Article(id=1325500925397316576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, issueId=1325500677975318675, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025045, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732550400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-26, revisedDate=1734969600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793953647230, onlineDateStr=2026-11-06, pubDate=1740412800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793953647230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793953647230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793953647230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1325500677975318675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='153', pageEnd='304', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1740412800000', pubDateStr='2025-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793953588241, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793953588241, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=295, endPage=299, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1325500927217644514, articleId=1325500925397316576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=EN, title=Research progress on the definition of multimorbidity and the design of conceptual frameworks, columnId=1325500927146341345, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of School Health, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The issue of multimorbidity in children and adolescents is becoming increasingly prominent, but there is no consensus on the definition of multimorbidity. As research deepens, issues related to the comparability and standardization of relevant findings are gradually emerging. As a solution, a systematic review of both domestic and international research on multimorbidity is conducted, and a classification system for defining the concept of multimorbidity is proposed, offering more convenient conditions for the advancement of future research and cross-study exchange.

, authors=Shang SHI1, 2, Shuman TAO2, 3, Haojie TONG1, 2, Tingting LI1, 2, Fangbiao TAO*, 1, 2, authorsList=Shang SHI, Shuman TAO, Haojie TONG, Tingting LI, Fangbiao TAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fangbiao TAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Chinese Journal of School Health. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1325500927582548964, articleId=1325500925397316576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1256213402557890569, language=CN, title=多病共存定义研究进展及概念体系设计, columnId=1325500927309919203, journalTitle=中国学校卫生, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

儿童青少年多病共存问题日益凸显,但多病共存的定义尚未达成共识。随着研究的深入,相关成果在可比性和规范性等方面的问题逐渐显现。为此,对国内外关于多病共存的研究进行了系统梳理,并提出一种多病共存概念界定的分类体系,为后续研究的深入开展和成果间的相互借鉴提供更加便捷的条件。

, authors=石尚1, 2, 陶舒曼2, 3, 童浩杰1, 2, 李婷婷1, 2, 陶芳标*, 1, 2, authorsList=石尚, 陶舒曼, 童浩杰, 李婷婷, 陶芳标, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陶芳标, authorNote=

石尚(2002-),男,安徽淮北人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康

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陶芳标,E-mail:
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多病共存定义研究进展及概念体系设计
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石尚 1, 2 , 陶舒曼 2, 3 , 童浩杰 1, 2 , 李婷婷 1, 2 , 陶芳标 *, 1, 2
中国学校卫生 | 综述 2025,46(2): 295-299
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中国学校卫生 |综述 2025 , 46 (2) : 295 -299
多病共存定义研究进展及概念体系设计
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石尚1, 2, 陶舒曼2, 3, 童浩杰1, 2, 李婷婷1, 2, 陶芳标*, 1, 2
作者信息
  • 1安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,合肥 230032
  • 2出生人口健康教育部重点实验室/环境与人口健康安徽省重点实验室
  • 3安徽医科大学第二附属医院眼科
通讯作者:
陶芳标,E-mail:
作者简介:

石尚(2002-),男,安徽淮北人,在读硕士,主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康

Research progress on the definition of multimorbidity and the design of conceptual frameworks
Shang SHI1, 2, Shuman TAO2, 3, Haojie TONG1, 2, Tingting LI1, 2, Fangbiao TAO*, 1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei (230032), Anhui Province, China
出版时间: 2025-02-25 doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025045
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儿童青少年多病共存问题日益凸显,但多病共存的定义尚未达成共识。随着研究的深入,相关成果在可比性和规范性等方面的问题逐渐显现。为此,对国内外关于多病共存的研究进行了系统梳理,并提出一种多病共存概念界定的分类体系,为后续研究的深入开展和成果间的相互借鉴提供更加便捷的条件。

共病现象  /  研究  /  儿童  /  青少年

The issue of multimorbidity in children and adolescents is becoming increasingly prominent, but there is no consensus on the definition of multimorbidity. As research deepens, issues related to the comparability and standardization of relevant findings are gradually emerging. As a solution, a systematic review of both domestic and international research on multimorbidity is conducted, and a classification system for defining the concept of multimorbidity is proposed, offering more convenient conditions for the advancement of future research and cross-study exchange.

