Article(id=1325500911166038112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730995200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-08, revisedDate=1734537600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953643837, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953643837, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953643837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953643837, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=285, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500911589662817, articleId=1325500911166038112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Prevalence of common illness among primary school freshmen in Guiyang and parental health management service needs after the examination, columnId=1325500884406379444, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Disease Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the health status of primary school freshmen in Guiyang and the health management service needs of parents after examination, so as to provide a reference for establishment of a collaborative health management framework involving schools, families, and healthcare providers.

Methods

From September to October 2024, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used in Guiyang City to select 3 210 students and 3 133 parents who participated in the physical examination for primary school freshmen. Demographic indicators, physical examination indicators and laboratory examination indicators of students were collected, and parents' needs for post examination health management service were investigated by self-designed questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to investigate the related factors of parents' health management service needs after the examination.

Results

The detection rates of common illness among primary school freshmen were 60.22% for dental caries, 17.23% for screening myopia, 6.11% for obesity, 3.86% for iron deficiency anemia, and 1.15% for scoliosis. The co-occurrence rate of common illness among freshmen during the physical examination was 23.89% (n=767), among which the comorbidity rate of screening myopia and dental caries (8.22%) and obesity and dental caries (4.27%) were higher. About 63.80% parents indicated that the physical examination items were simple, and 2 366 parents (75.52%) indicated a demand for post-examination management services; the average score of parents' demands for post-examination services was (3.12±0.70). In terms of the scores of each dimension, the mean score of nutrition and health (3.58±0.74) was the highest, while the lowest mean score was for traditional Chinese medicine health care (2.77±0.67). The mean scores for the other dimensions were as follows: exercise intervention (3.29±0.79), psychological monitoring (3.17±0.58), and health education and signing (2.81±0.73). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that parents' educational level (junior high school, high school/vocational school, college/undergraduate and above), living conditions (floating), and children's illness status (1, 2, >3 types) were the related factors of parents' health management service needs after the entrance examination for new students (B=2.16, 3.07, 3.68; -2.19; 3.14, 3.34, 3.11, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The prevalence of common illness in primary schools in Guiyang is characterized by a heavy burden from single diseases, with a notable occurrence of multiple comorbidities. After the physical examination, parents have obvious demand for follow-up health management services. These health management services should integrate the concept of multi-disease prevention according to the needs of parents.

, authors=Jinghui CAI, Yan ZHU*, Jiacai ZHANG, Xue FANG, authorsList=Jinghui CAI, Yan ZHU, Jiacai ZHANG, Xue FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500912797622371, articleId=1325500911166038112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=贵阳市小学新生常见病检出情况及家长检后健康管理服务需求, columnId=1325500884628677558, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=疾病控制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解贵阳市小学新生健康状况及家长检后健康管理服务需求,为构建家校医三方共防、共治的学校健康管理工作提供参考依据。

方法

于2024年9—10月,在贵阳市采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,分别抽取3 210名参与本年度小学入学体检的新生及其家长3 133名为研究对象。收集学生人口统计学指标、体格检查指标、实验室检查指标,自编问卷调查家长对于学生检后健康管理服务需求。采用多重线性回归分析家长检后健康管理服务需求的相关因素。

结果

小学新生常见病检出率分别为龋齿60.22%、筛查性近视17.23%、肥胖6.11%、缺铁性贫血3.86%、脊柱侧弯1.15%。体检新生多病共患率为23.89%(767名),其中筛查性近视+龋齿(8.22%)及肥胖+龋齿(4.27%)检出率较高。有63.80%的家长表示体检项目较简单,2 366名(75.52%)表示对检后健康管理服务有需求;家长对检后健康服务需求的平均得分为(3.12±0.70)分。从各维度来看,营养健康的得分均值(3.58±0.74)最高,中医保健得分均值(2.77±0.67)最低,其他分别为运动干预(3.29±0.79)、心理监测(3.17±0.58)、健康教育与签约服务(2.81±0.73)。多重线性回归分析结果显示,父母文化程度(初中、高中/中专、大专/本科及以上)、居住情况(流动)、孩子患病情况(1,2,≥3种)是新生入学检后家长健康管理服务需求的相关因素(B值分别为2.16,3.07,3.68;-2.19;3.14,3.34,3.11,P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

