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Article(id=1325500914957681347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953644741, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953644741, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953644741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953644741, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=249, endPage=254, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500915159007940, articleId=1325500914957681347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Moderating effects of outdoor activity on infancy responsive caregiving trajectory and early child development level, columnId=1259565862181286284, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Growth, Development and Surveillance, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the role of outdoor activity in the relationship between infancy responsive caregiving trajectories and early childhood development, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of early child development.

Methods

The study participants were drawn from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort and 4 723 mother-child pairs who completed responsive caregiving questionnaires at 2, 6 and 12 months old were included. Questionnaires were used to assess children's responsive caregiving and average daily hours of outdoor activity at 2 years of age. The Age-Stage Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3) was used to evaluate children's development problems at 2-5 years old. Group-based trajectory model was applied to fit infancy responsive caregiving trajectory. Modified Poisson regression was used to analyze associations between different responsive caregiving trajectory groups and child development, and moderating effects were tested for hours of outdoor activity.

Results

Infancy responsive caregiving trajectories were categorized into general group (n=3 871), declining group(n=160), and fluctuating group(n=646). After adjusting for confounding factors, such as parents' educational level, annual household income, maternal progestation body mass index, maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy, maternal anxiety and depression during pregnancy, maternal age at delivery, maternal gestational age, maternal mode of delivery, children's gender, children's birth weight, and duration of breastfeeding, the results of modified Poission regression analysis showed that compared with the general group, children at the age of 2 in declining and fluctuating group had increased risks of suspected developmental delays in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social scales (OR=1.41, 1.31, 1.35, 1.23, 1.21;1.07, 1.08, 1.08, 1.09, 1.06);but children only had increased risk of suspected developmental delays in communication of declining group (OR=1.08), personal-social scales of fluctuating group (OR=1.06) at 3-5 years of age (P<0.05). At lower levels of outdoor activity, children in fluctuating group had reduced scores in communication (β=-1.41), fine motor (β=-2.34), problem solving (β=-1.11) and personal-social scales (β=-1.99) as compared to general group; and children in declining group had reduced scores in gross motor (β=-4.78)(P<0.05). While at higher levels of outdoor activity, no differences were found between children in fluctuating, declining groups and those in general group in scores of different scales (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Prolonged outdoor activity attenuates the adverse effects of declining and fluctuating trajectories of infancy responsive caregiving on early childhood development.

, authors=Bingzi SHANG, Guangzhuang JING, Peiqi YE, Tuersunniyazi MAIHELIYAKEZI, Huijing SHI*, authorsList=Bingzi SHANG, Guangzhuang JING, Peiqi YE, Tuersunniyazi MAIHELIYAKEZI, Huijing SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huijing SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500915872039623, articleId=1325500914957681347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中的调节作用, columnId=1259565866786632093, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=生长发育与健康监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中起到的作用，为促进儿童早期发育提供理论依据。

方法

以上海亲子队列中任意完成2，6，12月龄一项回应性照护问卷随访的4 723名儿童及其母亲为研究对象。问卷调查回应性照护水平以及2岁时的每日平均户外活动时长，使用年龄与发育进程问卷第三版(ASQ-3)评估儿童2~5岁时的发育水平。采用轨迹模型拟合回应性照护轨迹，修正Poisson回归分析不同轨迹组与发育水平的关联，并检验户外活动时长的调节效应。

结果

婴儿期回应性照护轨迹分为一般组(3 871名)、下降组(160名)和波动组(646名)。调整父母教育水平、家庭年收入，母亲孕前体质量指数、孕期烟草暴露、孕期焦虑抑郁、分娩年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式，儿童性别、出生体重，母乳喂养时长等混杂因素后，修正Poission回归分析结果表明，相比于一般组，下降组和波动组的儿童在2岁时出现沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题、个人-社会能区可疑发育迟缓的风险均增加(OR值分别为1.41，1.31，1.35，1.23，1.21；1.07，1.08，1.08，1.09，1.06)，但在3~5岁时仅出现下降组沟通(OR=1.08)、波动组个人-社会能区(OR=1.06)可疑发育迟缓的风险增加(P值均<0.05)。户外活动水平较低时，相比于一般组，波动组的儿童沟通(β=-1.41)、精细动作(β=-2.34)、解决问题(β=-1.11)和个人-社会能区(β=-1.99)得分降低，下降组儿童粗大动作能区得分降低(β=-4.78)(P值均<0.05)；户外活动水平较高时，并未发现波动组和下降组的儿童与一般组能区得分有差异(P值均>0.05)。

