Article(id=1325501729176945094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325501647736156411, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1728662400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953838867, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953838867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953838867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953838867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325501647736156411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='305', pageEnd='456', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1742832000000', pubDateStr='2025-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953819450, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953819450, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=305, endPage=309, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325501731160850888, articleId=1325501729176945094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Implementing standardized school desks and chairs to promote the healthy development of primary and secondary school students, columnId=1325500683172065622, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Editorial, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand and analyze the current standards and application of school desks and chairs for primary and secondary schools, and to promote the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. The article conducts a comprehensive review of the functional and dimensional standards for school furniture both domestically and internationally, and objectively analyzes the current utilization and existing issues concerning desks and chairs in schools. It further explores the multifaceted factors that influence the allocation of desks and chairs, and proposes effective countermeasures, so as to provide a reference for the risk factors of common diseases related to desks and chairs, such as myopia and abnormal spinal curvature.

, authors=Fengyun ZHANG1, Yi SONG2, Lin ZHANG2, Chunyan LUO1, Wei DU3, Bin DONG*, 2, authorsList=Fengyun ZHANG, Yi SONG, Lin ZHANG, Chunyan LUO, Wei DU, Bin DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bin DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325501732473668041, articleId=1325501729176945094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=落实学校课桌椅标准促进中小学生健康成长, columnId=1325500684380025177, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解当前中小学校课桌椅功能尺寸标准及应用情况,促进中小学生健康成长,文章通过梳理国内外课桌椅功能尺寸相关标准,客观分析当前中小学校学生课桌椅的使用情况和存在问题,探讨影响课桌椅分配的多方因素,并提出有效应对策略,为控制与课桌椅相关的学生近视、脊柱弯曲异常等常见病的风险因素提供参考,落实健康中国建设。

, authors=张凤云1, 宋逸2, 张琳2, 罗春燕1, Wei DU3, 董彬*, 2, authorsList=张凤云, 宋逸, 张琳, 罗春燕, Wei DU, 董彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董彬, authorNote=

张凤云(1972-),女,黑龙江省人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康促进

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董彬,E-mail:
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张凤云(1972-),女,黑龙江省人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康促进

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落实学校课桌椅标准促进中小学生健康成长
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张凤云 1 , 宋逸 2 , 张琳 2 , 罗春燕 1 , Wei DU 3 , 董彬 *, 2
中国学校卫生 | 述评 2025,46(3): 305-309
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中国学校卫生 |述评 2025 , 46 (3) : 305 -309
落实学校课桌椅标准促进中小学生健康成长
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张凤云1, 宋逸2, 张琳2, 罗春燕1, Wei DU3, 董彬*, 2
作者信息
  • 1上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所,200336
  • 2北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
  • 3东南大学公共卫生学院
通讯作者:
董彬,E-mail:
作者简介:

张凤云(1972-),女,黑龙江省人,硕士,主任医师,主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康促进

Implementing standardized school desks and chairs to promote the healthy development of primary and secondary school students
Fengyun ZHANG1, Yi SONG2, Lin ZHANG2, Chunyan LUO1, Wei DU3, Bin DONG*, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai (200336), China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070
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为了解当前中小学校课桌椅功能尺寸标准及应用情况,促进中小学生健康成长,文章通过梳理国内外课桌椅功能尺寸相关标准,客观分析当前中小学校学生课桌椅的使用情况和存在问题,探讨影响课桌椅分配的多方因素,并提出有效应对策略,为控制与课桌椅相关的学生近视、脊柱弯曲异常等常见病的风险因素提供参考,落实健康中国建设。

课桌椅  /  参考标准  /  健康促进  /  学生

In order to understand and analyze the current standards and application of school desks and chairs for primary and secondary schools, and to promote the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. The article conducts a comprehensive review of the functional and dimensional standards for school furniture both domestically and internationally, and objectively analyzes the current utilization and existing issues concerning desks and chairs in schools. It further explores the multifaceted factors that influence the allocation of desks and chairs, and proposes effective countermeasures, so as to provide a reference for the risk factors of common diseases related to desks and chairs, such as myopia and abnormal spinal curvature.