贵阳市小学新生常见病患病率单病负担较重,多病共患情况凸显。入学体检后,家长对于后续健康管理服务需求明显,检后健康管理服务应根据家长需求且融入多病共防理念。

, authors=蔡菁晖, 朱焱*, 张加才, 方雪, authorsList=蔡菁晖, 朱焱, 张加才, 方雪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱焱, authorNote=

蔡菁晖(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为中小学健康教育

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朱焱,E-mail:
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325500918996803730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2021-405), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325500914458566758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325500914471149671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, companyId=1325500914458566758, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Public Health and Health Services, Guizhou Medical University/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guiyang (561113), Guizhou Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325500914479538280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, companyId=1325500914458566758, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵阳 561113)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325500918468321420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of detection rates of common illness in children in different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值筛查性近视肥胖龋齿脊柱侧弯缺铁性贫血
性别男1 759298(16.94)133(7.56)1 039(59.07)21(1.19)69(3.92)
女1 451255(17.57)63(4.34)894(61.61)16(1.10)55(3.79)
χ2值0.2214.372.150.060.04
P值0.64< 0.010.140.810.85
年龄/岁61 656389(23.49)101(6.10)831(50.18)26(1.57)59(3.56)
71 130108(9.56)61(5.40)841(74.42)8(0.71)34(3.01)
842436(8.49)34(8.02)261(61.56)3(0.71)31(7.31)
χ2值96.983.69165.165.2316.20
P值< 0.010.16< 0.010.07< 0.01
民族汉族2 200368(16.73)131(5.95)1329(60.41)20(0.91)98(4.45)
布依族29963(21.07)22(7.36)181(60.54)5(1.67)8(2.68)
苗族41369(16.71)24(5.81)251(60.77)7(1.69)12(2.91)
其他民族29853(17.79)19(6.38)172(57.72)5(1.68)6(2.01)
χ2值3.631.010.883.426.97
P值0.310.800.830.300.07
), ArticleFig(id=1325500918535430285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组别儿童常见疾病检出率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别选项人数统计值筛查性近视肥胖龋齿脊柱侧弯缺铁性贫血
性别男1 759298(16.94)133(7.56)1 039(59.07)21(1.19)69(3.92)
女1 451255(17.57)63(4.34)894(61.61)16(1.10)55(3.79)
χ2值0.2214.372.150.060.04
P值0.64< 0.010.140.810.85
年龄/岁61 656389(23.49)101(6.10)831(50.18)26(1.57)59(3.56)
71 130108(9.56)61(5.40)841(74.42)8(0.71)34(3.01)
842436(8.49)34(8.02)261(61.56)3(0.71)31(7.31)
χ2值96.983.69165.165.2316.20
P值< 0.010.16< 0.010.07< 0.01
民族汉族2 200368(16.73)131(5.95)1329(60.41)20(0.91)98(4.45)
布依族29963(21.07)22(7.36)181(60.54)5(1.67)8(2.68)
苗族41369(16.71)24(5.81)251(60.77)7(1.69)12(2.91)
其他民族29853(17.79)19(6.38)172(57.72)5(1.68)6(2.01)
χ2值3.631.010.883.426.97
P值0.310.800.830.300.07
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Univariate analysis of parents in different groups on their health management service needs after the freshmen physical examination(x ± s)