结论

长时间的户外活动可以减弱婴儿期回应性照护的下降和波动轨迹对儿童早期发育的不良效应。

, authors=尚冰姿, 井光壮, 叶佩琪, 麦合力亚克孜·吐尔孙尼亚孜, 史慧静*, authorsList=尚冰姿, 井光壮, 叶佩琪, 麦合力亚克孜·吐尔孙尼亚孜, 史慧静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=史慧静, authorNote=

尚冰姿(2000-)，女，江苏苏州人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童健康发展

, correspAuthorsNote=
史慧静，E-mail：
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尚冰姿(2000-)，女，江苏苏州人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童健康发展

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尚冰姿(2000-)，女，江苏苏州人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童健康发展

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325500931567125272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=潘婉, 江流, 耿梦龙, 等. 学龄前儿童视屏时间及户外活动对情绪的影响[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2019, 40(12): 1569-1572., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1325500931625845529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN W, JIANG L, GENG M L, et al. Correlation between screen-watching time and emotional problems as well as combination effect of outdoor time among preschool children[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2019, 40(12): 1569-1572. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1325500923463729910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市加强公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划(2023-2025年)重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-32), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1325500916098532040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325500916106920649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, companyId=1325500916098532040, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai (200032), China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1325500916115309258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, companyId=1325500916098532040, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=复旦大学公共卫生学院妇幼与儿少卫生教研室，上海 200032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1325500920603214574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Infancy responsive caregiving trajectory diagram, figureFileSmall=3t3knoqXqph3SKzfGB7PPQ==, figureFileBig=e5tZwJzCKytCxByYIW+/PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325500920682906351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=CN, label=图1, caption=婴儿期回应性照护轨迹, figureFileSmall=3t3knoqXqph3SKzfGB7PPQ==, figureFileBig=e5tZwJzCKytCxByYIW+/PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1325500922587120368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of different characteristic composition between groups of different children's responsive caregiving trajectory in infancy

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组别选项一般组(n=3 871)下降组(n=160)波动组(n=646)χ2值P值
母亲教育水平初中及以下369(9.53)7(4.38)39(6.04)54.09<0.01
高中或中专533(13.77)9(5.62)63(9.75)
大专1 344(34.72)43(26.88)210(32.51)
大学及以上1 625(41.98)101(63.13)334(51.70)
父亲教育水平初中及以下318(8.22)9(5.63)39(6.04)38.71<0.01
高中或中专688(17.77)11(6.87)78(12.07)
大专1 245(32.16)47(29.37)221(34.21)
大学及以上1 620(41.85)93(58.13)308(47.68)
家庭年收入/万元＜10959(24.77)24(15.00)145(22.45)32.84<0.01
10~201 843(47.61)61(38.12)293(45.35)
>201 069(27.62)75(46.88)208(32.20)
母亲孕前BMI/(kg·m-2)＜18.5596(15.40)26(16.25)102(15.79)3.950.41
18.5~<242 615(67.55)116(72.50)440(68.11)
≥24660(17.05)18(11.25)104(16.10)
母亲孕期烟草暴露是2 418(62.46)96(60.00)390(60.37)1.340.51
否1 453(37.54)64(40.00)256(39.63)
母亲孕期焦虑是346(8.94)10(6.25)61(9.44)1.620.44
否3 525(91.06)150(93.75)585(90.56)
母亲孕期抑郁是418(10.80)18(11.25)86(13.31)4.460.35
否3 453(89.20)142(88.75)560(86.69)
母亲分娩年龄/岁＜302 326(60.09)92(57.50)374(57.89)1.440.49
≥301 545(39.91)68(42.50)272(42.11)
母亲分娩孕周＜37356(9.20)12(7.50)64(9.91)0.930.63
≥373 515(90.80)148(92.50)582(90.09)
母亲分娩方式顺产1 800(46.50)72(45.00)305(47.21)0.270.87
剖宫产2 071(53.50)88(55.00)341(52.79)
儿童性别男1 969(50.87)84(52.50)342(52.94)1.070.59
女1 902(49.13)76(47.50)304(47.06)
儿童出生体重/g＜2 500124(3.20)2(1.25)14(2.17)7.910.10
2 500~4 0003 521(90.96)153(95.63)603(93.34)
＞4 000226(5.84)5(3.12)29(4.49)
母乳喂养时长/月＜6985(25.45)30(18.75)174(26.94)17.59<0.01
6~<122 272(58.69)114(71.25)394(60.99)
≥12614(15.86)16(10.00)78(12.07)
儿童每日户外活动时长/h＜11 335(34.49)54(33.75)223(34.52)5.650.23
1~21 811(46.78)84(52.50)319(49.38)
＞2725(18.73)22(13.75)104(16.10)
), ArticleFig(id=1325500922675200753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各特征构成在儿童不同婴儿期回应性照护轨迹组间比较