Comorbidity  /  Research  /  Child  /  Adolescent
石尚, 陶舒曼, 童浩杰, 李婷婷, 陶芳标. 多病共存定义研究进展及概念体系设计. 中国学校卫生, 2025 , 46 (2) : 295 -299 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025045
Shang SHI, Shuman TAO, Haojie TONG, Tingting LI, Fangbiao TAO. Research progress on the definition of multimorbidity and the design of conceptual frameworks[J]. Chinese Journal of School Health, 2025 , 46 (2) : 295 -299 . DOI: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025045
近年来,随着社会经济的不断发展和生活方式的变化以及预期寿命的延长[1],越来越多的人患有2种及以上疾病,即多病共存[2-4]。一项系统综述显示,全球范围内的多病共存患病率为37.2%(95%CI=34.9%~39.4%),其中60岁及以上的老年人有51.0%受到影响[5],而青少年群体的多病共存问题也在逐渐显现。久坐、饮食不均衡等不良生活方式问题的交织与共存显著影响着青少年的身体健康和生活质量[6]。儿童青少年群体中的多病共存问题,如近视、超重肥胖、脊柱异常等也呈现上升趋势[7-8]。尽管多病共存现象日益严重,但其概念和定义尚存在争议,研究者在确定疾病的临界数量、选择包含的疾病类型以及疾病聚合的方法上存在不同的定义[9-11],可能导致在分析全球健康负担、评估相关健康影响及风险预测时产生混淆。因此,本研究基于现有文献对“多病共存”进行界定,并提出一个理论框架,以帮助研究人员更系统、全面地理解和分析这一复杂问题。
在医学史的发展过程中,多病共存这一概念经历了显著的演变。从传统医学对疾病的整体性理解到现代医学对多重疾病的逐步认识,学者们一直在探索健康与疾病之间的复杂关系。最初,疾病通常被视为由单一病因引起的结果,现代医学则强调多因素交互作用的重要性。随着对慢性病、代谢综合征以及心理健康等领域研究的深入,“多病共存”逐渐被视为一种综合健康状态,涵盖生理、心理和社会等多个层面。
1970年,Feinstein[12]首次提出了共病(comorbidity)这一概念,用以描述“在研究主要疾病患者的临床过程中,任何附加的疾病可能已经存在或发生”。此后,Kraemer[13]将共病模式细分为3种独立且不同类型的非随机合并症:流行病学合并症、临床合并症和家族性合并症,这些合并症既可单独存在,也可以以任意组合的方式共同出现。随着研究的不断深入,学者们对这一概念进行了进一步补充与完善。例如,Hwang等[14]对附加疾病类型作出了限定,提出“共病是指一种索引疾病与至少一种慢性疾病共存”。与此同时,Bonavita等[15]在其研究中指出,共病是指同一患者患有2种不同疾病的关联性高于预期水平。这一观点不仅为共病概念的界定提供了量化的视角,而且强调了“预期”而非“实际”,为评估不同疾病间的关系提供了可操作的标准。除此之外,Nordgaard等[16-18]也从疾病类型、病因关系和疾病数量等方面进一步补充和完善了共病的定义。
1976年,Brandlmeier[19]为克服共病概念定义模糊所带来的困惑,提出了多重疾病共存(multimorbidity),简称“多病共存”,并将其定义为“一个人同时患有多种急性或慢性疾病”,从而明确了疾病种类的界定。自此,越来越多的研究者开始使用多病共存描述患有多种慢性病(multiple chronic conditions)的患者[19-20]。随着多病共存与共病之间的界限逐渐模糊,Van den Akker等[21]在1996年对这两个术语进行了更为明确的界定。他们认为,共病的定义应依据Feinstein[12]的原始定义,而多病共存被定义为“一个人体内同时存在多种慢性或急性疾病及其他健康状况”。传统上,多病共存这一概念主要侧重于成年人,尤其是老年人群体。然而,随着儿童青少年慢性病(如肥胖、哮喘、糖尿病)发病率上升,儿童青少年的多病共存问题也日益突出,与成年人相比,儿童青少年在生理、心理及社会发展等方面存在显著差异[22],这使得疾病的表现、诊断和治疗更加复杂。此外,某些慢性病在青春期可能会出现新的临床表现,进一步加大了多病共存的诊断与治疗难度。
