22.09)85(4.80)606(34.24)101(5.71)
男1 935652(33.70)121(6.25)527(27.24)95(4.91)
χ2值61.553.7121.021.17
P值< 0.010.05< 0.010.28
5女1 821394(21.64)95(5.22)575(31.58)107(5.88)
男2 006702(35.00)128(6.38)518(25.82)113(5.63)
χ2值83.352.3615.210.10
P值< 0.010.12< 0.010.75
5.5女2 012675(33.55)117(5.82)605(30.07)116(5.77)
男2 189880(40.20)128(5.85)484(22.11)107(4.89)
χ2值19.900.0034.171.61
P值< 0.010.96< 0.010.21
6女1 808609(33.68)99(5.48)558(30.86)103(5.70)
男2 025851(42.02)116(5.73)407(20.10)115(5.68)
χ2值28.180.1258.180.00
P值< 0.010.73< 0.010.98
6.5女1 22564(5.22)297(24.24)80(6.53)
男1 44582(5.67)198(13.70)82(5.67)
χ2值0.2648.100.85
P值0.61< 0.010.36
), ArticleFig(id=1325501856545382699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325501843324936429, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各年龄组不同性别儿童体格测试指标异常检出率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年龄/岁性别人数统计值头围胸围腰围臀围
3女695137(19.71)38(5.47)295(42.45)37(5.32)
男724208(28.73)43(5.94)291(40.19)37(5.11)
χ2值15.670.150.650.03
P值< 0.010.700.420.86
3.5女1 265286(22.61)57(4.51)546(43.16)72(5.69)
男1 427379(26.56)76(5.33)561(39.31)81(5.68)
χ2值5.630.963.950.00
P值0.020.330.050.99
4女1 670391(23.41)101(6.05)612(36.65)96(5.75)
男1 825576(31.56)104(5.70)573(31.40)108(5.92)
χ2值28.930.1910.490.05
P值< 0.010.66< 0.010.83
4.5女1 770391(22.09)85(4.80)606(34.24)101(5.71)
男1 935652(33.70)121(6.25)527(27.24)95(4.91)
χ2值61.553.7121.021.17
P值< 0.010.05< 0.010.28
5女1 821394(21.64)95(5.22)575(31.58)107(5.88)
男2 006702(35.00)128(6.38)518(25.82)113(5.63)
χ2值83.352.3615.210.10
P值< 0.010.12< 0.010.75
5.5女2 012675(33.55)117(5.82)605(30.07)116(5.77)
男2 189880(40.20)128(5.85)484(22.11)107(4.89)
χ2值19.900.0034.171.61
P值< 0.010.96< 0.010.21
6女1 808609(33.68)99(5.48)558(30.86)103(5.70)
男2 025851(42.02)116(5.73)407(20.10)115(5.68)
χ2值28.180.1258.180.00
P值< 0.010.73< 0.010.98
6.5女1 22564(5.22)297(24.24)80(6.53)
男1 44582(5.67)198(13.70)82(5.67)
χ2值0.2648.100.85
P值0.61< 0.010.36
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中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况
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甄志平 1 , 把懿 1 , 马德 1 , 薛亚奇 1 , 葛美琴 2 , 吕秉宸 3 , 郭美彤 4
中国学校卫生 | 生长发育与健康监测 2025,46(3): 412-415
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中国学校卫生 |生长发育与健康监测 2025 , 46 (3) : 412 -415
中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况
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甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

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甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

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甄志平1, 把懿1, 马德1, 薛亚奇1, 葛美琴2, 吕秉宸3, 郭美彤4
作者信息
  • 1北京师范大学体育与运动学院，北京 100875
  • 2哈尔滨体育学院研究生院
  • 3北京师范大学第二附属中学国际部
  • 4汕头大学工学院
作者简介:

甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

Physical circumference development in Chinese children aged 3-6 years
Zhiping ZHEN1, Yi BA1, De MA1, Yaqi XUE1, Meiqin GE2, Bingchen LÜ3, Meitong GUO4
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Physical Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing (100875), China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071
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摘要
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目的

了解中国3~6岁学龄前儿童4项体格围度的生长发育水平，为儿童营养改善和健康促进政策的制定提供参考依据。

方法

采用分层随机抽样方法，在2020—2023年采集中国华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南和西北七大自然地理区域24个省市120所幼儿园25 842名3~6岁学龄前儿童的体格围度数据；采用等级评价法对儿童头围、胸围、腰围和臀围的发育水平进行评价。性别和年龄差异分析分别使用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验，不同性别异常检出率的比较采用χ2检验。