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组别人数需求得分t/F值P值组别人数需求得分t/F值P值
性别家庭结构
  男7833.02±0.534.63< 0.01  核心家庭1 3213.35±0.532.630.05
  女2 3503.24±0.85  直系家庭9223.17±0.45
年龄/岁  联合家庭6793.09±0.45
  20~ < 301373.18±0.731.750.09  单亲家庭2112.88±0.45
  30~ < 401 9863.23±0.74家庭年均总收入/元
  >401 0103.05±0.56   < 10 0002222.95±0.718.34< 0.01
居住情况  10 000~49 9995473.02±0.65
  常住2 5433.46±0.857.75< 0.01  50 000~99 9991 3853.32±0.73
  流动5903.01±0.69  100 000~199 9997543.67±0.67
家中孩子个数  ≥200 0002253.75±0.88
  11 2683.31±0.821.220.10父母文化程度
  21 2743.29±0.88  小学及以下3892.76±0.686.240.04
  ≥35913.13±0.76  初中5132.93±0.84
孩子患病情况/种  高中/中专8113.16±0.75
  03673.23±0.818.33< 0.01  大专/本科及以上1 4203.38±0.78
  11 9993.51±0.69户口性质
  26183.68±0.93  城市2 3413.42±0.877.21< 0.01
  ≥31493.75±0.85  农村7923.11±0.77
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不同组别家长对新生入学体检后健康管理服务需求的单因素分析(x ± s)

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组别人数需求得分t/F值P值组别人数需求得分t/F值P值
性别家庭结构
  男7833.02±0.534.63< 0.01  核心家庭1 3213.35±0.532.630.05
  女2 3503.24±0.85  直系家庭9223.17±0.45
年龄/岁  联合家庭6793.09±0.45
  20~ < 301373.18±0.731.750.09  单亲家庭2112.88±0.45
  30~ < 401 9863.23±0.74家庭年均总收入/元
  >401 0103.05±0.56   < 10 0002222.95±0.718.34< 0.01
居住情况  10 000~49 9995473.02±0.65
  常住2 5433.46±0.857.75< 0.01  50 000~99 9991 3853.32±0.73
  流动5903.01±0.69  100 000~199 9997543.67±0.67
家中孩子个数  ≥200 0002253.75±0.88
  11 2683.31±0.821.220.10父母文化程度
  21 2743.29±0.88  小学及以下3892.76±0.686.240.04
  ≥35913.13±0.76  初中5132.93±0.84
孩子患病情况/种  高中/中专8113.16±0.75
  03673.23±0.818.33< 0.01  大专/本科及以上1 4203.38±0.78
  11 9993.51±0.69户口性质
  26183.68±0.93  城市2 3413.42±0.877.21< 0.01
  ≥31493.75±0.85  农村7923.11±0.77
), ArticleFig(id=1325500918782894224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500911166038112, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Multiple linear regression analysis of parents' health management service demand after freshmen entrance physical examination(n=3 133)

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自变量B值标准误β值t值P值
父母文化程度
  初中2.160.690.233.06< 0.01
  高中/中专3.070.720.304.28< 0.01
  大专/本科及以上3.680.690.425.34< 0.01
居住情况-2.190.53-0.244.01< 0.01
孩子患病情况/种3.130.680.364.15< 0.01
  13.140.520.364.23< 0.01
  23.340.680.405.08< 0.01
  ≥33.110.660.354.19< 0.01
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家长对新生入学体检后健康管理服务需求的多重线性回归分析(n=3 133)

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自变量B值标准误β值t值P值
父母文化程度
  初中2.160.690.233.06< 0.01
  高中/中专3.070.720.304.28< 0.01
  大专/本科及以上3.680.690.425.34< 0.01
居住情况-2.190.53-0.244.01< 0.01
孩子患病情况/种3.130.680.364.15< 0.01
  13.140.520.364.23< 0.01
  23.340.680.405.08< 0.01
  ≥33.110.660.354.19< 0.01
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贵阳市小学新生常见病检出情况及家长检后健康管理服务需求
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蔡菁晖 , 朱焱 * , 张加才 , 方雪
中国学校卫生 | 疾病控制 2025,46(2): 285-289
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中国学校卫生 |疾病控制 2025 , 46 (2) : 285 -289
贵阳市小学新生常见病检出情况及家长检后健康管理服务需求
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蔡菁晖, 朱焱* , 张加才, 方雪
作者信息
  • 贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵阳 561113
通讯作者:
朱焱,E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡菁晖(1999-),男,贵州贵阳人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为中小学健康教育