2008年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)将多病共存定义为“同时存在2种或以上的疾病,既包括慢性疾病,也包括急性疾病与功能障碍”。这一定义强调了多种慢性疾病或健康问题在个体身上的共存,并将关注重点从疾病本身转向患者个体[23]。这一观点得到了美国医学科学院(American Academy of Medical Sciences)[3]、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, NICE)[24]等的认可。然而,在儿童青少年群体中,多病共存不仅仅是多种疾病的并列,还应考虑疾病之间的相互作用及其对个体发展过程的长期影响。
多病共存的定义不仅因个人视角不同而有所差异,在不同领域也存在多种解释。在精神病学中,共病指的是多种健康状况的共存,强调不应将注意力仅集中在单一的中心疾病上;该方法注重以患者为中心,平等看待每一诊断,强调应从关注主要障碍转向考虑精神病学中相互关联的症状[25]。而在生物医学领域,多病共存则被定义为个体中存在2种或更多长期疾病的共存现象[26]。2010年,Boyd等[27]提出了一个更简洁的定义:“2种或更多慢性病共存,其中任何一种都不必比其他慢性病更为重要”。鉴于医疗保健系统对患有多种疾病患者的认知和治疗或干预过程中的差异,强调无区别对待显得尤为重要[28-29]。
MCC是一个专门用于描述多种慢性疾病共存现象的概念。美国卫生与公共服务部将MCC定义为一个人同时患有2种或以上的慢性健康问题[30];这些慢性健康问题通常会显著影响患者的生活质量,并且增加医疗保健的复杂性和成本。慢性病通常包括持续时间较长、需要持续医疗护理、限制日常活动,或同时具备这两者的疾病;由于慢性病的隐匿发病特征及其多样性、持续性和发展缓慢的特点,慢性病患者在多病共存人群中的比例持续上升[31]。
在儿童青少年群体中,慢性病共存的特点更加复杂且独特。越来越多的研究表明,儿童青少年群体也面临着慢性疾病的共存问题[32-33],特别是在肥胖、哮喘、糖尿病、过敏性疾病及精神健康问题等方面尤为突出。这些慢性疾病不仅影响儿童青少年的生长发育与学习能力,还可能对其社会适应与心理健康产生长期影响[22]。
随着对慢性病共存现象研究的深入,MCC的概念不断演变。从最初聚焦于成人群体到逐渐认识到儿童和青少年群体的特殊性,研究者开始强调不同年龄段和健康状况下的慢性病管理需求。具体而言,儿童和青少年慢性病的共存不仅需要关注疾病的生物学特征,还应考虑这些疾病对健康行为、教育表现、家庭支持及社会支持系统的影响。因此,针对儿童青少年群体的MCC干预策略,除了临床治疗外,还应包括早期预防、跨学科干预以及个性化健康管理等多方面的综合设计。
由于多病共存现象对医疗保健资源的利用、对多药治疗的需求以及对患者生活质量的负面影响,给患者及整个医疗保健系统带来显著的负担[34-36]。尽管WHO和NICE均将多病共存定义为同时患有2种或以上的慢性疾病[24, 37],但目前仍缺乏统一的标准明确应纳入哪些疾病[34-35, 38]。这一问题在儿童青少年群体中尤为突出,因为这一年龄段的多病共存通常伴随着与成年人群不同的临床特征、病程及治疗需求。目前针对儿童青少年群体多病共存的研究相对较少,且相关定义和标准仍在不断演进。因此,不同研究中所评估的慢性病类型和数量存在较大差异,多病共存的患病率及其相关后果也受所采用定义的影响[39]。当前研究领域中的主要争议点具体包括以下几类。
多病共存的定义一直是学术界讨论的热点问题。一般而言,通常被定义为患者同时患有2种或以上的慢性疾病,涵盖身体健康问题和精神健康问题[3]。然而,关于是否应将不良健康状态或综合征纳入研究范畴,仍然存在争议。许多现有的定义侧重于长期疾病的界定,但是否包括综合征或暂时性健康问题尚无明确共识[3]。在儿童和青少年群体中,许多常见疾病表现具有动态性和可变性,这使得多病共存的定义尤为复杂。