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组别选项一般组(n=3 871)下降组(n=160)波动组(n=646)χ2值P值
母亲教育水平初中及以下369(9.53)7(4.38)39(6.04)54.09<0.01
高中或中专533(13.77)9(5.62)63(9.75)
大专1 344(34.72)43(26.88)210(32.51)
大学及以上1 625(41.98)101(63.13)334(51.70)
父亲教育水平初中及以下318(8.22)9(5.63)39(6.04)38.71<0.01
高中或中专688(17.77)11(6.87)78(12.07)
大专1 245(32.16)47(29.37)221(34.21)
大学及以上1 620(41.85)93(58.13)308(47.68)
家庭年收入/万元＜10959(24.77)24(15.00)145(22.45)32.84<0.01
10~201 843(47.61)61(38.12)293(45.35)
>201 069(27.62)75(46.88)208(32.20)
母亲孕前BMI/(kg·m-2)＜18.5596(15.40)26(16.25)102(15.79)3.950.41
18.5~<242 615(67.55)116(72.50)440(68.11)
≥24660(17.05)18(11.25)104(16.10)
母亲孕期烟草暴露是2 418(62.46)96(60.00)390(60.37)1.340.51
否1 453(37.54)64(40.00)256(39.63)
母亲孕期焦虑是346(8.94)10(6.25)61(9.44)1.620.44
否3 525(91.06)150(93.75)585(90.56)
母亲孕期抑郁是418(10.80)18(11.25)86(13.31)4.460.35
否3 453(89.20)142(88.75)560(86.69)
母亲分娩年龄/岁＜302 326(60.09)92(57.50)374(57.89)1.440.49
≥301 545(39.91)68(42.50)272(42.11)
母亲分娩孕周＜37356(9.20)12(7.50)64(9.91)0.930.63
≥373 515(90.80)148(92.50)582(90.09)
母亲分娩方式顺产1 800(46.50)72(45.00)305(47.21)0.270.87
剖宫产2 071(53.50)88(55.00)341(52.79)
儿童性别男1 969(50.87)84(52.50)342(52.94)1.070.59
女1 902(49.13)76(47.50)304(47.06)
儿童出生体重/g＜2 500124(3.20)2(1.25)14(2.17)7.910.10
2 500~4 0003 521(90.96)153(95.63)603(93.34)
＞4 000226(5.84)5(3.12)29(4.49)
母乳喂养时长/月＜6985(25.45)30(18.75)174(26.94)17.59<0.01
6~<122 272(58.69)114(71.25)394(60.99)
≥12614(15.86)16(10.00)78(12.07)
儿童每日户外活动时长/h＜11 335(34.49)54(33.75)223(34.52)5.650.23
1~21 811(46.78)84(52.50)319(49.38)
＞2725(18.73)22(13.75)104(16.10)
), ArticleFig(id=1325500922805224178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of suspected developmental delays rates among different age children by different responsive caregiving trajectory groups

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轨迹组2岁3~5岁
人数沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会人数沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会
一般组1 983110(5.55)88(4.44)34(1.71)38(1.92)41(2.07)2 715104(3.83)152(5.60)166(6.11)132(4.86)131(4.83)
下降组9420(21.28)11(11.70)10(10.64)4(4.26)2(2.13)1095(4.59)8(7.34)11(10.09)6(5.50)5(4.59)
波动组33825(7.40)21(6.21)13(3.85)11(3.25)8(2.37)48121(4.37)31(6.44)33(6.86)23(4.78)28(5.82)
合计2 415155(6.42)120(4.97)57(2.36)53(2.19)51(2.11)3 305130(3.93)191(5.78)210(6.35)161(4.87)164(4.96)
χ2值37.5711.3234.784.340.120.441.043.030.100.89
P值<0.01<0.01<0.010.110.940.800.590.220.950.64
), ArticleFig(id=1325500922918470387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同回应性照护轨迹组不同年龄儿童可疑发育迟缓率比较