Prevalence of common illness among primary school freshmen in Guiyang and parental health management service needs after the examination
Jinghui CAI, Yan ZHU* , Jiacai ZHANG, Xue FANG
Affiliations
  • School of Public Health and Health Services, Guizhou Medical University/Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guiyang (561113), Guizhou Province, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025063
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目的

了解贵阳市小学新生健康状况及家长检后健康管理服务需求,为构建家校医三方共防、共治的学校健康管理工作提供参考依据。

方法

于2024年9—10月,在贵阳市采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,分别抽取3 210名参与本年度小学入学体检的新生及其家长3 133名为研究对象。收集学生人口统计学指标、体格检查指标、实验室检查指标,自编问卷调查家长对于学生检后健康管理服务需求。采用多重线性回归分析家长检后健康管理服务需求的相关因素。

结果

小学新生常见病检出率分别为龋齿60.22%、筛查性近视17.23%、肥胖6.11%、缺铁性贫血3.86%、脊柱侧弯1.15%。体检新生多病共患率为23.89%(767名),其中筛查性近视+龋齿(8.22%)及肥胖+龋齿(4.27%)检出率较高。有63.80%的家长表示体检项目较简单,2 366名(75.52%)表示对检后健康管理服务有需求;家长对检后健康服务需求的平均得分为(3.12±0.70)分。从各维度来看,营养健康的得分均值(3.58±0.74)最高,中医保健得分均值(2.77±0.67)最低,其他分别为运动干预(3.29±0.79)、心理监测(3.17±0.58)、健康教育与签约服务(2.81±0.73)。多重线性回归分析结果显示,父母文化程度(初中、高中/中专、大专/本科及以上)、居住情况(流动)、孩子患病情况(1,2,≥3种)是新生入学检后家长健康管理服务需求的相关因素(B值分别为2.16,3.07,3.68;-2.19;3.14,3.34,3.11,P值均 < 0.05)。

结论

贵阳市小学新生常见病患病率单病负担较重,多病共患情况凸显。入学体检后,家长对于后续健康管理服务需求明显,检后健康管理服务应根据家长需求且融入多病共防理念。

龋齿  /  近视  /  肥胖症  /  贫血  /  回归分析  /  学生  /  法定监护人
Objective

To understand the health status of primary school freshmen in Guiyang and the health management service needs of parents after examination, so as to provide a reference for establishment of a collaborative health management framework involving schools, families, and healthcare providers.

Methods

From September to October 2024, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used in Guiyang City to select 3 210 students and 3 133 parents who participated in the physical examination for primary school freshmen. Demographic indicators, physical examination indicators and laboratory examination indicators of students were collected, and parents' needs for post examination health management service were investigated by self-designed questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was adopted to investigate the related factors of parents' health management service needs after the examination.

Results

The detection rates of common illness among primary school freshmen were 60.22% for dental caries, 17.23% for screening myopia, 6.11% for obesity, 3.86% for iron deficiency anemia, and 1.15% for scoliosis. The co-occurrence rate of common illness among freshmen during the physical examination was 23.89% (n=767), among which the comorbidity rate of screening myopia and dental caries (8.22%) and obesity and dental caries (4.27%) were higher. About 63.80% parents indicated that the physical examination items were simple, and 2 366 parents (75.52%) indicated a demand for post-examination management services; the average score of parents' demands for post-examination services was (3.12±0.70). In terms of the scores of each dimension, the mean score of nutrition and health (3.58±0.74) was the highest, while the lowest mean score was for traditional Chinese medicine health care (2.77±0.67). The mean scores for the other dimensions were as follows: exercise intervention (3.29±0.79), psychological monitoring (3.17±0.58), and health education and signing (2.81±0.73). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that parents' educational level (junior high school, high school/vocational school, college/undergraduate and above), living conditions (floating), and children's illness status (1, 2, >3 types) were the related factors of parents' health management service needs after the entrance examination for new students (B=2.16, 3.07, 3.68; -2.19; 3.14, 3.34, 3.11, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The prevalence of common illness in primary schools in Guiyang is characterized by a heavy burden from single diseases, with a notable occurrence of multiple comorbidities. After the physical examination, parents have obvious demand for follow-up health management services. These health management services should integrate the concept of multi-disease prevention according to the needs of parents.