Desk and chair  /  Reference standards  /  Health promotion  /  Students
张凤云, 宋逸, 张琳, 罗春燕, Wei DU, 董彬. 落实学校课桌椅标准促进中小学生健康成长. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (3) : 305 -309 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070
Fengyun ZHANG, Yi SONG, Lin ZHANG, Chunyan LUO, Wei DU, Bin DONG. Implementing standardized school desks and chairs to promote the healthy development of primary and secondary school students[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (3) : 305 -309 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070
我国现行《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)[1]规定了中小学校、托幼机构和高等院校课桌椅的大小型号、功能尺寸、分配使用及其他卫生要求,标准自2015年5月1日实施以来,在规范课桌椅生产企业行为,指导学校课桌椅的采购、分配和使用等方面取得良好的经济和社会效益。我国儿童青少年身高逐年增高[2],该标准是否适用于当前儿童青少年生长发育水平的问题已引起社会广泛关注。本研究旨在结合我国儿童青少年身高发育现况及趋势,解读我国学校课桌椅功能尺寸标准发展过程,并检索其他国家或地区课桌椅相关标准,分析当前中小学校课桌椅分配使用现状及存在的问题,提出应对策略及建议,在贯彻落实《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》[3]《中国教育现代化2035》[4]及《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》[5]等相关文件精神的同时,为控制与课桌椅相关的学生近视、脊柱弯曲异常等常见病的风险因素[6-11]提供参考。
我国中小学校课桌椅尺寸标准发展经历了4个阶段:最早制定于1983年,颁布了《学校课桌椅功能尺寸》(GB 3976—1983),1987年颁布了《学校课桌椅卫生标准》(GB 7792—1987),2002年颁布了《学校课桌椅功能尺寸》(GB/T 3976—2002)。前3项标准随着社会的发展和进步已废止或更新,我国现行标准为2014年修订的《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)[1]。
GB/T 3976—2014标准适用于大、中、小学校及托幼机构课桌椅的生产加工和使用。该标准规定我国幼儿园阶段桌椅共设6种型号,分别为幼1号~幼6号,桌面高为370~520 mm,座面高为190~290 mm,适合身高75~127 cm的幼儿使用。中小学课桌椅共设11种型号,分别为0~10号,桌面高为490~790 mm,座面高为270~460 mm,适用于身高105~194 cm的学生[1],学校应根据学生的身高为其配备相应型号的课桌椅。高等院校只设一种高度的课桌椅,课桌面、课椅座面高度分别为(730±10)和(410±10)mm。
此外,国家工业和信息化部发布轻工行业标准《课桌椅》(QB/T 4071—2021)[12],规定课桌椅的术语和定义、产品分类、要求、试验方法、检验规则、标志、使用说明、包装、运输、贮存等;该标准重点对课桌椅生产技术参数、理化性能要求、安全性、试验方法和检验规则等作出规定,是质量监督管理部门开展质量检测的重要依据。在居家学习用桌椅生产使用方面,全国人类工效学标准化技术委员会发布了《健康家居的人类工效学要求第4部分:儿童桌椅》(GB/T 39223.4—2020)[13],该标准适用于满足基本性能质量和安全环保标准的4~14岁儿童使用的可调尺寸的学习用桌椅,重点阐述除满足产品的基本性能、质量和环保安全等要求外,还有体现产品人性化设计和用户体验水平的人类工效学的相关要求,成为健康家居儿童桌椅评判时的一个必要指标。为更好指导地方学校课桌椅配备及使用等管理工作,安徽、南京等地还出台地方标准或教育部门文件对学校课桌椅加以规范[14-15]。
根据GB/T 3976—2014标准,学校应按照学生身高分配相应型号的课桌椅[1],但目前各地课桌椅分配符合率达标情况不容乐观。