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轨迹组2岁3~5岁
人数沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会人数沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会
一般组1 983110(5.55)88(4.44)34(1.71)38(1.92)41(2.07)2 715104(3.83)152(5.60)166(6.11)132(4.86)131(4.83)
下降组9420(21.28)11(11.70)10(10.64)4(4.26)2(2.13)1095(4.59)8(7.34)11(10.09)6(5.50)5(4.59)
波动组33825(7.40)21(6.21)13(3.85)11(3.25)8(2.37)48121(4.37)31(6.44)33(6.86)23(4.78)28(5.82)
合计2 415155(6.42)120(4.97)57(2.36)53(2.19)51(2.11)3 305130(3.93)191(5.78)210(6.35)161(4.87)164(4.96)
χ2值37.5711.3234.784.340.120.441.043.030.100.89
P值<0.01<0.01<0.010.110.940.800.590.220.950.64
), ArticleFig(id=1325500923052688116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Moderating effect of outdoor activity on responsive caregiving trajectories and developmental problems in children aged 3 to 5 years old(n=4 723)

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自变量沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会
β值t值β值t值β值t值β值t值β值t值
下降组-1.26-1.70-1.69-1.66-2.50-2.03-1.32-1.85-1.30-1.80
波动组-0.51-1.40-0.21-0.41-0.86-1.42-0.22-0.62-1.29-3.62
户外活动0.030.170.261.220.301.15-0.02-0.130.171.13
下降组×户外活动0.470.483.442.53*-0.32-0.20-0.49-0.510.080.08
波动组×户外活动1.002.46*0.651.171.652.45*1.002.58*0.792.00**
R2值0.040.030.060.040.04
F值4.91**4.00**7.11**4.41**4.74**
), ArticleFig(id=1325500923346289397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, articleId=1325500914957681347, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

户外活动在回应性照护轨迹与3~5岁儿童发育问题中的调节效应(n=4 723)

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自变量沟通粗大动作精细动作解决问题个人-社会
β值t值β值t值β值t值β值t值β值t值
下降组-1.26-1.70-1.69-1.66-2.50-2.03-1.32-1.85-1.30-1.80
波动组-0.51-1.40-0.21-0.41-0.86-1.42-0.22-0.62-1.29-3.62
户外活动0.030.170.261.220.301.15-0.02-0.130.171.13
下降组×户外活动0.470.483.442.53*-0.32-0.20-0.49-0.510.080.08
波动组×户外活动1.002.46*0.651.171.652.45*1.002.58*0.792.00**
R2值0.040.030.060.040.04
F值4.91**4.00**7.11**4.41**4.74**
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户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中的调节作用
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尚冰姿 , 井光壮 , 叶佩琪 , 麦合力亚克孜·吐尔孙尼亚孜 , 史慧静 *
中国学校卫生 | 生长发育与健康监测 2025,46(2): 249-254
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中国学校卫生 |生长发育与健康监测 2025 , 46 (2) : 249 -254
户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中的调节作用
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尚冰姿, 井光壮, 叶佩琪, 麦合力亚克孜·吐尔孙尼亚孜, 史慧静*
作者信息
  • 复旦大学公共卫生学院妇幼与儿少卫生教研室，上海 200032
通讯作者:
史慧静，E-mail：
作者简介:

尚冰姿(2000-)，女，江苏苏州人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童健康发展

Moderating effects of outdoor activity on infancy responsive caregiving trajectory and early child development level
Bingzi SHANG, Guangzhuang JING, Peiqi YE, Tuersunniyazi MAIHELIYAKEZI, Huijing SHI*
Affiliations
  • Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai (200032), China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025061
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摘要
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目的