结果

3~6岁儿童头围为51.74(50.08，53.33)cm，胸围为55.73(52.09，59.04)cm，腰围为53.04(48.92，56.40)cm，臀围为59.36(56.30，62.32)cm。3~6岁男、女童头围异常检出率较高(19.71%~42.02%)，且各年龄各体格围度发育水平异常检出率男童均高于女童(χ2=5.63~83.35，P值均 < 0.05)。3~6岁男、女童臀围(4.89%~6.53%)和胸围(4.51%~6.38%)异常检出率较低，各年龄性别间异常率差异均无统计学意义(χ2值分别为0.00~1.61，0.00~3.71，P值均>0.05)；3~6岁男、女童腰围异常检出率较高(13.70%~42.45%)，4~6岁阶段中女童异常检出率均高于男童(χ2=10.49~58.18，P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

当前中国3~6岁儿童体格发育状况总体良好，但头围和腰围异常检出率较高。儿童保健工作应重点关注腹型肥胖的防治，并针对不同年龄段和性别制定差异化的健康干预策略。

生长和发育  /  头围  /  胸围  /  腰围  /  臀围  /  儿童，学龄前
Objective

To understand the growth and development levels of four physical measurements in children aged 3-6 years in China, so as to provide a reference for child nutrition improvement and health promotion.

Methods

A stratified random sampling method was used to collect physical measurement data from 120 kindergartens 25 842 children aged 3-6 years across 24 provinces and cities in seven natural geographical regions of North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China and Northwest China from 2020 to 2023. The development levels of head circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference were evaluated using a grading method. The analysis of gender and age differences was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and the comparison of abnormal detection rates for different genders was conducted using Chi-square test.

Results

The distribution range of children aged 3-6 was 51.74(50.08, 53.33) cm in terms of head circumference, 55.73(52.09, 59.04) cm in terms of chest circumference, 53.04(48.92, 56.40) cm in terms of waist circumference, and 59.36(56.30, 62.32) cm in terms of hip circumference. The detection rate of abnormal head circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 years old was relatively high (19.71%-42.02%), and the detection rate of abnormal physical circumference development levels in boys was higher than that in girls of all ages (χ2=5.63-83.35, P < 0.05). The detection rate of abnormal hip circumference (4.89%-6.53%) and chest circumference (4.51%-6.38%) in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively low, and there was no statistically significant difference in the abnormal rate between different ages and genders (χ2=0.00-1.61, 0.00-3.71, P>0.05). The detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively high (13.70%-42.45%), and the detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys aged 4-6 groups (χ2=10.49-58.18, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The overall physical development of children aged 3-6 years in China is improving, but the abnormal detection rates for head circumference and waist circumference are relatively high. Child healthcare should focus on preventing and treating abdominal obesity, with differentiated health intervention strategies based on different age groups and genders.