Dental caries  /  Myopia  /  Obesity  /  Anemia  /  Regression analysis  /  Students  /  Legal guardians
蔡菁晖, 朱焱, 张加才, 方雪. 贵阳市小学新生常见病检出情况及家长检后健康管理服务需求. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 285 -289 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025063
Jinghui CAI, Yan ZHU, Jiacai ZHANG, Xue FANG. Prevalence of common illness among primary school freshmen in Guiyang and parental health management service needs after the examination[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 285 -289 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025063
近年来,我国儿童青少年的生存与健康状况取得显著提升与改善,但也暴露出一系列新型且复杂的健康问题,主要表现为儿童少年部分单一疾病检出率呈升高趋势、多病共患情况呈发展态势[1]。2016—2021年国务院先后发布《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》《学生健康管理技术规范》等文件[2-3],强调应设立全面健康监测、管理、评估制度,切实提升儿童青少年健康水平。健康体检作为疾病预防和健康管理的基本途径及有效手段,对于监测儿童成长发育水平和健康状况具有重要意义[4]。而检后健康管理有助于早期诊断、预防和治疗儿童成长过程中可能出现的健康风险,从而提升儿童健康水平,并减轻家庭及社会的疾病负担。鉴于此,本文以贵阳市部分小学新生体检结果为切入点,分析小学新生面临的主要健康问题,并通过问卷了解体检后家长健康管理服务需求,为探索更完善的小学入学检后健康管理服务模式提供参考。
以参与2024年贵阳市小学入学体检新生及其家长为研究对象。于2024年9—10月,采用分层随机整群抽样的方法在贵阳市6个主城区进行调查。首先,根据贵阳市主城区内外围距离分4层,每层采用抽签法抽取1所城市小学和1所乡镇小学,共抽取8所小学。研究对象纳入标准:2024年初次参与小学入学体检新生和家长,自愿参与本研究。排除标准:受健康或其他原因无法按照自主意识完成调查者,如患有严重精神疾病、认知障碍、言语障碍等。共抽取受检学生及其家长均为3 250名,剔除受检学生中检查结果缺失等无效样本后有效样本为3 210名,有效率为98.77%;其中男生1 759名,女生1 451名;汉族2 200名,苗族413名,布依族299名,其他民族298名;年龄6~8岁,平均年龄(6.81±1.25)岁。剔除被调查家长问卷缺失等无效样本后有效样本为3 133名,有效率为96.40%;其中男性783名,女性2 350名;最高文化程度小学及以下389名,初中513名,高中/中专811名,大专/本科及以上1 420名;平均年龄为(36.56±8.37)岁。本研究已获贵州医科大学人体试验伦理委员会审批(批件号:2021年第145号)。
对抽到学校所有新生的入学健康体检信息进行整理分析,新生家长由经过培训的调查人员以班级为单位发放电子调查问卷,由家长自填问卷。学生体检内容包括一般情况(性别、年龄、民族等),体格检查[身高、体重、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、视力等]和实验室检查,其中BMI=体重(kg)/[身高(m)]2。血常规:采集被测儿童的静脉血或末梢血1 mL,于儿童保健机构中完成。铁蛋白:采集调查儿童的末梢血100 μL,最少不低于50 μL。