探讨户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中起到的作用，为促进儿童早期发育提供理论依据。

方法

以上海亲子队列中任意完成2，6，12月龄一项回应性照护问卷随访的4 723名儿童及其母亲为研究对象。问卷调查回应性照护水平以及2岁时的每日平均户外活动时长，使用年龄与发育进程问卷第三版(ASQ-3)评估儿童2~5岁时的发育水平。采用轨迹模型拟合回应性照护轨迹，修正Poisson回归分析不同轨迹组与发育水平的关联，并检验户外活动时长的调节效应。

结果

婴儿期回应性照护轨迹分为一般组(3 871名)、下降组(160名)和波动组(646名)。调整父母教育水平、家庭年收入，母亲孕前体质量指数、孕期烟草暴露、孕期焦虑抑郁、分娩年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式，儿童性别、出生体重，母乳喂养时长等混杂因素后，修正Poission回归分析结果表明，相比于一般组，下降组和波动组的儿童在2岁时出现沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题、个人-社会能区可疑发育迟缓的风险均增加(OR值分别为1.41，1.31，1.35，1.23，1.21；1.07，1.08，1.08，1.09，1.06)，但在3~5岁时仅出现下降组沟通(OR=1.08)、波动组个人-社会能区(OR=1.06)可疑发育迟缓的风险增加(P值均<0.05)。户外活动水平较低时，相比于一般组，波动组的儿童沟通(β=-1.41)、精细动作(β=-2.34)、解决问题(β=-1.11)和个人-社会能区(β=-1.99)得分降低，下降组儿童粗大动作能区得分降低(β=-4.78)(P值均<0.05)；户外活动水平较高时，并未发现波动组和下降组的儿童与一般组能区得分有差异(P值均>0.05)。

结论

长时间的户外活动可以减弱婴儿期回应性照护的下降和波动轨迹对儿童早期发育的不良效应。

运动活动  /  回应性照护  /  生长和发育  /  回归分析  /  儿童
Objective

To explore the role of outdoor activity in the relationship between infancy responsive caregiving trajectories and early childhood development, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of early child development.

Methods

The study participants were drawn from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort and 4 723 mother-child pairs who completed responsive caregiving questionnaires at 2, 6 and 12 months old were included. Questionnaires were used to assess children's responsive caregiving and average daily hours of outdoor activity at 2 years of age. The Age-Stage Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3) was used to evaluate children's development problems at 2-5 years old. Group-based trajectory model was applied to fit infancy responsive caregiving trajectory. Modified Poisson regression was used to analyze associations between different responsive caregiving trajectory groups and child development, and moderating effects were tested for hours of outdoor activity.

Results

Infancy responsive caregiving trajectories were categorized into general group (n=3 871), declining group(n=160), and fluctuating group(n=646). After adjusting for confounding factors, such as parents' educational level, annual household income, maternal progestation body mass index, maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy, maternal anxiety and depression during pregnancy, maternal age at delivery, maternal gestational age, maternal mode of delivery, children's gender, children's birth weight, and duration of breastfeeding, the results of modified Poission regression analysis showed that compared with the general group, children at the age of 2 in declining and fluctuating group had increased risks of suspected developmental delays in communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social scales (OR=1.41, 1.31, 1.35, 1.23, 1.21;1.07, 1.08, 1.08, 1.09, 1.06);but children only had increased risk of suspected developmental delays in communication of declining group (OR=1.08), personal-social scales of fluctuating group (OR=1.06) at 3-5 years of age (P<0.05). At lower levels of outdoor activity, children in fluctuating group had reduced scores in communication (β=-1.41), fine motor (β=-2.34), problem solving (β=-1.11) and personal-social scales (β=-1.99) as compared to general group; and children in declining group had reduced scores in gross motor (β=-4.78)(P<0.05). While at higher levels of outdoor activity, no differences were found between children in fluctuating, declining groups and those in general group in scores of different scales (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Prolonged outdoor activity attenuates the adverse effects of declining and fluctuating trajectories of infancy responsive caregiving on early childhood development.