2019年对湖北省、成都市和山东省的抽样调查结果显示课桌椅分配符合率分别为5.2%,6.0%和31.46%[16-18]。同年对上海市4个区7所中小学校33间教室调查显示,课桌椅分配符合率为22.5%[19];2020年对上海市16个区的中小学抽样调查显示,课桌椅分配符合率为19.8%[20];2022年上海市金山区的课桌椅分配符合率为8.33%[21]。2020年9—10月对内蒙古自治区12盟(市)的中小学抽样调查显示,课桌椅分配符合率为30.9%[22],2021年该地区的课桌椅分配符合率略有上升(31.6%)[23]。2020年对河北省部分中小学进行调查,课桌椅分配符合率为27.78%[24]。辽宁省、陕西省宁陕县、江苏省、厦门市等地的中小学课桌椅分配符合率也<40%[25-28],处在较低水平。北京市、海口市报道中小学课桌椅分配符合率在40%~79%之间[29-30]。一项来自连云港市的调查,抽取48所中小学校288间教室,对2 880名正在使用课桌椅的学生开展监测,课桌椅分配符合率≥80%的学校占3.47%[31]。
根据中国学生体质与健康调研监测数据[32],2019年我国7~18岁学生平均身高为(152.79±16.14)cm,与2010年平均身高(150.74±16.08)cm相比增高了2.05 cm,其中2019年身高>194 cm的学生仅占调查人数的0.003 5%。GB/T 3976—2014标准在制定过程中对我国部分地区中小学生身体测量、学校课桌椅现场测量和观察,是参考《家具:教育机构桌椅功能尺寸》(ISO 5970—1979)[33]及日本、英国等国标准而制定的[34-35],标准规定的课桌椅尺寸适用于身高75~194 cm的学生,已覆盖我国当前学生身高分布的绝大多数范围。
ISO的家具技术委员会制定ISO 5970—1979标准[33],为教育机构使用的桌椅提供了一系列的功能尺寸,这些尺寸是基于人体测量数据得出,可以确保使用时的舒适性和正确坐姿。该标准的内容涵盖桌、椅的尺寸类型、数据以及图示,按照尺寸从小到大,将桌椅分为7种型号,各型号都有一定的颜色标志(白、橙、紫、黄、红、绿、蓝),对应使用者不同的标准身高(分别为90,105,120,135,150,165和180 cm);其中大号桌椅对应180 cm及以上身高的使用者,桌面高为76 cm,座面高为46 cm,椅高差为30 cm。当前许多国家都以ISO 5970—1979标准为基本模式,制订本国的课桌椅标准[1, 34-37]。
中国[1]、日本[34]和韩国[37]均参考国际标准ISO 5970—1979,制定本国的课桌椅相关标准。韩国根据儿童平均身高将尺寸标记为0~6号,以确定桌椅的适宜尺寸[37]。目前,韩国小学桌椅尺寸标准是由本国标准KSG—2010规定的[38]。日本标准JISS 1021:2011包括8种尺寸推荐(0~5号,5.5号和6号)[34],桌面高度为400~760 mm,桌面底部最小高度为350~650 mm;座面高度为220~460 mm,座面有效深度为260~400 mm,座面最小宽度为250~360 mm。
南非教室桌椅大多采用南非国家标准局发布的SANS 660:2012标准,其中课桌椅具有5个尺寸(A~E),课桌高度为500~725 mm,座面高度为300~425 mm,座面宽为265~375 mm,座面深为300~400 mm[39]。
欧洲课桌椅尺寸采用EN 1729-1标准[35],分为8种不同的型号(尺寸0~尺寸7),适用于身高800~2 070 mm的学生;座面高度、宽度和有效深度分别为210~510,210~400和300~460 mm,课桌高度为400~820 mm。
2012年10月22日,教育座椅标准(X 6.1)被批准为美国国家标准[40],标准规定了3种椅子尺寸,其中尺寸A座面高度<352 mm,适用于35 kg的用户;尺寸B座面高度352~<425 mm,适用于75 kg的用户;尺寸C座面高度≥425 mm,适用于115 kg的用户。
哥伦比亚技术标准(NTC 4641)规定了学校设备的最低要求[41],该文件规定课桌椅的尺寸分为4个级别,1级适用于3~5岁儿童,2级适用于6~9岁儿童,3级适用于10~13岁儿童,4级适用于14~19岁儿童;1~4级桌面高度和椅面高度分别为520,610,670,730 mm;300,360,400,440 mm。
澳大利亚和新西兰均遵从2020年发布的AS/NZS 4610.1:2020标准,该文件规定课桌椅尺寸分为8个级别(A~H),座面高为210~510 mm,桌面高为400~815 mm,适用身高范围为80~207 cm[42]。
除以上固定式课桌椅标准,为方便学校按照学生身高生长发育变化及时个性化地调整学生的课桌椅高度,越来越多的学校为学生配备可调节课桌椅,一些国家对可调节课桌椅也开展了相关研究。例如韩国课桌椅包含7种可以调节的尺寸水平(水平1~水平7)[38],可以供身高为900~1 800 mm的儿童使用。Jung[43]给出设计开发符合国际标准的可调节课桌椅的过程,分析了其在实际应用中的可行性和优势,并验证其在不同学生群体中的适用性。一项对印度教室课桌椅与学生体型之间一致性的研究中,提出改善10~14岁学生舒适度拟议的固定课桌高度和可调节课椅高度[44]。