根据既往相关研究及我国健康管理服务相关政策[5-6],结合贵阳市实际情况自行编制家长检后健康管理服务需求调查问卷,并于预实验阶段进行问卷信度和效度分析,Cronbach α系数为0.865;KMO值为0.712,且Bartlett球形检验对应的P < 0.01。问卷内容包括:(1)家长一般情况。性别、年龄、父母文化程度(以父母一方最高的学历为准)、家庭年均总收入(居住情况、家中孩子个数、孩子患病情况、家庭结构、户口性质)等。(2)检后健康服务了解情况。对自己孩子的健康问题了解情况,了解孩子健康问题的方式,对现有健康体检的看法等。(3)检后健康管理服务需求。该部分共有28个条目,包括营养健康(饮食指导、身高监测、营养监测、体重管理4个条目)、运动干预(运动指导、运动康复、体适能锻炼、体态矫正4个条目)、心理监测(心理指导、心理健康/社会适应功能评估、生活自理能力自我评估、心理风险监测4个条目)、中医保健(中药膳食指导、中医中药调理、中医针灸按摩3个条目)、健康教育与签约服务(建立电子健康档案、移动APP/公众号、重点疾病健康教育、生活方式健康教育、突发/急救健康教育、签约家庭医生、专业医疗团队、社区注册护士、健康知识讲座、上门服务、互联网医院、电子穿戴监测设备、电话/短信跟踪随访13个条目)5个维度。采用Likert 4级赋分制评分法对条目进行逐条评分,即:“不需要=1”~“非常需要=4”;评分完成后,计算所有条目需求得分(总分/条目数)和各维度平均分。
参照《国家学生健康检查技术规范》(GB/T 26343)及相关标准对常见病进行定义[7-8]:筛查性近视为裸眼视力 < 5.0且非睫状肌麻痹下电脑验光等效球镜度数(spherical equivalent, SE) < -0.50 D,凡单眼判定为筛查性近视者即为筛查性近视。BMI男生≥19.2 kg/m2,女生≥18.9 kg/m2为肥胖。龋齿判定标准为牙的窝沟点隙或光滑面有明显的龋洞、或明显的釉下破坏、或明确的可探及化洞底或沟壁的病损。脊柱侧弯判定标准为Adams脊柱前屈试验,胸段、肩胛骨、腰段及骨盆的两侧是否对称,两侧是否水平等高,用手触摸棘突连线是否在正中线,在背部最明显差异处放置角标尺测量水平角,超过3°列入不对称范畴。缺铁性贫血诊断标准为血平均红细胞体积(mean corpuscular volume, MCV) < 80 fL,平均红细胞血红蛋白(mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH) < 27 pg,平均红细胞血红蛋白体积浓度(mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC) < 310 g/L,红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width, RDW)>14.5%,血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb) < 110 g/L,考虑到海拔高度会对Hb值产生影响,对贵州省平均海拔高度校正后再进行贫血诊断。
(1) 对体检数据库进行整理核查,核对受检者个人信息,对于筛查出的漏项和可疑值进行核实,如发现错误及时更正。(2)针对家长的问卷调查,调查前对调查员进行集中培训,调查过程中由调查员、组长、质控员组成的审核小组在每日调查完成后对问卷进行核查,排除存在缺失值和不明确值的问卷,确保纳入的调查问卷完整有效。(3)数据分析阶段,导出问卷数据,逻辑检查、删除具有缺失值或异常值的无效问卷。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料用频数、构成比或率(%)描述,采用χ2检验分析儿童体检结果组间差异;计量资料满足正态分布采用(x ± s)描述,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析;采用多重线性回归分析贵阳市小学新生入学检后家长健康管理服务需求的相关因素。检验水准α=0.05。