Motor activity  /  Responsive caregiving  /  Growth and development  /  Regression analysis  /  Child
尚冰姿, 井光壮, 叶佩琪, 麦合力亚克孜·吐尔孙尼亚孜, 史慧静. 户外活动在婴儿期回应性照护轨迹与儿童早期发育水平关联中的调节作用. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 249 -254 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025061
Bingzi SHANG, Guangzhuang JING, Peiqi YE, Tuersunniyazi MAIHELIYAKEZI, Huijing SHI. Moderating effects of outdoor activity on infancy responsive caregiving trajectory and early child development level[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 249 -254 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025061
正文
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据报道，2010年东亚地区约20%的5岁以下儿童面临发育迟缓问题[1]，而2020和2021年在我国武汉市和常州市进行的横断面研究发现有5.4%和6.5%的婴幼儿发育异常[2-3]。为实现儿童发展潜能，2018年世界卫生组织提出养育照护框架，回应性照护作为关键的组成部分，是指照护者密切观察婴幼儿的动作、声音等信号，通过肢体接触、眼神等形式对婴幼儿的需求做出及时恰当的回应[4]。回应性照护已被研究证实有助于儿童认知、运动发育[5]。然而，近年来的研究仍多为单个时点干预试验[6-7]。此外，多项研究指出积极参加户外活动有利于儿童动作和情感发育[8-9]，户外活动被定义为因骨骼肌产生的需消耗能量的户外活动时间[10]。尽管户外活动对儿童发育有积极影响，但其能否调节婴儿期回应性照护轨迹对早期发育水平的效应目前尚无定论。因此，本研究基于上海亲子队列(Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort, Shanghai MCPC)，评估婴儿期回应性照护轨迹对儿童2~5岁发育的影响，并分析户外活动在其中起到的调节作用，以期为开展相关干预，促进儿童早期发育提供科学依据。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　对象
研究对象来自Shanghai MCPC，队列于2016年4月至2018年10月纳入了在上海市浦东区和松江区两家医院计划分娩的6 714名孕妇[11]。纳入标准：(1)母亲在产后2，6，12月龄至少完成任意一个月龄的回应性照护问卷调查；(2)完成儿童能区发育评估的问卷调查；(3)知情同意。排除标准：(1)缺少3个月龄回应性照护的问卷调查；(2)缺少儿童能区发育评估的问卷调查。共纳入4 723名儿童及其母亲为研究对象，其中女童2 309名，男童2 414名；母亲分娩年龄≥30岁1 906名，<30岁2 817名；出生体重<2 500 g的儿童141名，2 500~4 000 g的儿童4 315名，>4 000 g的儿童267名；母乳喂养时长<6个月的儿童1 201名，6~<12个月的儿童2 804名，≥12个月的儿童718名。研究已通过复旦大学公共卫生学院医学研究伦理学批准(IRB: 2016-04-0587-EX)。
1.2　调查方法
1.2.1　回应性照护
2月龄时的回应性照护评价量表根据上海市0~3岁婴幼儿教养方案[12]和WHO“养育照护框架”中的内容进行设计[4]，该量表已在国内的研究中证明具有较高可信度[13]。量表包括“保持婴儿房间温馨洁净”“保持婴儿皮肤清洁和干燥”“经常观察婴儿眼部和脐部”“按需喂奶且喂奶时面带微笑注视婴儿”“经常对婴儿进行肌肤抚触与搂抱”“与婴儿引逗交流，培育母婴依恋亲情”6个条目。每个条目根据发生频率按0~3分进行赋分，分数越高代表回应性照护水平越好。本研究中量表的Cronbach α系数为0.86。
6和12月龄幼儿的回应性照护评价量表使用婴儿运动发育家庭支持环境量表(Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale，AHEMD-IS)[14]中的日常活动维度，包括“婴儿和其他小孩玩耍”“婴儿和父母互动玩耍”“婴儿与其他大人玩耍”“婴儿玩耍时学习身体各部分名称”“玩耍时锻炼婴儿运动(拍手、爬等)”5个条目，每个条目按照“是，否”进行0~1级评分，分数越高代表回应性照护水平越好。该量表Cronbach α系数为0.84。
1.2.2　儿童早期发育水平