通过检索国际及其他国家有关学生课桌椅的标准可以看出,我国GB/T 3976—2014标准规定最细致,从幼儿园到大学共分3个学段,设置19个型号桌椅[1]。欧洲地区规定课桌和课椅的最大限值最高[35]。美国从学生体重方面考虑了座椅的尺寸[40]。其他研究团队也在广泛关注可调节课桌椅的相关问题[38, 43-44]。为我国GB/T 3976—2014标准的修订及可调式课桌管理标准制定提供了参考。
学校未按照GB/T 3976—2014标准配备或调节课桌椅高度是造成学生课桌椅分配符合率较低的主要原因[16]。部分学校为便于管理及教室的美观采用统一高度的课桌椅[16, 22, 27],忽视了学生的身高差异。此外,在新学期开学前调整和配置课桌椅,一些学校仍用上一个学期学生身高值,忽略了学生持续长高的问题,导致出现学生匹配过低课桌椅的情况[19]。还有部分学校和班级出现课桌椅搭配混乱现象[16],如低年级的学生使用过大型号的课桌椅,或用小桌配大椅等问题。
部分可调式课桌椅调节不便捷,如螺丝升降可调式课桌椅需要专业人员使用专用工具进行逐一调节,调节用时较长,但学校后勤人员较少,在一定程度上会制约可调式课桌椅按照学生身高进行调整[21]。部分易于调节的课桌椅(自动升降式调节、手摇式调节)存在过度调节问题,例如部分高年级学生根据自己喜好自行调节课桌椅,并非根据自身身高按标准进行调节;还有一些可调式课桌椅存在质量问题,部分可调式课桌椅无法调节至最高或最低高度,或多次调节后稳固性下降,出现卡滞、晃动,甚至安全等问题。此外,目前我国尚缺少可调式课桌椅相关配备及管理标准[19],部分可调式课桌椅的档位间距过大或调节区间不规范,无法按照GB/T 3976—2014标准规定的相应身高进行调整,需出台相关要求进行规范。
首先,现行GB/T 3976—2014标准发布已有10年,存在标龄较长,可能无法满足身材较高学生的个性化需求。其次,由于现行标准为推荐性国家标准,卫生监督执法的强制性处罚依据不充分,执法力度较弱。最后,在采购方面,部分地方政府对教育设施资金投入不足、缺少明确合理的报废规定[45],导致学校难以及时采购或更新符合学生身高的课桌椅。
教育部门和专业机构应加强对学校课桌椅符合情况的监测和标准应用技术指导,对发现的问题及时提出改进意见和建议[29]。学校应建立课桌椅分配管理制度,逐层压实责任,每学期排查和整改课桌椅配置情况,根据学生身高及时调整或更换不符合标准的课桌椅[27],确保学生课桌椅分配符合率≥80%[5, 46]。
教育部等八部门于2018年印发《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》[5]文件,提出了鼓励采购符合标准的可调节课桌椅。当前我国仅有QB/T 4071—2021标准给出可调式课桌椅的调节范围[12],但缺少可调节课桌椅的具体要求。根据国外相关标准[35, 42]及国内实际需求,建议课桌面高度的最大调节范围为850 mm,课椅座面高度的最大调节范围为500 mm,满足身高≥194.5 cm或特殊身材的学生需求。
第一,加快GB/T 3976—2014标准的修订工作,考虑增加定制特殊型号课桌椅功能尺寸的原则和要求,满足身高≥194.5 cm或特殊身材的学生需求。第二,考虑结合学生的体重/体型等因素调整功能尺寸,提高学生舒适度。第三,各地教育、卫生及专业技术部门通过举办学校卫生标准培训班等形式,加强标准宣贯[22, 29-30],提高教育机构各级管理人员、学校采买人员和教师、学生、家长、生产企业及经营人员对标准的理解和应用。第四,针对现行标准为推荐性标准,在监督执法过程中缺乏有力的处罚依据,建议教育、卫生等行政部门通过下发管理文件的形式[15],进一步规范学校按标准进行课桌椅的选型、采购、验收、安装、日常使用和报废等管理工作[14-15]。
  • 上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-30);中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生领域卫生健康标准评估项目
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-12
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上海市第六轮公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-30);中国疾病预防控制中心公共卫生领域卫生健康标准评估项目
作者信息
    1上海市疾病预防控制中心儿童青少年健康所,200336
    2北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
    3东南大学公共卫生学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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