学生常见病患病情况分别为筛查性近视553例(17.23%)、龋齿1 933例(60.22%)、肥胖196例(6.11%)、缺铁性贫血124例(3.86%)、脊柱侧弯37例(1.15%)。不同性别间肥胖率差异有统计学意义;不同年龄间筛查性近视、龋齿、缺铁性贫血检出率差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表1。3 210名体检新生中,有618名(19.25%)同时患有2种疾病,其中筛查性近视+龋齿(8.22%,264名)及肥胖+龋齿(4.27%,137名)检出率较高。149名(4.64%)同时患有3种及以上疾病,其余多病情况未检出。
3 133名接受调查的家长中,83.21%(2 607名)的家长认为有必要进行新生入学体检,16.76%(525名)认为没有必要进行新生入学体检,63.80%(1 999名)表示体检项目较简单,并认为需要增加智力测评(55.95%,1 753名)、社会生活能力测定(52.31%,1 639名)、超声骨龄检测(50.62%,1 586名)等体检项目;对于体检结果,56.46%(1 769名)的家长了解自己孩子健康问题,其主要了解形式为线下医务人员告知(83.49%,1 477名)、班主任告知(15.26%,270名),43.54%(1 364名)的家长不是很了解自己孩子健康问题,其主要原因包括没有时间(75.73%,1 033名)、认为入学体检结果不需关注(14.74%,201名)。
有2 366名(75.52%)家长表示对检后健康管理服务有需求,在检后健康管理服务需求中视力问题(76.88%,1 819名)、肥胖问题(72.49%,1 715名)、口腔卫生问题(68.72%,1 626名) 是家长主要关注的孩子健康问题。家长对检后健康服务需求的平均得分为(3.12±0.70)分。从各维度得分来看,营养健康的得分均值(3.58±0.74)最高,中医保健得分均值(2.77±0.67)最低,其余分别为运动干预(3.29±0.79)、心理监测(3.17±0.58)、健康教育与签约服务(2.81±0.73)。体检小学生家长检后健康管理主要项目需求排前5位的是饮食指导(3.74±0.36)、心理健康/社会适应功能健康评估(3.69±0.58)、建立电子健康档案(3.66±0.34)、健康知识讲座(3.61±0.83)、运动指导(3.59±0.79)。
不同性别、家庭结构、户口性质、居住情况、父母文化程度、家庭年均总收入、孩子患病情况家长的检后健康管理服务需求得分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。见表2。
将需求总均分作为因变量,以性别(男=0,女=1)、父母文化程度(小学及以下=0,初中=1,高中/中专=2,大专/本科及以上=3)、家庭结构(核心家庭=0,直系家庭=1,联合家庭=2,单亲家庭=3)、户口性质(城市=0,农村=1)、家庭年均总收入(< 10 000=0,10 000~49 999=1,50 000~99 999=2,100 000~199 999=3,≥200 000=4)、居住情况(常住=0,流动=1)、孩子患病情况(0种=0,1种=1,2种=2,≥3种=3)为自变量进行多重逐步线性回归分析,结果显示,父母文化程度、居住情况、孩子患病情况是家长检后健康管理服务需求得分的相关因素(P值均 < 0.05)。见表3。
本次分析贵阳市小学新生入学体检资料显示,新生筛查性近视率为17.23%,高于2022年中国六省市低年级小学生近视率(13.2%)[9]。体检新生患龋率为60.22%,与国内其他城市的调查结果相似[10],但远高于全球儿童患龋率(46.2%)[11]。该群体缺铁性贫血率为3.86%,高于同期济宁市儿童缺铁性贫血检出率(1.98%)[12];肥胖率为6.11%,低于我国目前学龄前儿童肥胖率(10.4%)[13];脊柱侧弯率为1.15%,与国内各地对少儿脊柱侧弯的筛查结果(0.5%~4%)相似[14]。提示贵阳市儿童近视发生年龄可能呈前移趋势,应高度关注学龄前期儿童近视、龋齿及缺铁性贫血预防。