采用年龄与发育进程问卷第三版(Age-Stage Questionnaire, Third Edition, ASQ-3)评估儿童早期发育水平[15]。问卷包含沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题、个人-社会5个能区，每个能区有6个条目，按照“是”=10分、“有时是”=5分、“否”=0进行赋分，分数越高表示该能区发育越好。在儿童2岁和3~5岁时由监护人填写问卷完成评估。根据能区得分≤(x-2s)和＞(x-2s)划分为可疑发育迟缓组和正常组。
1.2.3　户外活动
通过问卷调查收集儿童2岁时的每日平均户外活动时长，条目为“在春秋季节天气晴好的日子里，平均每天带孩子外出活动多长时间(h)”，由家长根据儿童的日常情况进行估算。
1.2.4　主要混杂变量
通过医院记录收集母亲分娩年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式、儿童性别、出生体重，通过问卷调查收集孕前体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、父母亲教育水平、家庭年收入、孕期烟草暴露、孕期焦虑抑郁、母乳喂养时长等重要混杂变量[16]。
1.3　质量控制
调查前对所有调查人员进行统一培训，提高询问调查技巧，规范调查方法。对填好的问卷进行核查，避免逻辑错误，尽量要求研究对象填写完整。数据录入完成后，随机抽取10%由其他数据录入人员进行核对，无误后加入数据库。
1.4　统计学分析
使用SAS 9.4和SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。采用组基轨迹模型拟合2，6，12月龄回应性照护的轨迹，拟合组数设定为1~6组，调整二次项、一次项和常数项后，根据贝叶斯信息准则值、相对熵、平均后验概率、每个类别的比例选取最佳轨迹组数[17]。
使用频数和构成比描述分类变量，不同轨迹组之间基本特征的比较使用χ2检验。使用SAS软件中的GENMOD过程实现修正Poisson回归，分析不同轨迹组与儿童可疑发育迟缓的关联[18]。
根据方杰等[19]提出的调节效应分析方法，以回应性照护轨迹组为自变量，能区得分为因变量，户外活动时长作为调节变量。使用Process 4.0软件进行调节效应分析，先进行调节效应的显著性检验，自变量与调节变量的交互项有统计学意义即为存在调节效应；再采用选点法进行简单斜率检验，进一步分析户外活动高水平(x+s)和低水平(x-s)下，不同回应性照护组儿童能区得分的差异性。双侧检验水准α=0.05。
2　结果
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2.1　婴儿期回应性照护轨迹分组
当轨迹分组数为4时，轨迹的统计指标达到最优(BIC=-26 951.64，相对熵为0.90，平均后验概率＞0.7)，排除1组占比过少的研究对象(46名)，最终得到3组轨迹(4 677名)。3 871名(82.8%)儿童2月龄时的回应性照护水平较高，且在3个调查时点均处于持续稳定的状态，定义为一般组；160名(3.4%)儿童2月龄时的回应性照护水平处于较高状态，之后持续下降，定义为下降组；646名(13.8%)儿童2月龄时的回应性照护水平较高，2~6月龄呈现下降趋势，6~12月龄呈现回升趋势，但截至12月龄并未达到初始水平，定义为波动组。见图1。
2.2　不同婴儿期回应性照护轨迹组儿童特征构成比较
下降组和波动组的儿童其父母受教育水平在大学及以上者占比较高，下降组家庭年收入在20万元以上者占比较高；下降组和波动组的儿童母乳喂养时长在6~<12月者占比较高(P值均<0.05)。见表1。
2.3　婴儿期不同回应性照护轨迹组与儿童发育问题的关联
不同回应性照顾轨迹组的儿童，其2岁时的沟通、粗大动作、精细动作能区可疑发育迟缓率的差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。见表2。采用修正Poisson回归，因变量各能区可疑发育迟缓为二分类变量(正常=1，可疑发育迟缓=2)，调整父母亲教育水平、家庭年收入，母亲孕前BMI、孕期烟草暴露、孕期焦虑抑郁、分娩年龄、分娩孕周、分娩方式，儿童性别、出生体重，母乳喂养时长后，与一般组相比，下降组的儿童在2岁时出现沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题和个人-社会能区可疑发育迟缓的风险分别增加了41%(OR=1.41，95%CI=1.28~1.55)，31%(OR=1.31，95%CI=1.20~1.43)，35%(OR=1.35，95%CI=1.23~1.48)，23%(OR=1.23，95%CI=1.14~1.33)，21%(OR=1.21，95%CI=1.12~1.30)；波动组的儿童在2岁时出现沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题和个人-社会能区可疑发育迟缓的风险分别增加了7%(OR=1.07，95%CI=1.02~1.14)，8%(OR=1.08，95%CI=1.03~1.14)，8%(OR=1.08，95%CI=1.03~1.13)，9%(OR=1.09，95%CI=1.04~1.14)，6%(OR=1.06，95%CI=1.01~1.10)(P值均<0.05)。而在3~5岁时，相比一般组，仅观察到下降组的儿童在沟通能区可疑发育迟缓的风险增加8%(OR=1.08，95%CI=1.00~1.17)，波动组的儿童在个人-社会能区可疑发育迟缓的风险增加6%(OR=1.06，95%CI=1.02~1.11)(P值均<0.05)。