Fortin等[38]学者提出,理想的、操作性强的定义应当涵盖至少12种慢病,并要求每种疾病对相关人群具有显著的健康影响或负担。此外,Barnett等[40-41]强调,慢性感染(如乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎等)也应纳入多病共存的范畴。这些定义的扩展反映了对多病共存概念的进一步深化,但不同的研究对纳入病症的种类和数量存在较大差异。
一项来自西班牙的研究包含了146种长期疾病,其中涉及许多通常不被视为严重的健康问题,如脂质紊乱、痤疮和静脉曲张[42]。虽然这些病症符合“长期疾病”的基本标准,但与某些可能引起严重后果甚至导致残疾的疾病(如帕金森病、某些类型的癌症、癫痫或卒中)相比,其健康负担较轻。因此,苏格兰的一项开创性研究提出了一种新的定义,建议将包括40种长期疾病中的2种或以上的疾病作为“多病共存”的标准[40]。这一定义扩展了多病共存的范围,但同时也带来了定义模糊的问题。模糊的定义无疑限制了防治策略的精准制定及研究成果的有效性。为此,在界定多病共存现象时可能需要一组更加明确的标准,以推动临床和流行病学的深入研究。合理的定义不仅有助于界定患者群体,还能为多病共存的干预和治疗策略提供依据。
此外,关于多病共存现象的研究通常将患者的健康状况划分为“多病共存”或“非多病共存”两类,并基于这一标准预测患者的健康轨迹[43-44]。然而,这种二元划分方法可能过于简化,未能充分反映多病共存患者健康状态的动态变化。荷兰的一项研究探讨了慢性健康问题的患病率模式,认为从寿命视角出发评估多病共存的轨迹可能是一种更为可行的做法[45]。通过这种方法在特定时间段内评估多病共存的患病率和负担,可以为慢性病引入“时间界定符(time delimiter)”,允许患者的健康状态随时间变化,只有在多病共存现象得以解决或不再影响当前健康状态时,才可将曾被定义为多病共存的患者重新归类为非多病共存患者。与之相比,从公共卫生视角可以将人群简单划分为“多病共存”或“非多病共存”群体,并开展干预,但其局限性也十分明显[46]。例如,某些疾病(如上呼吸道感染或背痛等)往往是暂时性的,不应将患者永久性地标记为多病共存患者[47]。
尽管多病共存定义已出现部分共识,但根据Ho等[48]的研究,当前的操作性定义在实践中仍存在显著差异。大多数研究将“2种或以上”慢性疾病作为界定多病共存的标准。然而,由于不同地区疾病负担和医疗环境的差异,一些研究选择将“3种或更多”慢性疾病作为标准,以识别那些具有更高卫生保健需求的患者[49]。此外,还有研究进一步细分严重或复杂的多病共存情况,提出“4种及以上”[50-51]以及“5种或更多”[52]慢性病作为定义标准。
德国的一项研究表明,依据不同的操作性定义,多病共存的患病率在16%~84%之间变化[53]。类似的情况在新加坡的报告中也有所体现,报告指出,由于缺乏标准化的操作定义,多病共存患病率的估计范围为16.3%~89.4%[54]。尽管瑞士的一项横断面研究表明,不同的多病共存定义对同一人群的患病率影响尚未完全明确[55],但不可忽视的是,多病共存的患病率与所使用的定义密切相关。
一些学者认为,在预期寿命显著延长的背景下[1],继续沿用现有的多病共存定义已不再适宜。传统定义主要通过疾病的数量来界定多病共存,而未对不同疾病的组合进行区分。德国的一项回顾性研究表明,按照传统的定义,多病共存的老年患者比例甚至超过80%[53],这意味着几乎所有老年患者都会被识别为多病共存患者。然而,Wetterling[56]在其系统综述中指出,至今尚未有广泛接受的共病定义,大多数研究仅试图识别常见的疾病集群。因此,提出一个更小、更易理解且具操作性的疾病子集,可能是识别多病共存患者的更有效方法。这将帮助医生、医院和政策制定者更好地利用信息,为弱势群体制定针对性的干预措施。例如,Jain等[57]在研究中提出了多病共存的3种特定情境——单一、双重或三重合并症组合,这些组合被称为合格共病集(qualifying comorbidity sets, QCS),多病共存被定义为至少存在一个QCS。相比传统定义,这种新方法标记的多病共存患者数量较少,且这些患者的死亡风险显著增加。
所有多病共存的定义都存在争议,且尚未确立统一的黄金标准[40, 58]。由于定义的选择往往受到研究目的的驱动,因此不可避免地带有一定的主观性,但应尽力确保选择明确,在多病共存概念设计时要充分考虑以下要素。