按《学生常见病多病共防技术指南》[15]对学生常见病多病共患进行统计,结果显示体检新生多病共患率为23.89%,其中患有2种疾病检出率较高,包括筛查性近视+肥胖和龋齿+肥胖。该结果与第八次全国学生体质与健康调研数据显示的22.9%的7~18岁儿童青少年存在近视、肥胖、营养不足的多病共患情况,以肥胖与龋齿、近视共患较为常见基本一致[16]。学生多病共患与多种因素如遗传、体能、生活习惯、学习压力和饮食不均衡有关,与单一问题相比,多病共存问题对儿童身心健康、生活质量、学习成绩和社会功能会协同产生更加不利的影响,也会增加物质滥用、违法犯罪甚至自杀等一系列不良发展结果的风险[17],需探索更有针对性和个性化的后续及持续性服务。
本次调查显示,63.80%的家长表示体检项目较简单,并认为需要增加智力测评、社会生活能力测定、超声骨龄检测等体检项目。75.52%的家长对孩子体检后健康管理有需求,主要关注视力问题、肥胖问题、口腔卫生问题,这与本次小学生肥胖、近视以及龋齿为较常见多病共患情况的结果相吻合。家长对于体检后健康管理的具体需求集中在饮食指导、心理健康、建立专门档案、健康知识讲座以及运动指导等方面,提示学校卫生服务应在监测学生健康状况、采取普遍的公共卫生干预措施的基础上,更有针对性地开展饮食、心理、运动等健康评估与指导。同时更深入地探索学生体检后健康管理应成为下一步关注的重点。
多因素分析结果显示,父母文化程度、居住情况、孩子患病情况是家长健康管理服务需求得分的相关因素。教育程度较高的家长更可能主动获取健康信息,采取相应管理措施提升孩子健康水平;城市家庭因医疗资源便利等,体检后健康管理服务需求可能更积极;孩子有健康问题,家长会更加关注孩子的健康状况,从而增加对体检后健康管理服务的需求,与相关研究结果相似[18]。儿童青少年健康管理是在获取健康信息基础上,针对健康风险进行有目的、有计划、有措施、有反馈和持续修正的全面过程[1]。《学校健康管理技术规范》[3]提示健康管理工作应注重普及性和全面性,建立并完善以学生健康水平为重点的“监测-评估-反馈-干预-保障”闭环体系,且关注群体与个体2个层面。同时,《学生常见病多病共防技术指南》指出健康管理应关注多病共患情况,探索儿童青少年常见疾病“共病-共因-共防”机制,建立可以覆盖家庭、学校、社区和医疗机构不同场景的儿童青少年共病干预实施的标准化方案和流程[15, 19]。故基于体检结果提供多元化、个性化的保健服务,同时兼顾普及性,以学生健康风险为导向,学校、家庭、医疗机构等多方合作,构建立体、持续的多病共防与健康管理机制,对积极推动青少年健康素养提升,共同促进学生健康成长具有重要意义。
综上所述,贵阳市小学新生常见病患病形势仍然严峻,多病共存现象较为突显,家长对于体检后健康管理服务需求较高。建议从单次入学体检转换为长期档案跟踪,从筛查健康问题到解决健康问题,从关注单一健康危险因素到多病共防,从“疾病管理”到“健康管理”,从被动工作到主动服务。将营养膳食、运动干预、心理监测与指导、中医药服务融入健康管理。同时细化健康评测指标,对学生健康问题进行分级管理,准确评估相关危险因素及发展趋势,结合医疗机构、保健机构、保险机构拓展检后健康管理新模式。
本研究尚存在一定局限性,研究范围仅限于贵阳市主城区,无法代表贵阳市的整体水平。下一步将扩大样本量,并就开展学校健康管理的可行性和具体实现路径进行深入研究。
  • 贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2021-405)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025063
  • 接收时间:2024-11-08
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-08
  • 修回日期:2024-12-19
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贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目(gzwkj2021-405)
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    贵州医科大学公共卫生与健康学院/环境污染与疾病监控教育部重点实验室,贵阳 561113

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