Growth and development  /  Head circumference  /  Chest circumference  /  Waist circumference  /  Hip circumference  /  Child, preschool
甄志平, 把懿, 马德, 薛亚奇, 葛美琴, 吕秉宸, 郭美彤. 中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 412 -415 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071
Zhiping ZHEN, Yi BA, De MA, Yaqi XUE, Meiqin GE, Bingchen LÜ, Meitong GUO. Physical circumference development in Chinese children aged 3-6 years[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 412 -415 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071
正文
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3~6岁是儿童生长发育的关键期，这一阶段的发育水平不仅影响着儿童的身心健康，还可为其后续学习能力的培养和运动技能的发展奠定坚实的基础。发育异常可能导致儿童未来在运动协调、认知功能、语言表达和社会交往等多个领域出现发展滞后[1]。及早发现儿童异常发育状态并采取相应干预措施，能够显著改善其临床预后，提高未来健康水平[2]。体格围度指标是评价儿童生长发育状况的重要参考依据之一[3]。不同的体格围度指标反映了儿童不同生理系统的发育水平，如头围可反映脑和颅骨发育程度，是神经系统发育的重要评价指标[4]；胸围能够体现心肺功能系统发育水平，与儿童的呼吸循环功能密切相关[5]；腰围和臀围则可评估儿童体脂分布特征和肥胖状态，是判断腹型肥胖的重要指标[6]。基于此，本研究于2020—2023年在全国24个省市120所幼儿园开展调查，对3~6岁儿童的头围、胸围、腰围和臀围进行测试，旨在全面了解我国3~6岁儿童体格围度指标的发育特征及异常情况，为早期识别发育异常状态并开展针对性干预提供科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
于2020—2023年，采用分层随机抽样的方法选取全国范围内的研究对象。首先，将我国31个省、自治区和直辖市(不含港、澳、台湾)划分为华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南和西北七大自然地理区域。在每个区域内采用直接抽选法抽取3~5个省级行政区，共计24个省市。其中华北地区包括北京、山西、河北、山东；东北地区包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁；华东地区包括江苏、安徽、福建、山东、浙江；华中地区包括河南、湖北、湖南；华南地区包括广东、广西、海南；西南地区包括重庆、贵州、云南；西北地区包括陕西、甘肃、宁夏。在每个被抽中的省份或直辖市内采用直接抽选法抽取2个市/区和县，从选中区域内分别采用直接抽选法选取1~2所幼儿园，共计120所幼儿园，对幼儿园3~6岁儿童进行头围、胸围、腰围和臀围等指标的测量。剔除无效数据和异常值后，最终获得有效样本25 842份，其中男童13 576名，女童12 266名。本研究已通过北京师范大学体育与运动学院运动与健康促进研究中心伦理委员会伦理审批(批号: ty202404002)。
1.2　调查方法
1.2.1　测量方法
测量位点参照《中国未成年人人体尺寸》(GB/T 26158—2010)[7]。采用无弹性软尺(精确度0.1 cm)进行测量，测量前校准软尺。受试儿童穿着轻薄内衣，保持自然站立位，两足并拢，双上肢自然下垂。测量时保持软尺与测量部位紧贴，但不压迫皮肤，确保软尺保持水平。每个指标测量2次，取平均值，2次测量值差异超过0.5 cm时则进行第3次测量，保留数值较为接近的2个测量结果，取其平均值作为最终值。
1.2.2　评价标准
头围和腰围：采用九市儿童体格发育调查协作组制定的评价标准[8-9]，其中头围异常定义为性别、年龄别头围值超出(x ±2s)范围；腹型肥胖的判定标准为腰围≥性别、年龄别P90。胸围和臀围：鉴于目前尚缺乏具有权威代表性的3~6岁儿童胸围和臀围百分位数评价标准，本研究采用基于位置尺度形状的广义加性模型(generalized additive models for location, scale and shape, GAMLSS)[10]，分性别、年龄计算胸围和臀围的百分位数；参照《7岁以下儿童生长发育评价标准》[11]推荐的阈值，将≤P3和≥P97定义为发育异常。
1.3　质量控制
测试过程由专业人员负责组织和实施，并对流程进行严格的监督。所有参与测试的学校管理人员均事先获悉测试目的并签署知情同意书。测试前，相关人员向幼儿家长和带班老师说明测试目的和流程，并要求受试对象遵循测试要求完成任务。测试过程遵循统一的操作规范、标准和流程，以确保数据采集的准确性和有效性。
1.4　统计学分析
运用SPSS 26.0及Excel 2016软件进行数据处理, 数据剔除范围为(x ±3s)。计数资料用频数或百分率描述，计量资料采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov对数据进行正态性检验, 由于4项围度指标数据不服从正态分布，用M(P25, P75)描述。性别差异分析使用Mann-Whitney U检验，年龄差异分析使用Kruskal-Wallis检验；不同性别各指标异常检出率的比较采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　3~6岁儿童体格测量情况