多病共存的定义直接影响疾病负担的评估、治疗方案的制定以及健康政策的设计与实施。不同的多病共存定义可能导致对疾病关联模式的不同解读,从而引发统计结果的显著差异。因此,合理选择多病共存的定义不仅应考虑临床实践和流行病学特征,还应权衡其对不同人群、健康系统及经济负担的影响。理想的定义应准确反映多病共存对个体健康的影响,同时避免过度简化或复杂化,从而确保研究结果的可靠性和广泛适用性。通过这种平衡,可以为公共卫生决策提供更具针对性的科学依据。
在制定多病共存定义时,首先应明确其设定目的是服务于临床研究还是公共卫生预防。对于临床研究,采用更广泛的定义有助于涵盖更多样化的病例和情境。然而,从公共卫生角度来看,过于宽泛的定义可能无法准确反映多病共存的真实面貌,尤其是在流行病学和人口学领域。
此外,在多病共存定义的设计过程中,除了考虑研究的主要目标和应用领域,还需平衡多个具有争议的因素——时间维度、疾病界定、疾病类型、疾病数量和疾病聚合。这些因素相互交织,共同作用,有效地限定多病共存概念的定义。
在多病共存的宏观框架下,随着每种差异的引入,概念的外延逐步缩小。因此,相似类型的研究可以归入统一的概念框架,从而明确界定不同研究的适用范围。例如,当研究涉及2种来源于封闭列表且具有因果关系的慢性病,并且这2种疾病尚未痊愈时,可以将其归类为“封闭二元因果慢性病未愈多病共存研究”;并且后续相关研究可基于此分类进行归纳。这种分类不仅有助于精确描述研究对象的特征,还为后续研究提供了共同的理论框架,促使不同学者在相同问题上建立共识,并深入探索。研究可以围绕这一分类进行细分,逐步形成一个完善的研究领域,探讨不同疾病组合模式、组合模式对患者功能状态的影响以及不同治疗策略的有效性评估等。
该体系也为未来的研究提供了灵活的适用空间,随着新研究成果的积累,体系将不断优化和完善。此外,体系的应用还促进了数据共享与标准化,使不同研究之间的成果能够便捷地进行比较与借鉴。随着研究的深入,理论框架的完善不仅能为不同研究方向提供支持,还能推动多病共存领域的理论创新和临床应用。例如,基于这一框架,未来的研究可进一步探讨多病共存与疾病严重程度、治疗干预效果及患者生活质量之间的复杂关系,揭示疾病间的相互作用机制,为个性化医学提供科学依据。
综上所述,多病共存在概念上具有显著的多样性,且其研究本身具有较高的复杂性。尽管多病共存研究已取得一定进展,但由于研究者在关注重点上的差异,现有研究仍缺乏足够的规范性,且在可比性和可操作性方面存在不足。这些问题在很大程度上制约了多病共存研究的深入开展及其实际应用。针对这些挑战,本研究对前人研究成果进行了系统总结与分类整理,旨在推动多病共存研究的学术化和规范化进程,在推动规范化的过程中,深入分析不同疾病组合模式、共存机制及相互作用,将为疾病的早期识别、个性化治疗和健康管理提供更科学、系统的框架,建立并逐步完善多病共存定义体系,有效整合不同的研究方向,促进跨领域合作,加强不同领域研究成果的互补与借鉴,提升学科领域的研究深度与广度。进一步,该体系将为公共卫生政策、临床实践及健康管理等领域提供更精准的数据支持和理论依据,提升全球健康管理的水平与效率。
  • 安黴省科技创新平台重大科技项目(202305a12020015)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025045
  • 接收时间:2024-11-26
  • 首发时间:2026-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-26
  • 修回日期:2024-12-24
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安黴省科技创新平台重大科技项目(202305a12020015)
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    1安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系,合肥 230032
    2出生人口健康教育部重点实验室/环境与人口健康安徽省重点实验室
    3安徽医科大学第二附属医院眼科

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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