2.4　户外活动的调节效应
将回应性照护轨迹组作为自变量，儿童3~5岁各能区发育得分作为因变量，2岁的户外活动时长作为连续性变量纳入调节效应模型，发现户外活动与回应性照护轨迹对沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题和个人-社会能区发育水平均具有交互作用(P值均<0.05)。表明户外活动在回应性照护轨迹和儿童能区发育的关联中可能存在调节效应。见表3。
运用简单斜率检验分析户外活动时长的调节作用，结果显示，在户外活动水平较低时，相比一般组处于波动组的儿童其3~5岁时的沟通(β=-1.41)、精细动作(β=-2.34)、解决问题(β=-1.11)和个人-社会能区(β=-1.99)得分均降低(P值均<0.05)，下降组儿童粗大动作能区得分降低(β=-4.78，P<0.01)；在户外活动水平较高时，波动组和下降组与一般组在3~5岁各能区得分差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。
3　讨论
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本研究基于上海亲子队列，识别出了3类婴儿期回应性照护轨迹：一般组、下降组和波动组。相比于一般组，下降组和波动组的儿童更容易在2岁时出现沟通、粗大动作、精细动作、解决问题和个人-社会能区发育迟缓，而在3~5岁时，这种不良效应有所减弱。本研究在回应性照护对儿童早期发育的积极效应上与大多数研究结果一致，如截至2020年的全球综述表明，在中、低、高收入国家，对儿童生命前3年的育儿干预可有效改善幼儿发展[20]；在巴基斯坦进行干预试验和纵向研究均发现回应性照护对儿童认知、情感发育有积极效应[21-22]。但以上研究多集中于单个时点，尚不清楚回应性照护轨迹的影响。本研究在现有研究的基础上聚焦婴儿期，证实持续且稳定的回应性照护水平同样重要，提示照护者在养育孩子时除了关注是否对孩子的行为做出及时恰当的回应，更要关注回应性照护水平长期维持在稳定状态。
本研究还发现在户外活动水平较高时，可以减弱婴儿期不良回应性照护轨迹对儿童发育的损害效应。既往研究已证实了户外活动对儿童发育具有积极的效益[23-24]，特别是能够改善儿童的心理问题。结合相关文献报道，可能机制是儿童在户外活动期间暴露于紫外线中，会引起体内化学物质的变化从而刺激到大脑的神经通路继而影响儿童发育，也可能是因为阳光照射可以促进维生素D水平的升高和多巴胺分泌，从而促进儿童发育[23]。对于早期回应性照护不良的儿童来说，这一结果具有实际意义，可通过幼儿期户外活动干预实现发展潜能。
本研究存在一些局限性：首先，户外活动时长基于家长的估算，与儿童实际的户外活动时长之间存在差异，精确度比穿戴式设备的测量结果低；其次，未对幼儿期的养育照护水平进行评估，可能对儿童的发育产生影响。
综上所述，婴儿期不良的回应性照护轨迹会增加儿童发育迟缓的风险，但通过长时间的户外活动可有效改善不良回应性照护轨迹对儿童发育的损害效应。从公共卫生的角度出发，该结果可为促进儿童早期发展的策略和干预政策提供科学依据。预防儿童早期发育迟缓，除了要关注儿童早期的养育照护，还应着眼于幼儿期的户外活动，特别是对于早期回应性照护水平不稳定的儿童来说，通过后期积极的户外活动干预也能够激发其发展潜能。
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基金
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  • 上海市加强公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划(2023-2025年)重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-32)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025061
  • 接收时间：2024-09-09
  • 首发时间：2026-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-09
  • 修回日期：2024-11-19
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上海市加强公共卫生体系建设三年行动计划(2023-2025年)重点学科建设项目(GWVI-11.1-32)
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    复旦大学公共卫生学院妇幼与儿少卫生教研室，上海 200032

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史慧静，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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