3~6岁儿童头围为51.74(50.08，53.33)cm，胸围为55.73(52.09，59.04)cm；腰围为53.04(48.92，56.40)cm；臀围为59.36(56.30，62.32)cm。不同性别和年龄儿童头围、胸围、腰围和臀围测量结果差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01)。见表1。
2.2　儿童体格发育水平评价
不同年龄女童头围异常率范围为19.71%~33.68%，男童为26.56%~42.02%；在各年龄组中，男童的头围异常率均高于女童(P值均 < 0.05)。女童胸围异常检出率为4.51%~6.05%，男童为5.33%~6.38%；各年龄组男女童胸围异常检出率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。3~6岁儿童腰围异常检出率总体较高，其中3岁组女童和男童的异常率分别为42.45%和40.19%，到6.5岁时降至24.24%和13.70%。女童腰围异常检出率始终高于同年龄男童，且性别差异随着年龄的增长逐渐扩大，6岁时达到最大(χ2=58.18，P < 0.01)。女童臀围异常检出率为5.32%~6.53%，男童为4.89%~5.92%，性别间差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。见表2。
3　讨论
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本研究显示，中国3~6岁儿童头围异常检出率随年龄增长而上升，6岁男童高达42.02%，女童为33.68%；胸围和臀围总体发育良好，异常检出率维持在较低水平；腹型肥胖检出率较高，但表现出随年龄增长呈逐渐下降的趋势。
3~6岁儿童的头围每年平均增长约1 cm，且男童的头围普遍大于女童，与李科琼等[12]的研究结果一致。头围异常检出率总体上较高，可能由于近年来我国儿童孤独症谱系障碍和注意缺陷多动障碍等神经发育障碍疾病的患病率有所上升[13]，这类疾病高发于学龄前阶段，常伴随头围异常[14]。其次，随着营养状况的改善和生活方式的变化，现代儿童的头围正在逐渐增大。标准中建模数据来自于2005年[8]，可能已经难以反映当前我国儿童头围的实际发育水平。此外，儿童在3岁时头围发育完成约90%，在实际的发育评估中常忽略3岁以上儿童的头围测量。近年来研究表明，头围异常与多种神经发育疾病相关[15]。因此未来应及时更新3~6岁儿童头围评价标准，优化监测方法，探究影响儿童头围发育的因素，以便高效识别和干预潜在的健康问题。
3~6岁儿童的胸围和臀围平均每年增长约1 cm，男童的发育水平高于女童，与Ilyasov等[16]研究结果一致。目前国内关于儿童胸围和臀围的研究和评价标准相对较少，很多地区仍沿用国外或地区性的小样本标准，缺乏具有代表性的评价标准。本研究基于GAMLSS模型[10]初步建立了我国3~6岁儿童胸围和臀围的百分位数参考值，并参照国标中推荐的异常判断阈值对胸围和臀围进行评价。结果显示，3~6岁各阶段儿童胸围和臀围的异常检出率均处于较低水平，且性别间的差异无统计学意义，提示我国3~6岁儿童的胸围和臀围发育状况良好。胸围和臀围异常检出率的稳定性也表明所建立的百分位数能够较好地反映当前我国3~6岁儿童的体格发育水平。为进一步完善我国儿童胸围和臀围的评价体系，未来需要纳入更多地区，特别是少数民族和偏远地区儿童的体格测量信息，构建大样本、具有代表性的评价标准。
腰围是反映脂肪在腹部堆积情况的重要指标，被广泛用于儿童腹型肥胖的评估中。本研究参照国家标准，将腰围≥同性别、年龄段的P90定义为腹型肥胖[8]。评价结果显示，儿童腹型肥胖的检出率随着年龄的增加而逐渐下降，且女童的腹型肥胖检出率始终高于男童，与Ahmadi等[17]的研究结果一致。本研究结果显示，我国3~6岁儿童的腹型肥胖检出率高于波兰[18]、西班牙[19]等欧洲国家，与Ahmadi等[17]报道的伊朗6岁儿童肥胖情况相近(男童腹型肥胖率为13.2%，女童为24.7%)。这一现象可能与我国儿童在饮食习惯、生活方式以及遗传因素等方面的特征有关。饮食结构中高能量、高脂肪食物的摄入增加，以及城市化进程中体力活动的减少，是导致腹型肥胖率升高的主要原因[20]。有研究指出，儿童期的腹型肥胖可能会延续到成年期，增加代谢综合征、心血管疾病和2型糖尿病等慢性疾病的患病风险[21]。因此，未来应加强对儿童，尤其是学龄前女童腹型肥胖的早期防治。
本研究的局限性在于缺乏关于部分少数民族和偏远地区儿童体格发育的数据，限制了研究结果的代表性。其次，研究仅对数据进行横断面分析，未能考察儿童生长发育和肥胖的纵向变迁趋势。在未来的研究中，亟需进一步收集更广泛、具有代表性的儿童体格数据，特别是来自少数民族和偏远地区的数据；同时开展纵向研究以追踪儿童体围指标的变化趋势，深入探讨这些体围指标与儿童健康、认知发展等方面的关联，从而更全面地了解我国3~6岁儿童的生长发育状况。
基金
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  • 国家社会科学基金项目(21BTY023)；教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(24YJA890026)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071
  • 接收时间：2024-09-19
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-19
  • 修回日期：2024-12-13
基金
国家社会科学基金项目(21BTY023)；教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目(24YJA890026)
作者信息
    1北京师范大学体育与运动学院，北京 100875
    2哈尔滨体育学院研究生院
    3北京师范大学第二附属中学国际部
    4汕头大学工学院
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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